A crescente busca por tecnologias com melhor desempenho energético faz com que a engenharia da irrigação desenvolva emissores que apresentem coeficientes de descarga mais elevados. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os coeficientes de descarga dos emissores comerciais (Senninger, Nelson e Fabrimar), utilizados em sistema de irrigação pivô central, visando desenvolver equações de regressão para cálculo do Cd, de acordo com o diâmetro do bocal e a pressão de serviço dos emissores, assim como comparar o dimensionamento hidráulico destes sistemas de irrigação com base no Cd médio e no Cd específico de cada diâmetro de bocal. Os ensaios foram realizados no Laboratório de Irrigação do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, seguindo o padrão de pressão utilizado na comercialização destes emissores (PSI). Foram avaliados 45 bocais Senninger, 42 bocais Nelson e 36 bocais Fabrimar, de diferentes diâmetros nominais, compreendidos entre 1/16 e 13/32 (1,59 e 10,32 mm), com três repetições, totalizando 369 bocais ensaiados. As pressões de operação variaram entre a faixa de 6 a 30 PSI (41,37 a 206,84 kPa), com intervalos de leituras a cada 2 PSI (13,79 kPa), totalizando 13 pressões analisadas por bocal. Foram ajustadas as curvas do coeficiente de descarga em função do diâmetro do bocal, para quatro pressões de operação 10, 15, 20, e 30 PSI (68,95, 103,42, 137,90 e 206,84 kPa). Utilizaram-se dois manômetros de precisão (analógico e digital) previamente calibrados em um manômetro de peso morto. As vazões foram obtidas utilizando-se três medidores eletromagnético-indutivos calibrados em recipiente volumétrico. O diâmetro dos bocais foi mensurado por meio de uma ampliação em projetor de perfil. Os resultados evidenciam que o coeficiente de descarga varia em função do diâmetro do bocal, da pressão de operação e do ângulo de convergência (fator construtivo). Nos ensaios conduzidos, obtiveram-se valores de Cd compreendidos na faixa de 0,88 a 0,98 para a faixa de emissores analisados. O coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição não se diferenciou entre os sistemas hidráulicos dimensionados com Cd médio e especifico para cada diâmetro de bocal. / The necessity for more energy efficient technologies makes the engineering of irrigation develop emitters with higher discharge coefficients. This study aimed to determine the discharge coefficients of commercial emitters (Senninger, Nelson and Fabrimar) used in center pivot irrigation system, in order to develop regression equations to calculate the Cd, of according to the diameter of the nozzle and pressure service of the emitters, and compare the hydraulic design of this irrigation system based on the average Cd and Cd specific nozzles for each nozzle diameter. The tests were carried out at the Irrigation Department of Biosystems Engineering, ESALQ, University of Sao Paulo, following the standards of the American unit system. It was evaluated a set of 45 Senninger nozzles, 42 Nelson nozzles and 36 Fabrimar nozzles, of different nominal diameters, ranging from 1/16\" to 13/32\" (1.59 and 10.32 mm) with three replications, totalizing 369 nozzles tested. The operation pressures ranged from 6 to 30 psi (41,37 a 206,84 kPa), at intervals of 2 psi (13,79 kPa), totalizing 13 pressures for nozzle. Curves were drawn for the discharge coefficient as a function of nozzle size for four operating pressures 10, 15, 20, e 30 psi (68,95, 103,42, 137,90 e 206,84 kPa) and for each manufacturer. It was used two precision pressure gauges (analogue and digital) calibrated agaisnt a dead weight gauge. Flow rates were obtained using three inductive electromagnetic gauges calibrated with volumetric readings. Nozzle diameters were measured using a profile projector model Starrett HB 400. The results evidence that the discharge coefficient varies with the diameter of the nozzle, the operation pressure and the convergence angle (constructive factor). The trials resulted Cds included in the range from 0.88 to 0.98, range for the analyzed issuers. The CUC was not different between the hydraulic systems with Cd designs considering medium and specific Cd for each nozzle.

Anxiety is a common and often stigmatized condition. Destigmatizing mental disorders can positively impact people’s interaction and communication with others and can prompt conversations in which people share their experiences with mental health, leading to improved societal understanding and perception. My design solution tackles behavioral symptoms of anxiety, specifically two conditions that fall under obsessive-compulsive behavior: Dermatillomania and Trichotillomania. By redesigning women’s jewelry to specialized accessories, my intention is for these objects to help destigmatize these conditions and relieve symptoms of maladaptive behaviors and hurtful impulses. By redirecting these irresistible urges to an external artifact, the objects are designed to help the user tactfully and harmlessly manage symptoms while at the same time satisfying the user’s impulse.

Distributed applications built on top of Structured Overlay Networks (SONs) operate based on certain self-* behaviors of the underlying Peer-to-Peer network. Among those, self-organization and self-healing are the two most prominent and assumed properties. The operating environment of distributed systems continues to be more inhospitable with the advance and demand of new technologies; for example in case of mobile and ad hoc networks Churn (node turnover) can be extremely high due to node mobility, frequent disconnects/reconnects and configuration changes. Also, in such dynamic environments, the system may face high Churn (node turnover) and Network partition in a frequent manner. The situation becomes worse if the self-healing behavior of underlying SON is not complete and well defined. This implies the following non-trivial questions: Can the maintenance mechanism of a SON heal the damage to the structure due to harshness of the operating environment and reverse it back? What are the pre-conditions; in other words, what properties the healing mechanism should possess in order to achieve reversibility against stressful environments? Existing literature lacks such assessment and verification study of the self-healing property of a SON. In this thesis, we investigate both the behavior and design of a system that operate in inhospitable environments. This work is relevant to systems with both peaks of high stress (e.g. partitions, churn, network dynamicity etc.) and continuous high stress. We evaluate existing overlay maintenance strategies, namely Correction-on-Change, Correction-on-Use, Periodic Stabilization, and Ring Merge. We define the reversibility property of a system as its ability to repair itself to its original state. We propose a new strategy, called Knowledge Base, to improve conditions for reversibility against inhospitable environments. By means of simulations, we demonstrate reversibility for overlay networks with high levels of partition and churn. We make general conclusions about the ability of the maintenance strategies to achieve reversibility. Identification of Phase Transitions in a SON can provide useful information about the properties of each state of the system. Also, this enables to find the critical points in the operating space and parameters influencing them. The applications running on top of the SON can potentially utilize this knowledge to adapt its operation accordingly in different system states. In this thesis, a representative ring-based SON, namely Beernet is chosen and extended to achieve reversibility. The resulting overlay, Beernet++ exhibits reversible phase transitions under churn. We analyze the critical points observed during such transitions. We present the behavior of Beernet++ for high level of churn and network partitioning, along with their interaction. / <p>QC 20150929</p>

This PhD provides insight into designing. It offers a view on the nature and structures of design research proposing that design research occurs within the activity of designing. As a case study, the PhD provides an internal view of the emergent design process of a collaborative architecture design practice terroir. It proposes a way, (the 'design-place'), in which design by collaboration operates within complex and often contradictory contexts. The thesis deals with questions of design in a contemporary, cosmopolitan condition and proposes that within such a condition design is an ethical endeavour. A key underlying proposition of the thesis is that architecture is fundamentally a critical activity. The PhD concludes by demonstrating through design projects how terroir has explored these questions in producing designs that operate at the level of personal and subjective experience in opening up a public, cosmopolitan realm.

Energy plays a significant role in a country’s development. Usage of an improved stove that produces biochar could help to reduce the pressure of deforestation, amend soil productivity, and provide cleaner technology for cooking. In Kwale, a county located on the south coast of Kenya, firewood is still used as the primary cooking fuel followed by charcoal. This research aims to investigate the improvements for a Top-litUpDraft (TLUD) biochar-producing gasifier stove, which the users aspired through co-designing. Transformative mixed methods were used as the research design to empower the users’ involvement in the biochar and smallholder farmers in Kenya – improved use efficiency of farm-level organic resources in relation to energy, crops and soil project. Triangulation was used to process the collected data through structured user observations, a focus group discussion, and a semi-structured interview. Between two stakeholders, TLUDgasifier stove users and the manufacturer, there was a difference of opinion for the main priority. Ease of use was the main concern for the users while the manufacturer put forward energy efficiency. Further, the users desired for an increase in the stove’s dimension as its capacity to produce biochar would increase.

A crescente busca por tecnologias com melhor desempenho energético faz com que a engenharia da irrigação desenvolva emissores que apresentem coeficientes de descarga mais elevados. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os coeficientes de descarga dos emissores comerciais (Senninger, Nelson e Fabrimar), utilizados em sistema de irrigação pivô central, visando desenvolver equações de regressão para cálculo do Cd, de acordo com o diâmetro do bocal e a pressão de serviço dos emissores, assim como comparar o dimensionamento hidráulico destes sistemas de irrigação com base no Cd médio e no Cd específico de cada diâmetro de bocal. Os ensaios foram realizados no Laboratório de Irrigação do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, seguindo o padrão de pressão utilizado na comercialização destes emissores (PSI). Foram avaliados 45 bocais Senninger, 42 bocais Nelson e 36 bocais Fabrimar, de diferentes diâmetros nominais, compreendidos entre 1/16 e 13/32 (1,59 e 10,32 mm), com três repetições, totalizando 369 bocais ensaiados. As pressões de operação variaram entre a faixa de 6 a 30 PSI (41,37 a 206,84 kPa), com intervalos de leituras a cada 2 PSI (13,79 kPa), totalizando 13 pressões analisadas por bocal. Foram ajustadas as curvas do coeficiente de descarga em função do diâmetro do bocal, para quatro pressões de operação 10, 15, 20, e 30 PSI (68,95, 103,42, 137,90 e 206,84 kPa). Utilizaram-se dois manômetros de precisão (analógico e digital) previamente calibrados em um manômetro de peso morto. As vazões foram obtidas utilizando-se três medidores eletromagnético-indutivos calibrados em recipiente volumétrico. O diâmetro dos bocais foi mensurado por meio de uma ampliação em projetor de perfil. Os resultados evidenciam que o coeficiente de descarga varia em função do diâmetro do bocal, da pressão de operação e do ângulo de convergência (fator construtivo). Nos ensaios conduzidos, obtiveram-se valores de Cd compreendidos na faixa de 0,88 a 0,98 para a faixa de emissores analisados. O coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição não se diferenciou entre os sistemas hidráulicos dimensionados com Cd médio e especifico para cada diâmetro de bocal. / The necessity for more energy efficient technologies makes the engineering of irrigation develop emitters with higher discharge coefficients. This study aimed to determine the discharge coefficients of commercial emitters (Senninger, Nelson and Fabrimar) used in center pivot irrigation system, in order to develop regression equations to calculate the Cd, of according to the diameter of the nozzle and pressure service of the emitters, and compare the hydraulic design of this irrigation system based on the average Cd and Cd specific nozzles for each nozzle diameter. The tests were carried out at the Irrigation Department of Biosystems Engineering, ESALQ, University of Sao Paulo, following the standards of the American unit system. It was evaluated a set of 45 Senninger nozzles, 42 Nelson nozzles and 36 Fabrimar nozzles, of different nominal diameters, ranging from 1/16\" to 13/32\" (1.59 and 10.32 mm) with three replications, totalizing 369 nozzles tested. The operation pressures ranged from 6 to 30 psi (41,37 a 206,84 kPa), at intervals of 2 psi (13,79 kPa), totalizing 13 pressures for nozzle. Curves were drawn for the discharge coefficient as a function of nozzle size for four operating pressures 10, 15, 20, e 30 psi (68,95, 103,42, 137,90 e 206,84 kPa) and for each manufacturer. It was used two precision pressure gauges (analogue and digital) calibrated agaisnt a dead weight gauge. Flow rates were obtained using three inductive electromagnetic gauges calibrated with volumetric readings. Nozzle diameters were measured using a profile projector model Starrett HB 400. The results evidence that the discharge coefficient varies with the diameter of the nozzle, the operation pressure and the convergence angle (constructive factor). The trials resulted Cds included in the range from 0.88 to 0.98, range for the analyzed issuers. The CUC was not different between the hydraulic systems with Cd designs considering medium and specific Cd for each nozzle.

The search for solutions in stormwater management has been a constant in human history. Being a well discussed topic nowadays, public agencies seek for quick solutions in order to minimize the catastrophes caused by floods in result to rapid and disorganized urbanization. Thus, the search for solutions in stormwater management is necessary for maintaining the quality of life, the environment and especially the preservation of the hydrological cycle. Furthermore, infiltration alternatives such as bioretention, trenches and swales have been shown as feasible and well accepted options because they minimize the negative effects of urbanization seeking to restore the natural water cycle. In Brazil, there are few studies focused on design criteria, operation and service-life of these structures, which are important data for the scale of a bioretention otherwise, would be leading to an oversized, costly and underused construction. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the sizing criteria for bioretention systems proposing suggestions for its implementation in the geomorphological conditions of the Santa Maria / RS region. The research evaluates the infiltration structure built in 2010 at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). The performance of two sizing methodologies was analyzed and the dimensions were compared to the dimensions of the structure implemented at UFSM. The methodology consists of collecting infiltration data from infiltration tests recommended by NBR 13969/97, with some modifications in order to simulate a real event, data of monitoring bioretention at UFSM from 2011 to 2013, and data obtained in the stress test applied to the structure in December 2015. From these data, Horton infiltration curves for the average conditions were adjusted and inserted into the concept of unit infiltration rate (mm.h-1.m-2).The sizing was based on the analyzed methodologies (Curve-Envelope Method and LID method), after the results were compared to the actual behavior of the real structure suggesting adjustments. The results of this study indicate that the methodologies analyzes oversize the bioretention structure. From the analysis of the built bioretention behavior history it can be concluded that despite having smaller dimensions than those obtained through other methodologies sizing, it is effective to storage the drained volume. Therefore, it is clear that the lateral area and the hydrostatic pressure are important to the functioning of the structure, but also the soil-plant relationship, with the creation of preferential paths that end up improving infiltration over the service-life. Further studies are recommended in order to incorporate these items in sizing methodologies, and monitoring of similar structures in order to determine whether the behavior presented by the bioretention is default or an exception. / A procura por alternativas de manejo de águas pluviais sempre foi uma constante na história da Humanidade. Atualmente tem gerado muitos debates, agentes públicos procuram soluções rápidas no intuito de amenizar as constantes catástrofes em decorrências das enchentes e inundações, fruto de uma urbanização acelerada e desorganizada. A busca por inovações se faz necessária para a manutenção da qualidade de vida, do meio ambiente e principalmente pela preservação do ciclo hidrológico. Alternativas de infiltração como biorretenções, trincheiras e valas de infiltração tem se mostrado como opções viáveis e de aprovação geral porque amenizam os efeitos negativos da urbanização buscando restaurar o ciclo hidrológico natural. No Brasil, ainda são poucos os estudos voltados aos critérios de dimensionamento, funcionamento e vida útil das referidas estruturas, que são dados importantes para o profissional dimensionar uma biorretenção, caso contrário, estaria levando a construção de obras superdimensionadas, onerosas e subutilizadas. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os critérios de técnicas de dimensionamentos para sistemas de biorretenção e propor sugestões para sua aplicação nas condições geomorfológicas da região de Santa Maria/RS. A pesquisa teve como base a estrutura de infiltração construída, em 2010, na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. E neste estudo, buscou-se analisar o desempenho de duas metodologias de dimensionamento comparando as dimensões com a estrutura implementada na UFSM. A metodologia utilizada consistiu na coleta de dados de infiltração a partir de: ensaios de infiltração recomendados pela NBR 13969/97, com algumas modificações visando simular um evento real; de dados coletados no monitoramento da biorretenção da UFSM no período de 2011 a 2013 e dados obtidos no Teste de estresse aplicado na estrutura em dezembro de 2015. A partir desses dados, ajustou-se as curvas de infiltração de Horton para as condições médias e inseriu-se o conceito de taxa de infiltração unitária (mm.h-1.m-2). Procedeu-se ao dimensionamento através das metodologias analisadas (Método da Curva-Envelope e Método do LID), após foram analisados os resultados dos dimensionamentos com o comportamento real da estrutura construída no campus Sede da UFSM sugerindo ajustes. Com base nos resultados obtidos neste estudo, os dimensionamentos apresentaram dimensões maiores do que o existente, porém, na análise do histórico da biorretenção construída indica que ela está funcionando perfeitamente no quesito armazenamento. Assim, consta-se a importância da área lateral e da pressão hidrostática no funcionamento da estrutura, como também, a relação solo-planta, com a criação de caminhos preferencias, que acabam melhorando a infiltração ao longo da vida útil. Sendo recomendados novos estudos com o objetivo de incorporar estes itens nas metodologias de dimensionamento, e monitoramento de estruturas semelhantes afim de verificar se o comportamento aqui encontrado é o padrão ou uma exceção.

La méthanisation est la bioconversion de la matière organique en digestat et en biogaz. La méthanation biologique consiste à faire réagir de l'H2 avec du CO2 en digesteur anaérobie pour augmenter le taux de CH4 dans le biogaz. Cette thèse vise la valorisation des fumées de cokeries contenant du CO2 et de l’H2 par injection dans un méthaniseur. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la faisabilité de l'injection des gaz de cokeries dans un méthaniseur et de quantifier la variation du taux de CH4. Pour cela, un réacteur de 100 L a été conçu. Des études préalables en réacteur de 2 L ont été menées expérimentalement et par simulation numérique des écoulements pour définir un mode d’agitation adapté. Il a été montré que l'agitation par un double-ruban hélicoïdal permettait d'accroitre la vitesse de production du biogaz de 50 % en comparaison avec un système d’agitation classique. La perméation membranaire à travers un tube en silicone a été utilisée pour l’injection du gaz dans le digestat. A l’aide du pilote conçu, fonctionnant pendant 152 jours, une expérimentation d’hydrogénation en continu a été réalisée avant l’injection simultanée d’H2 et de CO2. L'injection d'hydrogène pur a augmenté le taux de CH4 de 57,5 à 68,2 % et abaissé celui du CO2 de 42,3 à 31,5 %. L'hydrogène injecté est entièrement consommé, ce qui a validé le choix de la perméation membranaire comme système d’apport de gaz en milieu visqueux et qui a montré que la quantité d'H2 injectée était limitante. L'injection supplémentaire de CO2 en proportions des gaz de cokeries s'est traduite par une augmentation du débit global de biogaz de 5,0 à 5,6 L/h, composé d’environ 35 % en CO2 et 65 % en CH4 / Anaerobic digestion is the bioconversion of organic matter into digestate and biogas. Biological methanation consists in the reaction between H2 and CO2 in anaerobic digester to increase the level of CH4 in the biogas. This thesis aims at recovering the fumes from coking plants containing CO2 and H2 by injection into an anaerobic digester. The objective of this thesis is to study the feasibility of injecting coke oven gases into an anaerobic digester and to quantify the variations of the CH4 content. To this end, a 100 L reactor has been designed. Previous studies in 2 L reactor were performed experimentally and by computational fluid dynamics to define a suitable design of stirrer. It has been shown that stirring by a double helical ribbon increases the biogas production rate by 50 % in comparison with a conventional stirring system. Membrane permeation through a silicone tube was used to inject the gas into the digestate. 152 days experiment was performed in this pilot with a continuous hydrogenation step prior to the simultaneous injection of H2 and CO2. Injection of pure hydrogen increased the CH4 level from 57.5 % to 68.2 % and decreased that of CO2 from 42.3 to 31.5 %. The injected hydrogen is entirely consumed. This result validated the choice of membrane permeation as a gas supply system in viscous medium but showed that the amount of H2 injected was limiting. The additional injection of CO2 in proportions of coke oven gases resulted in an increase in the overall biogas flow rate from 5.0 to 5.6 L h-1, composed of about 35 % CO2 and 65 % CH4

This diploma thesis focuses on the designing of the systematic wiring in hostel complex, including student dormitory and bar. The work is divided into two parts. The theoretical part involves an overview of current most used intelligent systems. Furthermore, there is a description of the TECO Foxtrot system, which is used to control the complex. The theoretical part summarizes the basic definitions for creating project documentation. Finally, the chapter closes with an outline of a general artificial and escape route emergency lighting design generated using WILS 7.0 software. In the practical part of the diploma thesis, there is a complete project documentation consisting of all requisites needed in the given level of documentation for the construction of a complex of hostel, dormitory and bar using the TECO Foxtrot system. The project documentation contains floor plans of the whole complex, in which the power and data distribution are drawn. It also contains a diagram of wiring of power and system switchboards, topological diagram of power and system distribution, budget and technical report.

This master’s thesis deals with the analysis of stress, fatigue and the assessment of frost effects in program ALIZE as it is prescribed in norm NFP 98-086 and comparing with the regulation TP 170 Designing roadways of roads and program LayEps.