Ethiopia officially declared to follow a democratic developmental state since 2002. Some scholars argue that there is an attempt to emulate the developmental state in Ethiopia, citing a few features of the developmental state in the country. However, critics question whether Ethiopia is an example of a modern-day emerging African democratic developmental state or not. Unlike others, this thesis provides a comprehensive review of whether Ethiopia is a developmental state or not using the main features (indicators) of developmental states and democracy as set out by original and contemporary thinkers. The thesis also develops an analytical framework for analysing an emerging developmental state model to verify the extent to which Ethiopia fulfills these criteria. In this context, an Index is prepared to measure the extent of Ethiopia’s democratic developmental state following the survey conducted. By doing so, the study bridges a significant gap in the literature and empirical evidence on the developmental state practice of Ethiopia. A combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods were employed in this thesis. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. In this regard, the inter-method triangulation technique was used. The triangulation methods employed were desk research, expert surveys, key informant interviews, direct personal observation, and case studies. Exploratory, descriptive, analytical, and critical methods of data analysis were also employed. This was done by taking the research questions and study objectives into account. Accordingly, relevant findings are drawn, and conclusions and policy recommendations are articulated. The main conclusion of the thesis is, therefore, that there is an emerging democratic developmental state in Ethiopia, although it is not bereft of challenges. The government of Ethiopia made progress in relation to a few developmental state indicators. However, the finding from this study indicates that the practice of democracy in the country is wanting. The four case studies reveal that despite clearly designed policy interventions, the government did not achieve the desired objectives in each flagship project because of diverse challenges. This affected the actualisation of the expected structural transformation of the economy in the country. Considering the study's findings, the Ethiopian government’s willingness, commitment and determination to promoting features of a democratic developmental state are vital to its success. Keywords: developmental state, democracy, emerging, government, Ethiopia / Thesis (PhD (Political Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Political Sciences / PhD (Political Sciences) / Unrestricted

Abstract The article reflects on the progress the South African government is making in realising the imperatives of a developmental state. It examines contemporary engagements on the issue of a developmental state. At the outset, the article unpacks the theoretical antecedents of a developmental state to develop a framework for analysis. In the context of this framework, the article argues that a developmental state is premised on two dimensions, namely social and economic. These dimensions are used as a framework to understand how South Africa fares as a developmental state. In engaging with this question, the article makes an observation that, notwithstanding service delivery challenges in the country, the government is seemingly making significant strides in its attempts to realise the social imperatives of a developmental state. On the economic front, a similar deduction is difficult to make as debates in this regard are so polarised. The article recommends that research on Black Economic Empowerment and its impact in maximising citizen participation in the mainstream economy should be undertaken.

Crescimento econômico surpreendente da Coreia vale a pena receber atenção devido à importância do papel do Estado no seu sucesso chamado Estado Desenvolvimentista. Estado Desenvolvimentista Coreano tem sua origem na década de 1950 construindo obras básicas institucionais como a reforma agrária, quadro jurídico, formação e reorganização da burocracia e agências de planejamento econômico. A partir dos anos 1960, foi um período bem sucedido do Estado Desenvonvimentista caracterizando a existência de agência piloto, a estratégia nacional para o plano de crescimento econômico no longo prazo, a capacidade do Estado que vem de burocratas qualificados, coesão da organização burocrática, políticas de industrialização seletivos e autonomia enraizada. No entanto, o Estado desenvolvimentista começou a desaparecer a partir da década de 1980 com o movimento pró- democrático e da globalização. A Coreia ainda não perfeitamente convergiu para os países avançados. Além disso, a definição de desenvolvimento não é mais apenas o crescimento econômico, mas também alcançar bem-estar e desenvolvimento humano. A Coreia está agora lutando para encontrar uma nova estratégia de desenvolvimento. Esta dissertação identificou três grandes eixos de discussões sobre o papel do Estado na Coreia contemporânea, quais sejam: (i) o Estado regulador; (ii) o Estado corporativo, responsável pela concertação social e pela indução de um modelo corporativo competitivo; e (iii) o Estado Desenvolvimentista. Esta dissertação prova que a única alternativa é Estado do Desenvolvimento reconfigurado. Ao analisar o sucesso do passado, o renascimento de Estado do Desenvolvimento pode ser alcançado. Aprender com o passado iria mostrar o caminho da sua reconfiguração. / Astonishing economic growth of Korea is worthy of notice due to the importance of the state’s role on its success so called the Developmental State. Korean Developmental State has its origin in the 1950s constructing institutional basic works as land reform, legal framework, formation and reorganization of bureaucracy and economic planning agencies. From the 1960s, it has been successful period of Developmental State characterized as the existence of pilot agency, national strategy for long-term economic growth plan, state capacity that comes from qualified bureaucrats, cohesiveness of bureaucratic organization, selective industrialization policies and embedded autonomy. However, the dismantlement of the developmental state has begun to take place from the 1980s with the pro-democratic movement and globalization. Korea has not yet perfectly converged to the advanced countries. Moreover, the definition of development is not just economic growth anymore but also achieving welfare through human development. Korea is now struggling to find new development strategy. Three major discussions for further development are 1) regulatory state, 2) social concertation and competitive corporatist and 3) Neo Developmental State. The thesis here proves the only alternative is Developmental State and it has to be succeeded and reconfigured. By analyzing the success of the past, the revival of Developmental State can be achieved. Learning from the past would show the way of its reconfiguration.

Crescimento econômico surpreendente da Coreia vale a pena receber atenção devido à importância do papel do Estado no seu sucesso chamado Estado Desenvolvimentista. Estado Desenvolvimentista Coreano tem sua origem na década de 1950 construindo obras básicas institucionais como a reforma agrária, quadro jurídico, formação e reorganização da burocracia e agências de planejamento econômico. A partir dos anos 1960, foi um período bem sucedido do Estado Desenvonvimentista caracterizando a existência de agência piloto, a estratégia nacional para o plano de crescimento econômico no longo prazo, a capacidade do Estado que vem de burocratas qualificados, coesão da organização burocrática, políticas de industrialização seletivos e autonomia enraizada. No entanto, o Estado desenvolvimentista começou a desaparecer a partir da década de 1980 com o movimento pró- democrático e da globalização. A Coreia ainda não perfeitamente convergiu para os países avançados. Além disso, a definição de desenvolvimento não é mais apenas o crescimento econômico, mas também alcançar bem-estar e desenvolvimento humano. A Coreia está agora lutando para encontrar uma nova estratégia de desenvolvimento. Esta dissertação identificou três grandes eixos de discussões sobre o papel do Estado na Coreia contemporânea, quais sejam: (i) o Estado regulador; (ii) o Estado corporativo, responsável pela concertação social e pela indução de um modelo corporativo competitivo; e (iii) o Estado Desenvolvimentista. Esta dissertação prova que a única alternativa é Estado do Desenvolvimento reconfigurado. Ao analisar o sucesso do passado, o renascimento de Estado do Desenvolvimento pode ser alcançado. Aprender com o passado iria mostrar o caminho da sua reconfiguração. / Astonishing economic growth of Korea is worthy of notice due to the importance of the state’s role on its success so called the Developmental State. Korean Developmental State has its origin in the 1950s constructing institutional basic works as land reform, legal framework, formation and reorganization of bureaucracy and economic planning agencies. From the 1960s, it has been successful period of Developmental State characterized as the existence of pilot agency, national strategy for long-term economic growth plan, state capacity that comes from qualified bureaucrats, cohesiveness of bureaucratic organization, selective industrialization policies and embedded autonomy. However, the dismantlement of the developmental state has begun to take place from the 1980s with the pro-democratic movement and globalization. Korea has not yet perfectly converged to the advanced countries. Moreover, the definition of development is not just economic growth anymore but also achieving welfare through human development. Korea is now struggling to find new development strategy. Three major discussions for further development are 1) regulatory state, 2) social concertation and competitive corporatist and 3) Neo Developmental State. The thesis here proves the only alternative is Developmental State and it has to be succeeded and reconfigured. By analyzing the success of the past, the revival of Developmental State can be achieved. Learning from the past would show the way of its reconfiguration.

Crescimento econômico surpreendente da Coreia vale a pena receber atenção devido à importância do papel do Estado no seu sucesso chamado Estado Desenvolvimentista. Estado Desenvolvimentista Coreano tem sua origem na década de 1950 construindo obras básicas institucionais como a reforma agrária, quadro jurídico, formação e reorganização da burocracia e agências de planejamento econômico. A partir dos anos 1960, foi um período bem sucedido do Estado Desenvonvimentista caracterizando a existência de agência piloto, a estratégia nacional para o plano de crescimento econômico no longo prazo, a capacidade do Estado que vem de burocratas qualificados, coesão da organização burocrática, políticas de industrialização seletivos e autonomia enraizada. No entanto, o Estado desenvolvimentista começou a desaparecer a partir da década de 1980 com o movimento pró- democrático e da globalização. A Coreia ainda não perfeitamente convergiu para os países avançados. Além disso, a definição de desenvolvimento não é mais apenas o crescimento econômico, mas também alcançar bem-estar e desenvolvimento humano. A Coreia está agora lutando para encontrar uma nova estratégia de desenvolvimento. Esta dissertação identificou três grandes eixos de discussões sobre o papel do Estado na Coreia contemporânea, quais sejam: (i) o Estado regulador; (ii) o Estado corporativo, responsável pela concertação social e pela indução de um modelo corporativo competitivo; e (iii) o Estado Desenvolvimentista. Esta dissertação prova que a única alternativa é Estado do Desenvolvimento reconfigurado. Ao analisar o sucesso do passado, o renascimento de Estado do Desenvolvimento pode ser alcançado. Aprender com o passado iria mostrar o caminho da sua reconfiguração. / Astonishing economic growth of Korea is worthy of notice due to the importance of the state’s role on its success so called the Developmental State. Korean Developmental State has its origin in the 1950s constructing institutional basic works as land reform, legal framework, formation and reorganization of bureaucracy and economic planning agencies. From the 1960s, it has been successful period of Developmental State characterized as the existence of pilot agency, national strategy for long-term economic growth plan, state capacity that comes from qualified bureaucrats, cohesiveness of bureaucratic organization, selective industrialization policies and embedded autonomy. However, the dismantlement of the developmental state has begun to take place from the 1980s with the pro-democratic movement and globalization. Korea has not yet perfectly converged to the advanced countries. Moreover, the definition of development is not just economic growth anymore but also achieving welfare through human development. Korea is now struggling to find new development strategy. Three major discussions for further development are 1) regulatory state, 2) social concertation and competitive corporatist and 3) Neo Developmental State. The thesis here proves the only alternative is Developmental State and it has to be succeeded and reconfigured. By analyzing the success of the past, the revival of Developmental State can be achieved. Learning from the past would show the way of its reconfiguration.

This is an exploratory study with a purpose to gain an understanding of the role of business in a developmental state. The study was conducted in the Gauteng region. The study was done through face to face interviews with people working for the government and senior managers in the private business sector. The study shows that business is willing to play a role in the South African developmental state. The government was found to be a constraint in the process of development of the country because of its lack to communicate the state policies. None of the interviewees understood the concept of a developmental state in the context of South Africa. What was achieved from the attempted study was that South Africa is not ready to be a developmental state because of the incapacity of the government. The private sector was ready to participate in the development programmes but needed to understand what it means to be a developmental state in South Africa. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / Unrestricted

Abstract This paper examines the lessons Ethiopia can learn from East Asia’s growth to sustain its recent economic growth. By an in-depth analysis of the role of government in East Asian’s development it provides recommendations for Ethiopia. The study is based on the experiences of South Korea, Taiwan and Japan in the context of three issues: selective intervention policies, coordination problem and export orientation. Results of the study show that governments in East Asia have used phased selective intervention mechanism to nurture their industries and coordinated private investment to ensure national development. They have also targeted export markets to make their firms competitive and upgrade exports from primary products to higher value goods. The selective intervention suggests a greater role for government, however targeting of exports and the efficiency from international competition indicates the virtue of market mechanisms as well. Government intervention however must be phased, moving from targeting primary products to higher value goods. This paper suggests that government intervention has to be supplemented by a government-firm relationship that avoids too much government autonomy, which is meant to solve rent-seeking problem. Rent-seeking problem can instead be solved through performance requirement and time limits on protection.

Singapore gained access to independence sixty years ago. Since then, in order to improve its economic growth, the country went through many economic development plans, and nowadays the success of the past economic policies, made Singapore a diversified economy, where industrial development is its milestone. The Singaporean government and foreign companies played a very important role in the history of its economic development. From the status of colony with a fragile economic structure, to a diversified economy after the independence, industrialization is the cornerstone of Singapore¡¦s economic transformation. Industrialization made Singapore become a newly industrialized country with petrochemical industry as the most important industry. Singapore Economic Development Board was established in 1962, and after its establishment a series of domestic economic planning were implemented. Subsequently, the JTC was created to manage the entire country¡¦s industrial Affairs. Via an efficient planned economy by the governmental institutions, the Jurong Industrial park gradually developed and helped Singapore to reach its industrial development¡¦s objectives. In the process of promoting the development of the petrochemical industry or the global industry, it is evident that Singapore¡¦s government followed the pattern and specificities of the developmental sate, by the combination of economic planning institutions, an outstanding bureaucracy, and Multinational Corporations, Singapore managed to develop the petrochemical industry which became the country¡¦s most important industry.

This dissertation examines the role of education in the formation of the Singapore developmental state, through a historical study of education for citizenship in Singapore (1955-2004), in which I explore the interconnections between changes in history, civics and social studies curricula, and the politics of nation-building. Building on existing scholarship on education and state formation, the dissertation goes beyond the conventional notion of seeing education as providing the skilled workforce for the economy, to mapping out cultural and ideological dimensions of the role of education in the developmental state. The story of state formation through citizenship education in Singapore is essentially the history of how Singapore’s developmental state managed crises (imagined, real or engineered), and how changes in history, civics and social studies curricula, served to legitimize the state, through educating and moulding the desired “good citizen” in the interest of nation building. Underpinning these changes has been the state’s use of cultural constructs such as Confucianism and Asian values to shore up its legitimacy. State formation in Singapore has been very successful, as evidenced by its economic prosperity and education has played a key role in this success. However, the “economic growth at all costs” ethos comes, arguably, at a price – the potential loss of zeitgeist, or the loss of the “World-Soul”. Nation building in the sense of fostering a sense of rootedness and belonging to the country in its citizenry – the “World-Soul” – had to be relegated to the backburner in the relentless pursuit of economic development, in order to sustain and legitimize the developmental state. By harnessing the educational sphere for its economic growth objectives through the discourse of crisis, the developmental state gained political legitimacy in the eyes of a citizenry increasingly accustomed to educational mobility and material wealth, even if at the expense of political freedoms.

<p><font size="3"> <p>The development of the Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICT) in recent decades represents a material foundation for a networked society and the emergence of new economies (Knowledge Society) and is now directly affecting individuals and whole societies. ICT is now an indisputable component of addressing the major issues of equity, sustainability and global competitiveness. Being still in its early developmental phase in many developing countries (such as South Africa), Knowledge Society requires profoundly new ways of thinking, working and living, which includes building of new capacities for the entire nation. These capacities are inter alia inevitably associated with the use of ICT and are often referred to as e-skills. These skills broadly described as the ability to develop and use ICT to adequately participate in an environment increasingly dominated by access to electronically enabled information and a well-developed ability to synthesise this into effective and relevant knowledge.&nbsp / <font size="3">In order to address a considerable deficiency in e-skills (estimated shortage of 70000 e-skilled people), the South African government through the Department of Communication has established the e-Skills Institute (e-SI) with the mandate to concentrate on the development of adequate skills to allow its citizens to improve their capacities to use all forms of ICT at work, in their education, in their personal lives and in their governance. In this regard, the e-SI is also responsible for creating appropriate policies which should be linked to other relevant national (e.g. Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF), 2009 &ndash / 2014) and international (e.g. UN Millennium Development Goals - MDGs) developmental strategies. However, while participating in the development of the current national e-skills policy (the National e-Skills Plan of Action &ndash / NeSPA</font><font size="1">1</font><font size="3">), the author realised that there were not readily available guidelines or frameworks that could advise policy development in this area. It seems that much space in the policy development is left to the policy-makers own values, experience, expertise, judgement, the influence of lobbyists and pressure groups, pragmatism, or based on the resources available, than on evidence. Thus, this study set the following objectives:</font><font size="3"> <p> To understand the theoretical and contextual background of policy-making / </p> <p> <p> To explore existing policy-making frameworks that might be relevant to e-skills policy-making / </p> <p> To identify and classify e-skills related elements obtained from pertinent literature / </p> <p> To verify these policy-making elements by interviewing experienced policy-makers in the fields of ICT and e-skills / </p> <p> To suggest a framework for e-skills policy-making in the South African developmental context / and</p> <p> To explain the use of the elements within the proposed e-skills policy-making framework.</p> </p> <p>These objectives were achieved by reviewing the pertinent literature, which led to the construction of the conceptual model for e-skills policy-making in South Africa. This model consists of eight elements: (i) Context-related awareness, (ii) Collaborative e-skills ecology, (iii) Excellence education for all, (iv) Futures of ICT capabilities and knowledge infrastructure, (v) Research and development, (vi) Cost and affordability, (vii) E-inclusion and (viii) Monitoring and evaluation. This model was subsequently empirically tested using the Interpretive hermeneutic research approach by interviewing a number of policy-makers in the fields of e-skills or broader field of ICT policy-making. The empirical findings confirmed validity of the above e-skills policy-making elements but also elicited two new elements: (ix) Integration and systemic approach and (x) Aggregation. Consequently, these elements were assembled together into a framework for e-skills policy-making in South Africa. In order to make the proposed e-skills policy-making framework operational, the next step of this study was to relate this framework to the policy-making processes. This was done by positioning elements of e-skills policy-making framework within the EU &quot / Policy making 3.0&quot / process model. The main contribution of this study is seen in the fact that it brings a novel e-skills policy-making framework particularly design for the South African context but keeping in mind that it can possibly be used in other similar developing countries. Theoretically, this study has added to the academic understanding of significance of certain concepts for e-skills policy-making derived from the pertinent literature but&nbsp / also those identified empirically by this research. Now this study can be used for a practical implementation and also as a base for further academic research. This study also has some limitations mainly seen through a fairly small research sample caused by absence or unavailability of experienced policy-makers. However, it is believed that this limitation did not limit validity of results and the practical and academic contribution of this study.</p> </font></p> </font></p>