Today, a countless number of untrained and volunteer English as a second or foreign language teachers are working throughout the world to help meet the rising need for English teachers. Many of these volunteers have little or no training in teaching English. However, Basic Training and Resources for Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (BTRTESOL) is a book and website that can be used as both a teacher-training program and a self-learning resource to help prepare these volunteer teachers. The idea for this program started with Dr. Lynn Henrichsen, who later invited a team of graduate students at Brigham Young University to work with him. This report documents the developmental process of two BTRTESOL units, namely, Unit 6A, "Developing English Language Learners' Listening Skills" and Unit 6B, "Developing English Language Learners' Speaking Skills." Both of these BTRTESOL units were designed to, first, familiarize novice and volunteer teachers with what it takes to listen and speak in a second language so that these teachers can identify the needs of their students successfully and plan and teach effectively. In addition, Unit 6A identifies several factors that make the second language listening process challenging. Unit 6B, on the other hand, describes four important characteristics of successful speaking activities. Finally, some of the most commonly used listening and speaking activities are recommended for novice and volunteer teachers to use with all levels of students. Additional resources, both print and electronic, are included at the end of each unit to help users learn more about each subject area and get additional teaching ideas.

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Digitalisation and globalisation have significantly impacted daily life, including taxation, resulting in benefits and disadvantages. One major issue lies in the global context, where tax evasion and erosion have become prevalent issues. To address these challenges, the International Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has introduced a new set of rules known as Pillar Two. These rules aim to address the competition for attracting investors through a “race to the bottom” in tax rates by establishing a standardised Global Minimum Tax (GMT) rate of 15% to be applied to economic activities across jurisdictions. Thailand has recently announced its intention to incorporate these rules into domestic tax laws. Consequently, this thesis examined the implications of implementing Pillar Two on allocating taxing rights within the national legislative framework. The research utilised the dogmatic legal method to identify and analyse the current Thai tax system, Pillar Two model rules, and perspectives on implementation. The findings illustrated the most beneficial approach to allocating taxing rights to Thailand.

The subsequent data, analysis and case study is an attempt to clarify architectural approaches to meeting housing shortages in developing nations. This thesis is directed towards providing a greater understanding of the Third World building environment by examining unforeseen constraints, design parameters and the architect's new role vis-a-vis housing design for developing countries, as well as design approaches and strategies related to the housing problem in the developing world. These aspects of low-cost housing design in developing nations have been distilled into a process of design which is intended to further define a direction an architect can pursue in order to arrive at a feasible design solution regarding low-cost housing in developing countries. As a conclusion, the thesis provides a frame of reference to the previous analysis with a case study of the Dominican Republic, describing the country itself, its housing problem and some design proposals put forward by regional architects as a part of an international seminar on housing sponsored by the Dominican housing organization, CII-VIVIENDAS. Chapters one, two and three approach the topic of low-cost housing in developing countries as an analysis of the broadest architectural considerations. Chapter one, "Design Constraints for Low-Cost Housing in Developing Countries" introduces the initial design considerations of building conditions in the developing world from the perspective of an architect trained in the construction practices of the more advanced industrial nations. In comparison to the conventional architectural environment of the developed nations, the limited construction resources of developing nations constitute severe building constraints. These constraints are examined. Chapter two, "Summary of Design Parameters for Developing Countries" derives design guidelines from the architectural constraints of chapter one. Chapter three. "Housing Design for Developing Countries: New Architectural Roles, New Design Approaches & New Design Process" supplements the analysis of the first two chapters with a review of current architects' design responses to the rigid building parameters inherent in low-cost housing design for developing countries. Chapter four, "A Case Study of the Dominican Republic: Country & Housing Characteristics" provides a frame of reference for the previous analysis with information concerning the country, the architectural influences and the housing data of the Dominican Republic. The Dominican Republic suffers from housing problems typical to most developing countries. Chapter five. "Dominican Low-Cost Housing Seminar: Possible Low-Cost Housing Solutions for the Dominican Republic" concludes the thesis with a synthesis of the analysis and the case study. The synthesis is presented in terms of the diverse solutions to the housing shortage of the Dominican Republic reached by the participants of a low-cost housing seminar in the Dominican Republic. The seminar held in the winter of 1985 included foreign participants from both developed and developing countries in addition to the native Dominican participants. The design options described at the conclusion of chapter five are reflective of the current paths of low-cost housing development. / Master of Architecture

The relationship between judicial independence and the levels of ethnic conflicts in developing countries has remained a significant research area due to increased cases of the conflicts with lack of judicial independence in the countries. Judicial independence is seen as an essential element of democracy in that an independent judiciary can act as an arbiter between different groups and institutions. The main aim of this study was to examine the relationship between judicial independence and ethnic conflicts empirically. Greater judicial independence should be associated with less ethnic conflict, because an independent court can serve as an arbiter for disputants, and thus lessen the likelihood of conflict. The study involved 128 developing countries over a 30-year period from 1981 to 2010 using secondary data sources and employing statistical methods to test the relationship between judicial independence and the levels of ethnic conflicts. Findings indicate that judicial independence has a statistically significant negative association with the levels of ethnic conflict. Therefore, this study recommends that the governments of developing countries should promote judicial independence as part of solutions for ethnic conflicts .

Sustainable development and the Triple Bottom Line integrated sustainability concept focus on the choices between the imperatives of economic efficiency, social development and environmental sustainability. Corporate governance is being imposed by stakeholders and corporate social responsibility is indicated as being the most important socio-environmental demand being made on contemporary leaders. The influence of idealism and realism on, and the reasons for failure of, solid waste reduction projects in terms of sustainability is the foundation of the theories postulated in this research. It is the objective of this research to identify the motivational factors, with special reference to developing countries, of social capital, including management processes leadership and people management, that will augment solid waste reduction projects that are lethargic at starting, or deteriorating, to achieve sustainability. The methodology is to review the literature available to identify the augmenting (motivational) factors, and use analytical philosophical and empirical research to test formulated constructs using hypotheses. The criterion for the research sample is to obtain the opinions of environmental specialists in South Africa using a questionnaire. The technique employed is multivariate data analysis to identify the type of interdependent relationships, including cluster and multidimensional scaling analyses. Hypothesis testing, in this research, leads to the conclusion that additional motivational factors are needed to support the economic imperatives to make the process sustainable. `Reality' is statistically significantly different to `idealistic'. The inference is that for solid waste reduction projects to succeed leaders from government and the private sector are required, through the use of legislation and taking into consideration the value of waste, to instil economic incentives. According to this research, personal values and belief systems have little to contribute to the process of sustainability. The outcome of this research provides a strategy-benchmarking-model that leaders can use to target and prioritise their efforts in respect of achieving success with waste projects. The contribution it makes to the knowledge base of the subject and responsible leadership is contained in its summation of the augmenting factors required, their relative importance, and the lessening of the complexity of approach to these projects. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / D.B.L.

Sustainable development and the Triple Bottom Line integrated sustainability concept focus on the choices between the imperatives of economic efficiency, social development and environmental sustainability. Corporate governance is being imposed by stakeholders and corporate social responsibility is indicated as being the most important socio-environmental demand being made on contemporary leaders. The influence of idealism and realism on, and the reasons for failure of, solid waste reduction projects in terms of sustainability is the foundation of the theories postulated in this research. It is the objective of this research to identify the motivational factors, with special reference to developing countries, of social capital, including management processes leadership and people management, that will augment solid waste reduction projects that are lethargic at starting, or deteriorating, to achieve sustainability. The methodology is to review the literature available to identify the augmenting (motivational) factors, and use analytical philosophical and empirical research to test formulated constructs using hypotheses. The criterion for the research sample is to obtain the opinions of environmental specialists in South Africa using a questionnaire. The technique employed is multivariate data analysis to identify the type of interdependent relationships, including cluster and multidimensional scaling analyses. Hypothesis testing, in this research, leads to the conclusion that additional motivational factors are needed to support the economic imperatives to make the process sustainable. `Reality' is statistically significantly different to `idealistic'. The inference is that for solid waste reduction projects to succeed leaders from government and the private sector are required, through the use of legislation and taking into consideration the value of waste, to instil economic incentives. According to this research, personal values and belief systems have little to contribute to the process of sustainability. The outcome of this research provides a strategy-benchmarking-model that leaders can use to target and prioritise their efforts in respect of achieving success with waste projects. The contribution it makes to the knowledge base of the subject and responsible leadership is contained in its summation of the augmenting factors required, their relative importance, and the lessening of the complexity of approach to these projects. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / D.B.L.

The thesis examines the comprehensive relationship between all aspects of financial liberalisation and economic growth in three countries from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Employing ARDL bounds test approach and real GDP per capita as growth indicator; the thesis finds support in favour of the McKinnon-Shaw hypothesis but also finds that the increases in the subsequent savings and investments have not been transmitted into economic growth in two of the studied countries. Moreover, the thesis also finds that stock market developments have negligible or negative impact on economic growth in two of the selected countries. The thesis concludes that in most cases, it is not financial liberalisation polices that affect economic growth in the selected ECOWAS countries, but rather increase in the productivity of labour, increase in the credit to the private sector, increase in foreign direct investments, increase in the capital stock and increase in government expenditure contrary to expectations. Interestingly, the thesis also finds that export has only negative effect on economic growth in all the selected ECOWAS countries. The thesis therefore, recommends that long-term export diversification programmes be implemented in the ECOWAS regions whilst further investigation is carried on the issue. / Economic Sciences / D. Litt et Phil. (Economics)

Text in English with abstract in English, Northern Sotho and Xhosa / This study investigated the determinants of expansion strategies that are adopted by MNCs that invest in African emerging economies. Literature suggests that expansion strategies have received little research attention, especially in the African context. Previous studies suggest that MNCs initiate their internationalisation process through exportation, and then explore other resource-committed expansion strategies (FDIs) at a later stage. A number of theories have been used to explain the behaviour and decisions of MNCs in this regard. One of the prominent theories in this regard is Dunning‘s OLI paradigm that has been the most influential and widely used, but this study was premised on internationalisation theory. For the purposes of this study, two expansion strategies of MNCs were identified as greenfield foreign direct investment (FDI) and exports. The study sampled six top African emerging countries rated by the stock size and volume of FDI inflow they had attracted. The study utilised the cross-sectional time-series data for period spanning 1996 to 2016. The data were accessed from statistical records of African Development indicators (ADI), a statistical arm of the World Bank. This quantitative research employed econometrics estimation technique to achieve its objectives, namely OLS regression. The study relied on Durbin-Watson statistics contained in ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to attend to issues of autocorrelation. To establish long run relationship, Johansen‘s cointegration approach was employed. / Thutelo ye e nyakišitše ditšhupo tša maano a katološo ao a amogetšwego ke dikhamphani tše di dirago dinageng tše ntši (diMNC) tšeo di beeleditšego ka go diekonomi tše di golago tša Afrika. Dingwalo di šišinya gore maano a katološo a filwe šedi ye nnyane ya dinyakišišo, gagolo kemong ya Afrika. Dithutelo tše di šetšego di dirilwe di šišinya gore diMNC di thome tshepedišo ya go oketša tiro ya feme boemong bja boditšhabatšhaba ka mokgwa wa kišontle, gomme ka morago di hlohlomiše maano a mangwe a katološo a boikemišetšo go fa ditlakelo le thušo tše di nyakegago go fihlelela dinepo tše di filwego tša feme nakong ye e tlo latelago. Diteori tše mmalwa di dirišitšwe go hlaloša mokgwa wa go dira le diphetho tša diMNC malebana le se. Ye nngwe ya diteori tše bohlokwa malebana le se, gape yeo e bego e le ye e nago le khuetšo ye kgolo gape e dirišitšwego ka bophara, ke dikgopolo ka ga ka moo dilo di šomago tša OLI go ya ka Dunning, eupša thutelo ye e begilwego bjalo ka matseno go teori ya kgodišo ya difeme gore di dire dinageng tše dingwe. Ka lebaka la morero wa thutelo ye, maano a katološo a mabedi a diMNC a šupilwe bjalo ka peeletšo thwi ge motho a hloma khamphani nageng e šele (FDI) le kišontle. Thutelo e tšeere dinaga tše tshela tša boemo bja godimo tšeo di golago tšeo di lekantšwego ka bogolo bja thoto le bolumo ya ditseno tša FDI tšeo di di tlišitšego. Thutelo ye e dirišitše tshedimošo yeo e hweditšwego ka go lemoga dinomoro tšeo di kgobokeditšwego dinakong tše di fapanego dinakong ka sebaka sa nako seo se lekanago pakeng ya nako ya 1996 go iša go 2016. Tshedimošo e hweditšwe go tšwa direkhotong tša Dipalopalo tša African Development Indicators (ADI), lekala la Dipalopalo la Panka ya Lefase. Nyakišišo ka go kgoboketša le go sekaseka datha yeo e hweditšwego methopong ye e fapanego e dirišitše dithekniki tša dipalopalo go kwešiša ditaba tša ekonomi le diteori tša teko go fihlelela maikemišetšo a yona, e lego tswalano go OLS. Thutelo e theilwe go Dipalopalo tša Durbin-Watson tšeo di lego ka tekanyo ya tswalano ka go fokotša palo ya go fapana ga disekwere gare ga dipalo tše di lemogilwego le tšeo di akantšwego go lebelela ditlhagišo tša nyalanyo Go hlola ditswalanyo tša nako ye telele, mokgwatebelelo wa Johansen wa tatelano ya dikhutlo tša datha ya dinomoro ka go latelana ga tšona o dirišitšwe / Esi sifundo siphande izinto ezilawula amacebo okwandisa enziwa ngamaqumrhu amazwe ngamazwe (MNCs) natyala imali kumazwe aseAfrika anoqoqosho oluntshulayo. Uluncwadi olukhoyo luthi amacebo okwandisa awanikwa ngqwalasela yaneleyo kuphando, ngakumbi kwiimeko zaseAfrika. Izifundo ezidluleyo ziveze ukuba iiMNCs ziyiqala ngokuthumela iimveliso zazo inkqubo yokufaka la mazwe kushishino lwamazwe ngamazwe. Emva koko zizama ukuncedisa ngezixhobo nemithombo yokusebenza njengecebo lokwandisa. Ziliqela iingcingane ezisetyenzisiweyo xa kuchazwa indlela yokwenza nezigqibo zeeMNCs ngalo mbandela. Enye yeengcingane eziphambili nesetyenziswe kakhulu kulo mba yekaDunning, neyaziwa ngokuba yiOLI paradigm, nangona esakhe isifundo sasisekele kwingcingane yokudibanisa amazwe ngamazwe. Kwesi sifundo kuchongwe amacebo okwandisa amabini asetyenziswe ziiMNCs. La macebo kukutyala ngqo imali nemithombo (greenfield foreign direct investment - FDI) nokuthumela iimveliso zazo kuloo mazwe. Esi sifundo sikhethe amazwe aseAfrika amathandathu naphambili xa kubalwa izinto anazo la mazwe, nomyinge wemali nezixhobo ezifakiweyo. Isifundo sisebenzise iinkcukacha ezingamaqela amanani anqumlezanayo (cross-sectional time-series data) kwixesha elisukela kunyaka we-1996 ukuya kowama-2016. Ezi nkcukacha zafunyanwa kwiingxelo ezigciniweyo zeZalathisi Zophuhliso LwaseAfrika (African Development Indicators - ADI), kwicandelo lezobalo kwiBhanki Yehlabathi. Olu phando lusekelwe kumanani, lusebenzise indlela yokusebenza ngokuqikelela nekuthiwa yieconometrics estimation technique ukuze siphumeze iinjongo zaso zobalo olwaziwa ngokuba yiOLS regression. Esi sifundo saxhomekeka kwizibalo zikaDurbin-Watson ezifumaneka kubalo lweordinary least squares (OLS) regression ukuze lujongane nemiba yokuzilungisa. Ukuze simisele ulwalamano oluqhuba ixesha elide, kwasetyenziswa indlela yokuhlanganisa iinkcukacha zikaJohansen. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished