Master of Arts / Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / Mario V. Cano / Despite the substantial research conducted on racial and ethnic disparities in the criminal justice system, the majority of research focuses on final sentencing decisions. Less attention has been devoted to earlier stages in criminal processing, such as the presentence detention process. In fact, the analyses that did investigate presentence detention status mainly used state-level data, and there is only a handful of studies that have examined race/ethnicity and gender effects on detention and bail in the federal criminal justice system (e.g., Albonetti, 1989; Bak, 1998: Reitler, et. al., 2012; Spohn, 2009). Furthermore, recent analyses have uncovered that extralegal disparities in presentence detention outcomes, particularly racial and ethnic disparities, vary across court jurisdictions (e.g., Levin, 2008; Pinchevski & Steiner, 2013; Eisenstein & Jacob, 1977). Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the effects of defendants’ race/ethnicity and gender, and social context, on defendants’ pretrial status. This study employs a multilevel modeling strategy and uses criminal sentencing data (N=130,120) from the U.S. Sentencing Commission (USSC) for fiscal years 2008 to 2010, across 89 U.S. District Courts, including supplemental data drawn from the U.S. Census Bureau and the Federal Judicial Center’s Federal Court Management Statistics. The initial findings indicate that Black and Hispanic defendants are less likely than Whites, and females are more likely than males, to be released on bail and rereleased on their own recognizance (ROR). Regarding the district level, ROR is less likely for defendants processed in districts with a higher crime rate and higher socioeconomic disadvantage. On the other hand, bail is more likely for defendants processed in districts with larger courts (more judges). In cross-level interactions increase in percent Black, increase in crime rate, and increase in socioeconomic disadvantage are positively associated with bail for Black defendants, while increase in percent Hispanic and court size are positively associated with bail for Hispanic defendants. Consistent with the courts as communities and focal concerns perspectives, this study found that the presentence process is influenced by local practices, norms, and concerns for organizational efficiency. These distinctive features of court jurisdictions interact with race/ethnicity and affect defendants' presentence status. Future research is needed to better assess the detention process with increased access to federal data. In addition, examination of intersectionality of race/ethnicity, gender and age at the presentence detention stage is required.

Research suggests that decision-makers often use demographic characteristics for the purpose of influencing the sanctioning strategy allocated. The research study examines the extent to which the sanctioning strategies allocated are influenced by race and gender. The research is based on data gathered from Jefferson Parish Juvenile Services Department of Probation used to examine how race and gender influence juvenile sanctioning strategy allocation. The results from the discriminant analysis offers support for the argument that due to stereotypical perceptions on the part of decision makers, members of minority groups, in particular females may receive differential treatment than their white male counterparts. Implications of the results, as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.

Constitutional limits of personal freedom Abstract The Master's thesis deals with the extensive theme of restriction or deprivation of the personal freedom. The aim of this thesis is not to analyse the reasons for deprivation of personal freedom in detail, but to look at personal freedom as a whole. In the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (the Charter), personal freedom is the highest-ranked right to be most often interfered with by the state. Any restriction of personal freedom must meet a number of conditions resulting from legislation, international treaties and the supreme courts' decisions. The main goal of this thesis is to evaluate the frequency and intensity of the deprivation of personal freedom in the Czech Republic. In this thesis I pose the question whether all these limits of permissible deprivation of personal freedom are respected in practice or not. In this thesis I do not deal with the term of imprisonment but I focus on the reasons of deprivation of personal freedom expressly enumerated in the Charter. The first chapter deals with a brief definition of the concept of personal freedom, its incorporation in our legal order and its implementation in international treaties. In the following section, I present the conditions of permissible deprivation of personal freedom resulting...

Devido à taxa de urbanização crescente e às deficiências do sistema de drenagem urbana, tem sido cada dia mais evidente a recorrência e o aumento das inundações nas cidades brasileiras. Nas últimas duas décadas, as medidas estruturais alternativas ganharam espaço nos grandes centros urbanos devido à possibilidade de redução do efeito das cheias através de sistemas de detenção e/ou retenção, sem transferir o volume incremental de água para a jusante. Esta dissertação objetiva analisar a relação custo/eficiência de reservatórios de detenção e de pavimentos permeáveis. Para tal, foi necessária a verificação da possibilidade de implantação do pavimento permeável sem infiltração, seguida da modelagem hidrológica com pavimento permeável e com reservatórios de detenção na bacia hidrográfica do rio Pirajuçara. Para o desenvolvimento dessas análises, foram realizadas simulações matemáticas com o software Hec-Hms. O software ArcGis foi a ferramenta SIG utilizada para a preparação dos dados de entrada. A base de dados que caracteriza os reservatórios de detenção foi fornecida pelo DAEE. Para o pavimento permeável, foram consultadas as pesquisas geradas em função do protótipo de pavimento permeável, implantado no estacionamento do Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica e Recursos Hídricos, dentro da Universidade de São Paulo. Com as simulações e análises desenvolvidas, foi possível quantificar a redução do escoamento superficial gerado e estimar o custo de reservatórios de detenção e pavimento permeável por unidade de redução do escoamento superficial. Este estudo evidencia que nas bacias de área menor, o uso do pavimento permeável apresenta uma boa relação custo/eficiência, sendo equivalente ao uso de reservatórios de detenção. Conclui-se que, quanto menor a área de implantação, mais competitivo fica o uso do pavimento permeável como medida estruturante. / The increasing urbanization rate and deficiency of urban drainage systems in Brazil has contributed to changes in the recurrence and impacts of urban floods. The actions to reduce the magnitude and damages caused by floods so far are mostly local and focused on classical solutions of urban drainage. The use of structural measures during the last two decades have increased in urban centers due to its effectiveness in reducing the effects of floods without transferring the incremental volume of water to downstream. The most common solutions are detention and/or retention systems. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the relationship between cost and efficiency of detention reservoirs and permeable pavements. The feasibility of the implementing permeable pavements with retention underneath, that is, permeable pavements that do not infiltrate directly to the ground was analyzed in the Pirajuçara watershed area in São Paulo. A hydrological model was used to compare the response of the permeable pavement solution with the detention reservoirs already installed in the watershed. The hydrological simulation used the HEC-HMS software together with a GIS tool based on ArcGis software. The detention system database was provided by DAEE- Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica. The permeable pavement data on cost and efficiency was derived from the prototype installed the parking lot of the Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica e Recursos Hídricos at the Universidade de São Paulo. This study was able to quantify the reduction of runoff generated, estimate the cost of permeable pavements per unit of reduction and compare it with the peak reduction of the reservoirs. This study showed that, on small watersheds, the use of permeable pavement presents a better cost/efficiency relationship, equivalent to the use of detention reservoirs. The conclusion is that the smaller the watershed, the more competitive is the solution of permeable pavement when compared to other structural measures.

Devido à taxa de urbanização crescente e às deficiências do sistema de drenagem urbana, tem sido cada dia mais evidente a recorrência e o aumento das inundações nas cidades brasileiras. Nas últimas duas décadas, as medidas estruturais alternativas ganharam espaço nos grandes centros urbanos devido à possibilidade de redução do efeito das cheias através de sistemas de detenção e/ou retenção, sem transferir o volume incremental de água para a jusante. Esta dissertação objetiva analisar a relação custo/eficiência de reservatórios de detenção e de pavimentos permeáveis. Para tal, foi necessária a verificação da possibilidade de implantação do pavimento permeável sem infiltração, seguida da modelagem hidrológica com pavimento permeável e com reservatórios de detenção na bacia hidrográfica do rio Pirajuçara. Para o desenvolvimento dessas análises, foram realizadas simulações matemáticas com o software Hec-Hms. O software ArcGis foi a ferramenta SIG utilizada para a preparação dos dados de entrada. A base de dados que caracteriza os reservatórios de detenção foi fornecida pelo DAEE. Para o pavimento permeável, foram consultadas as pesquisas geradas em função do protótipo de pavimento permeável, implantado no estacionamento do Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica e Recursos Hídricos, dentro da Universidade de São Paulo. Com as simulações e análises desenvolvidas, foi possível quantificar a redução do escoamento superficial gerado e estimar o custo de reservatórios de detenção e pavimento permeável por unidade de redução do escoamento superficial. Este estudo evidencia que nas bacias de área menor, o uso do pavimento permeável apresenta uma boa relação custo/eficiência, sendo equivalente ao uso de reservatórios de detenção. Conclui-se que, quanto menor a área de implantação, mais competitivo fica o uso do pavimento permeável como medida estruturante. / The increasing urbanization rate and deficiency of urban drainage systems in Brazil has contributed to changes in the recurrence and impacts of urban floods. The actions to reduce the magnitude and damages caused by floods so far are mostly local and focused on classical solutions of urban drainage. The use of structural measures during the last two decades have increased in urban centers due to its effectiveness in reducing the effects of floods without transferring the incremental volume of water to downstream. The most common solutions are detention and/or retention systems. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the relationship between cost and efficiency of detention reservoirs and permeable pavements. The feasibility of the implementing permeable pavements with retention underneath, that is, permeable pavements that do not infiltrate directly to the ground was analyzed in the Pirajuçara watershed area in São Paulo. A hydrological model was used to compare the response of the permeable pavement solution with the detention reservoirs already installed in the watershed. The hydrological simulation used the HEC-HMS software together with a GIS tool based on ArcGis software. The detention system database was provided by DAEE- Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica. The permeable pavement data on cost and efficiency was derived from the prototype installed the parking lot of the Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica e Recursos Hídricos at the Universidade de São Paulo. This study was able to quantify the reduction of runoff generated, estimate the cost of permeable pavements per unit of reduction and compare it with the peak reduction of the reservoirs. This study showed that, on small watersheds, the use of permeable pavement presents a better cost/efficiency relationship, equivalent to the use of detention reservoirs. The conclusion is that the smaller the watershed, the more competitive is the solution of permeable pavement when compared to other structural measures.

Abstract not available

This thesis interrogates immigration detention as a space of intricate ambivalence - one which seeks to exclude, but which is also entreated to protect. The focus is so-called ‘unauthorised’ asylum seekers detained both within Australia and offshore on the Pacific island of Nauru between 1999 and 2003 - when the numbers of detained asylum seekers reached its maximum and the government introduced offshore processing centres. Australia’s immigration detention regime sits awkwardly with the discourse of universal human rights and brings into sharp conflict two robust political values: the right of endangered people to seek refuge and the right of the nation to determine who will enter. Focusing on the experiences of detainees reveals immigration detention as a complex regime through which the state’s dominating power targets the stateless, non-white, male body. This targeting is intentional, serving to secure sovereign borders and to rearticulate the naturalised ties between the national population and the modern state. Immigration detention holds the seeker in a limbo that sets parameters for the seeker’s experience of ongoing and intensifying insecurity. It specifically and intentionally fractures the identity of detainees: masochistic actions and collective protests, from hunger strikes to breakouts, reflect the common currency of anxiety and violence. The creation of offshore camps was, in part, a response to ongoing protests within onshore detention and the failure of onshore detention to stop boat arrivals. My chief focus here is the largest Pacific camp, ‘Topside’, on the island of Nauru. Unlike the onshore detention centres where publicised protests and breakouts screamed of continuing detention of asylum seekers, those on Nauru were effectively silenced. The thesis explores purpose as inscribed within the body of the exile. To give up hope for asylum is to face the possibility of endless wandering and death. Mechanisms of resistance, whether explicit protest or more passive waiting, are parts of the continuing struggle by the detained against mechanisms of exclusion and exception. The detained carve out small openings to contest their exclusion and to reassert an identity as survivors. There is a complex and fluid interplay between such resistance and government policies aiming to silence protest and limit identity – and ultimately to deter all unauthorised boat arrivals.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-117).

This research is based on the plan and design of Datang constructed wetland as a storm water wetland system. Qantity of the discharges from Datan community drainage system including its branches surround Dapeng Bay National Scenic Area are estimated. The objectives of this research is to study the possibilities of using the concept of stormwater wetland system for including the Datan constructed wetland and Lin-Bian right-bank wetland as flood detention wetland system and treatment wetlands during the dry season. Generally, flood detention ponds are not functioning except during storm seasons. Rainfall are mostly concentrated from June to September in southern Taiwan (mainly due to southwest monsoon and typhoon), the Datan wetland has therefore planned to treat the domestic sewages and the disposal from aquaculture farms during the dry season, and first flushing drainage during storm season. Besides the flood detention volume, Datan wetland has been designed into four major sections, a) primary settling for settle part of the suspended particles and aeration; b) bio-filtration through 2 sets of bio-filter using crushed bricks and oyster shells as filter media, mainly designed for BOD removal and partly early denitrification; c) followed by shallow weeds pond for reaeration and nutrients uptake by plantation; d) entering a series of open water ponds for stabilization. Landscape has been take good care for recreative function and habitat reserved for variety of birds. Due to the flood detention function will flood the basin few times a year, variable depth environment and plantations are designed. Wetland maintains ordinary water level at EL=-1.1m, maximum flood detention can go as high as EL=+1.5m. The wetland has effective surface approximately 5.5 ha., maximum flood detention quantity approximately 130,000 cubic meters. Since the area is tidally affected, influents contain different levels of salinities. Plantation becomes a difficult issue for the Datan wetland, due to the saline waters. Mangrove is the best choice, so far, for this situation. The mangrove forest has the richest productivity on wetland ecosystem, and can carry on the physical biology multistage degeneration to the sewage and absorb various pollutants. Hydraulic analysis estimates the peak discharge of Datan drainage system¡¦s 10 year flood frequency is 20.17cms, Datan constructed wetland and Linbian right bank constructed wetland can reduces the peak rate of 8.06cms and 4.38 cms, respectively. In addition, most of the branches of the Datan drainage system are thus achieve the ten year return period bench mark from the HEC-RAS evaluation The water quality monitoring results after one month of operation have shown the average elimination rates, TOC=-10%, BOD5=53%, TKN=71%, NH3-N=88%, NO3-N=65, NO2-N=90%, TN=70%, TP=52%, OP=56%, Chl.a=-61%, SS=4%, the turbidity (NTU)=70%. BOD and nutrients are shown effective reductions, while the SS and the chlorophyll-a are correlated mainly due to the plankton growth in the open waters. Long-term monitoring is continuing for the evaluation of the water quality purification function and the operational management model.

Exchanges between Taiwan and China across the strait have become more frequent since Taiwan¡¦s abolishment of the martial law on July 16th, 1987, and deregulation of the restrictions on family visit to China on November 2nd the same year. The mainland Chinese people have longed for going to Taiwan to earn a living, and are engaged in illegal activities in Taiwan one after another. Consequently, many are involved in the violation of Article 18 of the Act Governing Relations Between The People Of The Taiwan Area And The Mainland Area, and hence detained. Detention is a transient measure that prevents the persons concerned from escaping from deportation by constraining their personal freedom, rather than a punitive measure. But due to the lack of a comprehensive mechanism for detention, detention centers are administered individually by different administrative agencies. In some occasions, extended detention is like taking the detained person into custody, and even without a definite term of detention. This poses a serious harm to Taiwan¡¦s human rights image. Therefore, in this essay, the author reviewed the regulations and mechanism, as well as the current practices and status of detention in the mainland Chinese people on the basis of the five frameworks of administrative laws: Basic Principle, Administrative Organization, Administrative Competence, Administrative Remedy and Administrative Supervision, and by means of literature review, comparative analysis and historical induction. Recommendations are also made for the existing regulations and mechanism, in an expectation to achieve more comprehensive detention administration.