Destination governance has emerged as a very important issue in local and regional development in Sweden. The article investigates the pattern in which local tourism governance operates based on a single case study of the ski resort of Hemavan and Tärnaby, and evaluates the effectiveness of this governance pattern on local tourism development according to a six-measurement criteria scale. A semi-structured interview approach with open-ended questions was used in this paper. Ten respondents were interviewed in Hemavan and Tärnaby, and they are representatives from both private and public sector. In the concluding section, the results are developed into an evaluation and analysis concerning how the characteristics of the local DMO matter in terms of its governance effectiveness. The results indicate that overall the DMO is an effective form by organizing various actors with mutual resource dependencies. However, the uneven balance of power between Tärnaby and Hemavan, as well as between various network participants, is hard to reconcile, which may strongly influence their governance effectiveness. / Managing Heritage Assets as Tourism Products - The case of the World Heritage of the Falun Copper Mine

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Tourism comprises a set of equipment and services offered that together form the tourism product. Due to complementarity, interdependence and geographic concentration it is possible to understand destinations as clusters, since territorial grouping that characterizes the tourism product. Considering the tourists clusters fragmented composition emerges the actors need to establish collaboration relations and partnerships in interorganizational networks. It should be highlighted that to obtain competitive advantages through networks, the existence of a governance structure capable to organize the relationships between local actors is required, in order to ensure the guarantee of actors collective interests. This study aims to propose a model of analysis of governance in tourism clusters. The specific goals are: (a) test the model proposed it in the coordination structure and mechanisms involved in the Associação dos Produtores de Vinhos Finos do Vale dos Vinhedos - Association of Fine Wine Producers of the Vineyards Valley - (APROVALE) formation; (b) identify the actors which comprise APROVALE s tourist governance structure; (c) describe and analyse APROVALE structure; (d) identify, describe and analyse coordination mechanisms involved in APROVALE governance structure formation; and, (e) identify and analyse institutional arrangement formed from Vineyards Valley tourist governance structure. In order to do so, an exploratory and qualitative case study was suggested. The data was collected from primary and secondary sources. The secondary sources comprised documental/ bibliographic research. The primary sources comprised the non-participant observation and twelve semi-structured interviews with local actors, whereas four are public actors and eight private ones. The data set were analysed through content analyses. From these data, we draw on a research framework from which governance model of analyses in tourist destinations was proposed. The model is structured in the following categories: (1) local context; (2) destination governance structure; (3) destination governance development; (4) destination governance coordination; (5) destination governance results; and (6) institutional arrangement pattern. The results analyses were carried out from the previously established model, through which governance analysis was conducted. The results show that APROVALE is a private association that adopts an administrative structure composed of (a) General Assembly; (b) High Council; (c) Executive Board; (d) Audit Council; and (e) Geographic Indication Technical and Research Indicator Council. The organization has 68 members. The organization has shortage of attractive, entertainment activities, formalized interaction with the government and involvement with society. It should be highlighted that the Association Statute is the instrument which formalize and regulates the organization and members behaviors. Members share resources as wine grapes and wine productions methods. The results indicated: power equality between partners, the existence of high level trust, low incidence of conflict situations and the prioritization of collective interests. APROVALE adopt accountability and transparency mechanisms and provides a set of compensations to its members, such as (a) consolidation of Vineyards Valley as a destination; (b) increasing tourist demand; (c) media (investment) return, and (d) offer qualification. After all, was identified that APROVALE institutional arrangement pattern is enterprise and Network Administrative Organization (NAO). The proposed model presents a number of factors can influence the success of networks and governances to seek qualify a tourism cluster. / O turismo é composto pelo conjunto de equipamentos e serviços ofertados que juntos formam o produto turístico. Em decorrência a complementaridade existente, interdependência e concentração geográfica de atores, surge a possibilidade de se compreender os destinos como clusters, tendo em vista o agrupamento territorial que caracteriza o produto turístico. Considerando a composição fragmentada dos clusters turísticos, emerge-se a necessidade dos atores estabelecerem relações de colaboração e parcerias em redes interorganizacionais. Salientando-se que para obter vantagens competitivas compartilhadas por meio de rede se fazem necessária a existência uma governança capaz de organizar as relações entre os atores locais, assegurando que esses tenham seus interesses coletivos garantidos. O presente estudo tem como objetivo propor um modelo para análise da governança de uma rede de atores locais em clusters turísticos. Como objetivos específicos, tem-se: (a) testar o modelo proposto na estrutura e nos mecanismos de coordenação envolvidos na formação da APROVALE; (b) identificar os atores que integram a estrutura de governança da APROVALE; (c) descrever e analisar a estrutura da APROVALE; (d) identificar, descrever e analisar os mecanismos de coordenação envolvidos na formação da governança turística da APROVALE; e (e) identificar e analisar o arranjo institucional formado a partir da estrutura de governança turística do Vale dos Vinhedos/RS. Nos métodos, propõe-se a realização de um estudo de caso, exploratório e qualitativo. Procura-se trabalhar fontes secundárias, a partir de uma pesquisa documental/bibliográfica e dados primários coletados através de observação não-participante e realização de 12 entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto aos atores locais. A interpretação dos dados é proferida da análise de conteúdo. Obtém-se um framework de pesquisa, a partir do qual se propôs um modelo para análise da governança em destinos turísticos, dividido nas seguintes categorias: (1) contexto local; (2) estrutura da governança de destino; (3) desenvolvimento da governança de destino; (4) coordenação da governança de destino, (5) resultados da governança de destino e (6) padrão de arranjo institucional. A partir do modelo se procederam as análises da governança. Como resultados, tem-se que a APROVALE constitui uma associação privada, que possui uma estrutura administrativa composta por: (a) Assembleia Geral, (b) Conselho Superior, (c) Diretoria Executiva, (d) Conselho Fiscal e (e) Conselho Indicador de Indicação Geográfica, Técnico e de Pesquisa. A entidade possui 68 associados, apresentando uma carência por atrativos, atividades de entretenimento, interação formalizada com o poder público e envolvimento com a sociedade. Destaca-se o Estatuto como o instrumento que formaliza e regula o comportamento da entidade e seus associados. Os associados compartilham recursos como a uva e as técnicas de produção de vinho. Aponta-se para uma isonomia de poder entre os parceiros, a existência de um elevado grau de confiança, a baixa incidência de situações conflituosas e a priorização dos interesses coletivos. A APROVALE adota mecanismos de prestação de contas e transparência junto aos seus associados e proporciona compensações como: (a) consolidação do destino Vale dos Vinhedos, (b) crescente demanda de turistas, (c) retorno de mídia e (d) qualificação da oferta. Por fim, identificou-se o padrão de arranjo institucional formado pela APROVALE como empresarial e Organização Administrativa da Rede (OAR). Considera-se que o modelo proposto apresenta um conjunto de elementos capaz de influenciar no sucesso de redes de cooperação e de governanças voltadas para a qualificação de um cluster turístico.

Destination development has become a key issue in local and regional development. In particular, many governments recognize the industry's potential for fostering economic growth and development. The tourist destination is often conceptualized as a complex network with several levels of interaction – both networks of actors within the destination, but also networks linking it to its surrounding environment with potential and actual customers, other destinations, government bodies and so on. It is hence the assumption here that we cannot fully understand destination development in a particular community unless we have a good understanding of how the key stakeholders interact. By applying different network approaches that are based upon and united by a relational economic geography perspective to the study of destination development, we can widen our understanding of why some destinations struggle to survive and often decline, others maintain a threshold of success as tourist visiting areas, whereas there are still others, which exhibit a high level of competitiveness with local entrepreneurial milieus characterized by growth and long-term development. More generally, this thesis deals with a traditional core issue in economic geography, i.e., to explain what it is that makes a place or region characterized by growth and development. This thesis explores this issue, and expands our knowledge on the links between various types of network structures and growth in a destination context, as demonstrated by case studies of two successful tourism areas. These studies of the Swedish mountain resort of Åre, and of Icehotel in northern Sweden, explore relational destination development and the significance of tourism networks.

Die Dissertation zeigt am Fallbeispiel Berlin, wie stadttouristische Konflikte politisch-administrativ (ent-)problematisiert werden. Die Forschung zur Governance konflikthafter touristischer Phänomene (z. B. Gewerbe-Monostrukturierung) betreibt bislang v. a. good governance-Kritik, oder sie thematisiert die Konflikt-Governance zeitdiagnostisch als Ausdruck unternehmerischer/postpolitischer Stadtpolitiken. Demgegenüber greift die Dissertation das konzeptuell etablierte Postulat auf, bereits die Deutung zu bearbeitender Probleme als zentralen Aspekt von Governance zu verstehen. In der empirisch-analytischen Anwendung wird der Governance-Begriff als „Sehhilfe“ zur differenzierten Beschreibung von problembezogenen Governance-Arrangements herangezogen. Mittels einer Dokumentenanalyse und einer Ethnografie der Tourismusmanagement-Praxis werden sechs einschlägige Techniken der (Ent-)Problematisierung tourismusbedingter Konflikte herausgearbeitet: 1. die geschichtliche Naturalisierung von Interessenskonflikten, 2. die moralische Begrenzung von Debattierbarkeit, 3. die statistische Definition von Problemwahrnehmung, 4. die konzeptuelle Regulierung von Rechenschaftspflichten, 5. die partizipatorische Thematisierung von Problemen und 6. die begriffliche Konsensualisierung von Lösungen. Das Zusammenwirken dieser Governance-Techniken wird in Anlehnung an Mariana Valverde als ein Seeing Like a Tourist City betitelt: Probleme eines konflikthaften Tourismus sind nicht gegeben, sie werden politisch-administrativ mit diversen (teils widersprüchlichen) komplexitätsreduzierenden Mitteln geformt (u. a. moralisch, statistisch, geschichtlich), kontextspezifisch artikuliert (u. a. öffentlich-medial, in Partizipationsforen), verfahrensförmig negiert und nicht zuletzt in Abhängigkeit verfügbarer Lösungen hervorgebracht. Anwendungsorientiert gewendet macht die Dissertation das Zusammenwirken der o. g. Techniken als aktives Verwalten tourismusbedingter Konflikte (an-)greifbar. / The thesis explores how conflictive urban tourism phenomena (e. g. commercial gentrification) are (de-)problematized by governmental actors in Berlin. Hitherto, research on “overtourism”-governance has been dominated by good governance criticism; alternatively, governance of conflict-prone urban tourism is discussed as manifestation of an entrepreneurial or post-political urban governance. The thesis, however, seizes on the conceptual claim to understand the way in which tourism conflicts are framed, constructed or contested by governmental bodies as key aspect of governance. Employing the notion of governance as analytical lens to comprehensively describe problem-oriented governance settings, six key techniques used to (de-)problematize tourism-induced conflicts haven been identified (building on document analysis and an ethnography of destination management practice): 1. Mobilising history to naturalise conflicts; 2. Limiting the debate about conflict-prone tourism under moral aspects; 3. Defining the perception of problems statistically; 4. Adjusting accountability conceptually; 5. Addressing problems by means of participatory forums; 6. Achieving consensual solutions by notions (e. g. “sustainability”). Referring to Valverde the combination of the governance techniques is dubbed as Seeing Like a Tourist City: problems of conflictive tourism do not exist a priori, but are constructed in an active political-administrative way. Problems of conflictive tourism are framed by (in part contractionary) ways of knowing (morally, statistically, by legends); conflicts are represented in highly context-specific manners, they are denied by administrative proceedings and intimately linked to the availability of solutions. The combination of the above-mentioned governance techniques represents an “active administration” of tourism conflicts; the „busy“ but noncommittal governance remains in well-established patterns of (discursively) reconciling problems and solutions.