Extended detention basins are not used for stormwater quality management in many areas of the US because they generally do not achieve the 80% removal of total suspended solids required by many regulatory agencies. The objective of this research was modification of the outlet controls of an existing basin to provide batch treatment of the urban stormwater runoff through efficient control of the hydraulic residence time. A solar powered automated valve and controller were developed and placed on the outlet of an extended detention basin in Austin, Texas to increase the detention time beyond the times achievable using an orifice. This system retained the diverted runoff in the basin for a variable preset period of time. The quality of the influent and effluent of the basin was monitored for concentrations of suspended solids, nutrients, chemical oxygen demand. and total and dissolved metals. The suspended solids concentrations in the basin were controlled by adjusting the residence time of the runoff in the basin to meet the required pollutant reduction. The automated valve can also be used to regulate flow into the receiving waters to control peak flow.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

No description available.

Rehabilitation Centres receive both children in need of protection and youths who have committed a criminal offence. In all cases, the Centre's mandate is to help them readjust to society. In pursuing this mandate, educators resort to measures of seclusion, time-out or withdrawal, whether for therapeutic or disciplinary reasons. All of these measures, however one wishes to call them, may be effected through confinement. The children are thus liable to be locked into their own room, into a specially designed time-out room or into a seclusion room, the time of confinement lasting anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours. Some rehabilitation programs, calling for measures such as time-out or withdrawal, currently allow for the possibility of confining a child in a locked room for some twenty hours a day, for several consecutive days. / From a legal standpoint, confinement may constitute a form of therapy, or it may constitute a disciplinary measure. Depending on the reason for its implementation, seclusion therefore falls under different legal provisions. Yet in all cases, seclusion remains a coercive measure with a strong punitive component. It would therefore be logical for all confinement measures to be governed by the same set of legal rules. Furthermore, the framework provided by health services legislation, which is based on consent to treatment, does not properly account for such measures. Regulating the disciplinary powers of educators, especially their power to lock up children in closed rooms, would be an approach better suited to the actual needs of children.

This thesis examines in detail the provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 which allow for the incapacitation of the 'dangerous' offender. Incapacitation has been used as an example of a growing trend in criminal justice towards viewing crime in terms of risk. This risk discourse points to the use of actuarial practices and insurance techniques in this field, with a resultant 'abstraction' of the traditional view of crime as a moral wrong. The technologies of risk assessment are central to the very power of the discourse, it has been argued that these techniques further increase the effectiveness of control and that they are a response to a growing preoccupation in society with security. It is argued that risk is, in a sense, pre-political in that as risk takes hold, overtly political responses to crime become more difficult. Given that incapacitation has been used as an example of crime as risk, this thesis takes the form of a micro-study of the above incapacitatory legislation. It assesses the degree to which this legislation can be seen to be a part of the risk discourse. It is argued that on a general level the legislation does fit within the risk model, seeking to incapacitate 'bad risks'. However, it is argued that as the legislation has been conceived, formulated and employed, it does not make use of the actuarial techniques of risk assessment - seen as so central to 'internal dynamic' of the risk discourse - to a significant extent. Rather, it is argued that the legislation embodies a politically motivated appeal to the idea of risk rather than to risk assessment itself. It is concluded that this use of risk - once shed of its attendant technologies - far from making political responses more difficult, sits well with punitive responses demanded by a government of the right.

This dissertation examines how US immigrant family detention policy emerged from reinvigorated border security priorities, immigration policing practices, and international migration flows. Based on a qualitative mixed methods approach, the research traces how discourses of threat, vulnerability, and safety produce detainable child and parent subjects that displace “the family” as a legal entity. I show that immigration law relies on specific kinds of geographical knowledge, producing what I call the ‘geopolitics of vulnerability.’ More broadly, I analyze how current immigration enforcement practices work at local, national, and international scales, so that detention deters future migration as much as it penalizes existing undocumented migrants. Tracing how legal categorization, isolation, criminalization, and forced mobility discipline detained families, I show how detention bears down on migrant networks, defying individualized and national scalings of immigration law. Family detention, like the broader detention system, is authorized through overlapping forms of administrative discretion, and I analyze how the “plenary doctrine of immigration” resonates with ICE’s discretionary authority. Finally, I trace how immigrant rights advocates mobilizes conceptions of “home-like” and “prison-like” facilities, and how ICE reimagined its “residential” facilities in response. Empirically and theoretically, my project contributes the first academic study of US family detention to research on kinship, citizenship, security, geopolitics, and immigration enforcement.

This thesis explores the function of juvenile detention in Delaware County, Indiana, for the purpose of establishing tentative objectives for the total program.The Juvenile Court Judge and Detention Center Director were interviewed to assist the writer in ascertaining clear descriptive data of detention procedure as well as their views regarding the function of detention.Juvenile Detention Center is defined as a physically restrictive facility for the temporary care of children, who have not attained the age of 18, pending court disposition or transfer to another authority or agency.The most important points examined include the distinction between "secure" and "non-secure" or "shelter" facilities. The facility under study was secure. Confinement was short-term: the average stay being five days. The concept of "program" was analyzed emphasizing that all experiences affect the education of the children, and that the instructor was no conducting a program within a program. The concept of "responsibility" was also examined, particularly with its relationship to "therapy" and "education." The Director clearly and emphatically stated that therapy was not a function in detention, but that education was. The writer's conclusion was that this semantic problem limits the extent to which the children's needs can be met. The tentative objectives and implications were:1. Provide immediate physical, emotional, and psychological care. This objective should be a concern to all staff members, not only the instructor. An integral part of the program includes an immediate shower, clean clothes, and rest. The staff should become involved with the children at an emotional level, showing love and sincere care for their welfare while maintaining reasonable discipline standards.2. Provide educational and recreational activities which are healthful, enjoyable, and are valuable for leisure time, even after the child has-left the Detention Center. A variety of activities would be appropriate including reading, chess, monopoly, ping pong, basketball, volleyball, handball, viewing films, discussion, arts, and crafts. The instructor sought to allow the children a degree of freedom to choose among certain activities and to select films from lists available through community sources. This gave the children a sense of participation in some decisions. It was necessary and valuable to have some children participate whether they wanted to or not; for example, arts and crafts were avoided by some children for awhile, but once involved, many children enjoyed themselves, and learned to express themselves in positive manner.Freedom of expression should be encouraged as long as the expression does not cause physical or emotional harm to others or to one's self. Reading is a skill believed to require continuous practice. A wide variety of literature was provided, including comic books. Many comics seemed valuable as an immediate source to develop a skill the child may use to read other materials in the future, and as a source of multidimensional expression. An example would be the philosophical witticism of Linus or Pogo. Also, many topics include science fiction, which could be enjoyed as adventure or as a critique of man's use of science and technology.Chess is a game valued by many children. It is a game easier to learn than many people realize, yet is of infinite complexity. This is another example of multi-dimensional expression, depending upon the level of experience of the players.The value of physical sports is considered in regard to the exercise derived and as anoutlet for frustrations. Competition has no value to persons who do not believe that they have a chance of winning. Exercise, a practice of skills and cooperation are emphasized before competition. No one who always loses will continue to participate. The threat of failure should be minimized as it is not conducive to learning in any environment. 3. Provide activities which will aid the children in developing more realistic and positive views of themselves.The rationale for this objective is that motivation to lear, that is, to chage one's behavior, is minimal in the person who lacks confidence and/or knowledge about himself. Learning is building upon a foundation, a synthesizing process: perceiving, reacting, constructing.4. Help each child to learn the concept of responsibility. This objective follows, it seems from the previous one: If a positive view of the self is attained, socially responsible behavior will follow if the child accepts the consequences of his behavior as though someone else behaved that way, and he were to be affected by that behavior.Children can grow in confidence, becoming personally and socially responsible when the staff help to clarify the behavioral expectations of them. It would be appropriate to inform the children thoroughly as to general rules of conduct. Reinforcement of acceptable behavior would help to motivate that behavior.Evaluation of this objective would best be made on the basis of behavioral objectives identifying specific characteristics of responsible behavior.

This thesis interrogates immigration detention as a space of intricate ambivalence - one which seeks to exclude, but which is also entreated to protect. The focus is so-called ‘unauthorised’ asylum seekers detained both within Australia and offshore on the Pacific island of Nauru between 1999 and 2003 - when the numbers of detained asylum seekers reached its maximum and the government introduced offshore processing centres. Australia’s immigration detention regime sits awkwardly with the discourse of universal human rights and brings into sharp conflict two robust political values: the right of endangered people to seek refuge and the right of the nation to determine who will enter. Focusing on the experiences of detainees reveals immigration detention as a complex regime through which the state’s dominating power targets the stateless, non-white, male body. This targeting is intentional, serving to secure sovereign borders and to rearticulate the naturalised ties between the national population and the modern state. Immigration detention holds the seeker in a limbo that sets parameters for the seeker’s experience of ongoing and intensifying insecurity. It specifically and intentionally fractures the identity of detainees: masochistic actions and collective protests, from hunger strikes to breakouts, reflect the common currency of anxiety and violence. The creation of offshore camps was, in part, a response to ongoing protests within onshore detention and the failure of onshore detention to stop boat arrivals. My chief focus here is the largest Pacific camp, ‘Topside’, on the island of Nauru. Unlike the onshore detention centres where publicised protests and breakouts screamed of continuing detention of asylum seekers, those on Nauru were effectively silenced. The thesis explores purpose as inscribed within the body of the exile. To give up hope for asylum is to face the possibility of endless wandering and death. Mechanisms of resistance, whether explicit protest or more passive waiting, are parts of the continuing struggle by the detained against mechanisms of exclusion and exception. The detained carve out small openings to contest their exclusion and to reassert an identity as survivors. There is a complex and fluid interplay between such resistance and government policies aiming to silence protest and limit identity – and ultimately to deter all unauthorised boat arrivals.

Thesis (M.Arch.)(Prof.)--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Includes summary. Title from opening screen (viewed 18 March, 2005). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-93).