This thesis follows and analyses the involvement of both social actors and the state in the industrial transformation of Mexico. While these actors have been key associates in the development of the Mexican economy for decades, with the 1982 debt crisis, and especially after the promotion of a structural reform in 1986, the patterns of their involvement changed. However, this change was more limited than expected, and the state did not abandon its participation in some key industrial sectors. This thesis will demonstrate that the role of the state remained important during the process of change towards an Export-Oriented developmental paradigm, although the state continued to participate in fashioning social relations, it did so in new ways that can be termed “protective liberalization.” / Cette thèse évalue et analyse la participation des acteurs sociaux et de l'État dans la transformation industrielle du Mexique. Alors que durant plusieurs décennies ces acteurs on été des partenaires stratégiques dans le développement de l’économie mexicaine, avec la crise de la dette de 1982 et spécialement suite à la réforme structurelle de 1986, le modèle de leur participation a changé. Néanmoins, ce changement a été plus limité que prévu et l‘État n‘a pas abandonné sa participation dans certains secteurs industrielles clés. Cette thèse démontre que le rôle de l’État n’a pas perdu de son importance pendant le transfert vers un paradigme du développement orienté vers l’exportation et que même si l ́État a continué à participer dans la structuration des relations sociales, cela c’est fait d’une nouvelle manière que l'on pourrait dénommer “libéralisation protective”.

Este trabalho propõe uma leitura articulada sobre política social e econômica do governo Lula, para responder à seguinte questão: ele foi desenvolvimentista? Identificou-se a presença de uma estratégia de longo prazo. A ela e não meramente à conjuntura internacional favorável se devem tributar os bons resultados econômicos do período. Desenvolvimentismo supõe a combinação entre visão, estratégia e coordenação para conduzir o país ao desenvolvimento desejado. Tipicamente envolve política industrial. A visão trazida por esse governo foi de crescimento baseado na inclusão social. E ela foi mantida ao longo dos dois mandatos. O trabalho investigou como se materializou a estratégia: instrumentos oficiais de planejamento, direcionamento do gasto público, mudanças institucionais e esforço de coordenação. Foram pesquisados discursos oficiais, regulamentação, teor de programas - PAC, PITCE e PDP, além da política social. Intenção manifesta e intervenção efetuada aproximam esse governo dos desenvolvimentistas. Ele também representa alteração da concepção recente no país quanto ao papel do estado. Em muitos aspectos é herdeiro do governo Cardoso e da consolidação da democracia em curso. Mas expressa ruptura com os antecedentes e se afasta das experiências históricas de desenvolvimentismo no tocante aos eixos de intervenção. O caminho de transformação estrutural proposto é o dinamismo do mercado interno através da redução da pobreza. A mudança tecnológica do aparato produtivo foi menos enfatizada. Um desenvolvimentismo recriado para dar conta das promessas não cumpridas no século XX. E que deixa inúmeras outras por cumprir. / This work’s object is a overview about Lula´s government social and economic policies to answer this question: was it a developmental government? The presence of a long-term strategy was identified. The good economic outcome of this time shall be attributed to this strategy and not merely to favorable international conditions. A developmental state imply a vision, a strategy and organized actions that work together to guide a country to the wanted development. Typically, it includes industrial policy. Progress based upon social inclusion was the disclosed vision by this government. It was held over the two mandates. This research is about how the strategic worked: official planning papers, public expenditure direction, institutional changes and coordination efforts. Official discourse, rules, content of programs like PAC, PITCE, PDP, and social policy were researched. Disclosed intention and realized intervention made this government similar to a developmental one. In addition, it supported change in present conception about state role. In many aspects, Lula's government received the legacy of Cardoso`s government and the democracy in consolidation. On the other side, it ruptures with the predecessors and it was distinct of developmental governments of the past, mainly because the nature of political intervention. It was proposed that the structural change should happen with the increase in the dynamism of the domestic market and it could be reached with the poverty reduction. Meanwhile, technological changes in the productive structure were not emphasized. This is a kind of developmental state recreated to fulfill 20th century missed promises, although this government kept others promises unfulfilled.

Este trabalho aborda a política científica e tecnológica brasileira no período do regime militar (1964-1985). As questões às quais ele se refere dizem respeito às idéias e aos interesses de alguns dos seus atores fundamentais: os militares, a comunidade científica e os técnicos responsáveis pela condução da área econômica dos governos. Esses atores, com interesses e idéias distintas e muitas vezes conflituosas acerca dos rumos do desenvolvimento, embora buscassem objetivos diferentes construíram uma trajetória única com projetos ambiciosos para organizar internamente uma rede de instituições que visassem a produção e a aquisição de ciência e tecnologia de ponta. Antes de econômicas, as decisões acerca das políticas de ciência e tecnologia possuíram uma natureza fundamentalmente política e privilegiaram os interesses dos governos e das elites que os sustentaram. Para o Estado, o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico nem sempre foi um propósito em si; às vezes foi parte de um intento, às vezes um meio para alcançar determinados objetivos. Como meio, essas políticas podiam ser dispensáveis quando se acreditava que era possível ou desejável se chegar aos mesmos resultados percorrendo caminhos mais curtos e menos tortuosos. Seja como meios ou como fins, só é possível entender as políticas do setor quando se tem um horizonte amplo, capaz de deixar perceber quais são os objetivos finais e como eles são perseguidos; para compreender melhor essas relações, dois aspectos são fundamentais: a) as idéias que conduziram à formação, estruturação, organização e atuação do sistema nacional de ciência e tecnologia e dos rumos do desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico no Brasil e, b) os interesses e objetivos que os principais atores possuíam e como esses são, ou não, levados a cabo dentro da estrutura burocrática, e nas ações dos governos, de acordo com as limitações impostas pelos contextos políticos e econômicos internos e externos. / The present thesis approaches the science and technology Brazilian politicses during the period of the military regime (1964-1985). Their main matters tell respect to the ideas and to the interests of some of your central personages: the militaries, the scientific community and the technocrats responsible for the administration of the Government economic sector of that period. Such personages, with interests and distinct thoughts - and many times locking conflicts concerning about of the bearings of the national development, although they sought different goals, they built a single trajectory with ambitious projects to foment internally a joint of institutions with sights to the production and to the acquisition of a science and an advanced technology. Before being economics, the decisions concerning the science and technology policies had a political fundamentally profile and privileged governments\' interests and of the elites that sustained them. For the State, the scientific and technological development not always it was a purpose only; sometimes was a goal, and in at other times was a form of if reach specific goals. Thought as a way, these political can be dispensable from the moment in which it is possible or desirable to reach the same results traversing smaller and less problematic paths. Like means or as ends, only is possible to comprehend the policies of the sector at issue when there is a wide horizon in which is possible to realize whats are the goals and how they are demanded. To comprehend better these relations, two aspects are important: a) the thoughts that led to the formation, structuring and performance of the science and technology national system, as well as of the bearings of the scientific and technological development in Brazil and, b) the interests and objectives that the main personages detained, how were - or were not - carried of radical way inside the bureaucratic structure and in the governments\' lawsuits according to the limitations imposed by the political and economic contexts, both internal and external.

Este trabalho propõe uma leitura articulada sobre política social e econômica do governo Lula, para responder à seguinte questão: ele foi desenvolvimentista? Identificou-se a presença de uma estratégia de longo prazo. A ela e não meramente à conjuntura internacional favorável se devem tributar os bons resultados econômicos do período. Desenvolvimentismo supõe a combinação entre visão, estratégia e coordenação para conduzir o país ao desenvolvimento desejado. Tipicamente envolve política industrial. A visão trazida por esse governo foi de crescimento baseado na inclusão social. E ela foi mantida ao longo dos dois mandatos. O trabalho investigou como se materializou a estratégia: instrumentos oficiais de planejamento, direcionamento do gasto público, mudanças institucionais e esforço de coordenação. Foram pesquisados discursos oficiais, regulamentação, teor de programas - PAC, PITCE e PDP, além da política social. Intenção manifesta e intervenção efetuada aproximam esse governo dos desenvolvimentistas. Ele também representa alteração da concepção recente no país quanto ao papel do estado. Em muitos aspectos é herdeiro do governo Cardoso e da consolidação da democracia em curso. Mas expressa ruptura com os antecedentes e se afasta das experiências históricas de desenvolvimentismo no tocante aos eixos de intervenção. O caminho de transformação estrutural proposto é o dinamismo do mercado interno através da redução da pobreza. A mudança tecnológica do aparato produtivo foi menos enfatizada. Um desenvolvimentismo recriado para dar conta das promessas não cumpridas no século XX. E que deixa inúmeras outras por cumprir. / This work’s object is a overview about Lula´s government social and economic policies to answer this question: was it a developmental government? The presence of a long-term strategy was identified. The good economic outcome of this time shall be attributed to this strategy and not merely to favorable international conditions. A developmental state imply a vision, a strategy and organized actions that work together to guide a country to the wanted development. Typically, it includes industrial policy. Progress based upon social inclusion was the disclosed vision by this government. It was held over the two mandates. This research is about how the strategic worked: official planning papers, public expenditure direction, institutional changes and coordination efforts. Official discourse, rules, content of programs like PAC, PITCE, PDP, and social policy were researched. Disclosed intention and realized intervention made this government similar to a developmental one. In addition, it supported change in present conception about state role. In many aspects, Lula's government received the legacy of Cardoso`s government and the democracy in consolidation. On the other side, it ruptures with the predecessors and it was distinct of developmental governments of the past, mainly because the nature of political intervention. It was proposed that the structural change should happen with the increase in the dynamism of the domestic market and it could be reached with the poverty reduction. Meanwhile, technological changes in the productive structure were not emphasized. This is a kind of developmental state recreated to fulfill 20th century missed promises, although this government kept others promises unfulfilled.

Este trabalho propõe uma leitura articulada sobre política social e econômica do governo Lula, para responder à seguinte questão: ele foi desenvolvimentista? Identificou-se a presença de uma estratégia de longo prazo. A ela e não meramente à conjuntura internacional favorável se devem tributar os bons resultados econômicos do período. Desenvolvimentismo supõe a combinação entre visão, estratégia e coordenação para conduzir o país ao desenvolvimento desejado. Tipicamente envolve política industrial. A visão trazida por esse governo foi de crescimento baseado na inclusão social. E ela foi mantida ao longo dos dois mandatos. O trabalho investigou como se materializou a estratégia: instrumentos oficiais de planejamento, direcionamento do gasto público, mudanças institucionais e esforço de coordenação. Foram pesquisados discursos oficiais, regulamentação, teor de programas - PAC, PITCE e PDP, além da política social. Intenção manifesta e intervenção efetuada aproximam esse governo dos desenvolvimentistas. Ele também representa alteração da concepção recente no país quanto ao papel do estado. Em muitos aspectos é herdeiro do governo Cardoso e da consolidação da democracia em curso. Mas expressa ruptura com os antecedentes e se afasta das experiências históricas de desenvolvimentismo no tocante aos eixos de intervenção. O caminho de transformação estrutural proposto é o dinamismo do mercado interno através da redução da pobreza. A mudança tecnológica do aparato produtivo foi menos enfatizada. Um desenvolvimentismo recriado para dar conta das promessas não cumpridas no século XX. E que deixa inúmeras outras por cumprir. / This work’s object is a overview about Lula´s government social and economic policies to answer this question: was it a developmental government? The presence of a long-term strategy was identified. The good economic outcome of this time shall be attributed to this strategy and not merely to favorable international conditions. A developmental state imply a vision, a strategy and organized actions that work together to guide a country to the wanted development. Typically, it includes industrial policy. Progress based upon social inclusion was the disclosed vision by this government. It was held over the two mandates. This research is about how the strategic worked: official planning papers, public expenditure direction, institutional changes and coordination efforts. Official discourse, rules, content of programs like PAC, PITCE, PDP, and social policy were researched. Disclosed intention and realized intervention made this government similar to a developmental one. In addition, it supported change in present conception about state role. In many aspects, Lula's government received the legacy of Cardoso`s government and the democracy in consolidation. On the other side, it ruptures with the predecessors and it was distinct of developmental governments of the past, mainly because the nature of political intervention. It was proposed that the structural change should happen with the increase in the dynamism of the domestic market and it could be reached with the poverty reduction. Meanwhile, technological changes in the productive structure were not emphasized. This is a kind of developmental state recreated to fulfill 20th century missed promises, although this government kept others promises unfulfilled.

No description available.

Thesis (M. Dev. (Planning and Development)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / This qualitative case study investigates the relevance of the Extended Public Works Programme (EPWP) as a solution to unemployment and poverty. A qualitative case study research design was used to collect and analyse the data. Data collection instruments consisted of interviews, questionnaires, observations and document analysis. Data analysis was largely in the form of thematic approach, since the study was qualitative. The choice of a qualitative design was informed by the need to engage the beneficiaries in their lived experiences during and after participating in the EPWPs. The main findings of the study were that although the EPWP improves the quality of life of the beneficiaries, however, it is not a sustainable solution to unemployment and poverty. That is because the structural constraints which confront beneficiaries at the end of the EPWP remain an obstacle to them in terms of employment opportunities and self-employment. The study therefore recommends a more integrated approach to the problem. It is recommended that the government develops a post EPWP sustainability plan which incorporates infrastructural and social development issues in all projects. Key words Poverty, EPWP, Unemployment, Work, Decent work, Productive work, Quality of Life Development and Developmental state.

This study investigates how the structure and activities of states shape societies in different ways during processes of economic development. The analysis explores how the particular institutional configurations of developmental states in South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore shaped trajectories of social change in ways which impacted processes of political change at later points in time. Using a path dependency approach, the study argues that a critical juncture took place in these three countries at various points in their early post-colonial periods, during which time state elites undertook a comprehensive program of reorganizing the state, society, and the organizational and institutional connections between the two, for the purpose of pursuing a strategy of rapid export-oriented industrialization. Differences in the way this critical juncture took place across these cases shaped important variations in institutional patterns of state-society relations. These differences, in turn, conditioned subsequent variation in the mode and type of political change in these countries.

Unlike many other international instruments, accession to the WTO does not simply require the commitment of the government to sign and ratify the multilateral agreements. A country needs to make considerable legislative and administrative changes to comply with the standards of the WTO and its members to finalize the negotiation for accession. For governments with impure free market economy policy the challenges amplify. The government of Ethiopia publicly pronounces its adherence to the ideology of the developmental state. On the other hand the nucleus of WTO principles is progressive trade liberalization. Therefore, this dissertation tries to provide some reflection on the paradox created as a result of the divergence in priority between WTO principles and developmental state in the context of Ethiopian desire to join the organization. The research is an interdisciplinary work. The issues that will be discussed are not purely legal in their nature. They have legal, political and economic dimensions. And the main focus of the paper is on trade in services and foreign investment negotiation aspect of the accession. Furthermore the objective of the dissertation is to give some insight for policy makers about the challenges and opportunities that „Developmental State‟ ideology will pose in the accession process of Ethiopia to the WTO. The research is divided into five chapters. Chapter one gives introductory remarks about the concept of the developmental state and accession to the WTO. The limitations of the WTO accession process and an overview of the features of developmental state in the world and particularly in Ethiopia are also briefly discussed in the chapter. The origin and concept of developmental state in the world, in Africa and Ethiopia is discussed in some detail under chapter two. The chapter also tries to show the impact of developmental state policies in the laws of the country that are going to be deliberated in the process of accession. Chapter three is about accession to the WTO. In this chapter the requirements, benefits, challenges and procedures of accession are dealt in depth. The writer debates and tries to show the fact that the system is slowly shifting from rule based negotiation to power and precedent based negotiation. By analyzing the laws of Ethiopia that are inspired by the principles of developmental state against the legal and precedent requirements to join the WTO, I tried to correlate the findings of chapter two and three in chapter four. Specific strategies and advises on how to move the negotiation forward on certain areas are also outlined in this chapter. Finally, conclusion and my summarized recommendations are placed under chapter five. / Economics / LL.M (with specialization in International Economic Law)

La planification de la politique économique au Brésil a été proposée dans les années 1950 avec le but de promouvoir l'indépendance et le développement économique du pays. Cette planification serait réalisée grâce à l'intervention de l'État par le contrôle de l'économie et des marchés, et par la création des entreprises publiques et des secteurs prioritaires, y compris l'énergie. L'État a créé Petrobras dans le but d'encourager la croissance économique du pays, afin de faire croître le pays grâce au contrôle des cycles de production. C’est pourquoi le gouvernement commença à assumer la croissance et à financer les investissements nécessaires pour construire un environnement industriel pour le Brésil. La création de Petrobras se passa avant même la connaissance du sous-sol brésilien ainsi qu’au début de l'extraction pétrolière, croyant en la capacité productrice du Brésil. La planification développementaliste s’est prolongée dans tous les gouvernements, en l’adaptant afin d'évoluer, mais en devenant plus présent par le soutien du secteur privé. Grâce à la politique nationaliste et interventionniste dans l'économie, cela a été caractérisé par l'implication des parties de gauche et de droite, à savoir, le nationalisme n'a pas été dépendent de leur positionnement politique, mais plutôt de l'idéologie économique défendue. Ainsi, la création de Petrobras a été un acte de foi dans la vie politique, un élément de volonté et d’engagement de l’État en faveur du développement de l'énergie, devenant la base de l'économie du Brésil. / In the 1950s, a strategy for Brazil's economic policy was proposed with the goal of promoting economic development and independence. This goal would be accomplished through government intervention, state control of markets, and the division of state-owned and private sectors. The state created Petrobras whose purpose was to encourage economic growth within the energy sector. Through Petrobras, the government began to subsidize the infrastructure necessary to build an industrial profile. Petrobras' creation occurred prior the knowledge of the true wealth of Brazilian natural resources and prior to any active drilling. The state believed and trusted in Brazilian ingenuity and capacity for production. Subsequent administrations continued this policy with support from the private sector, though the policy itself has evolved over time to adapt to modern society. This nationalistic policy and economic interventionism was characteristic of both left and right political parties, demonstrating an economic ideology that transcended political idealism. In a sense, the creation of Petrobras was an act of faith on the part of the state to allow for the development of the energy sector, and the faith state showed in Brazilian resourcefulness was rewarded by an ensuing economic prosperity for the entire country. / O planejamento da política econômica no Brasil foi proposto nos anos 1950 com intuito de promover a independência e o desenvolvimento econômico do país. Seria realizado por meio da intervenção do Estado pelo controle da economia e de mercados, e através da criação de estatais e de setores prioritários, dentre eles a energia. O Estado criou a Petrobras cuja proposta visava incentivar o crescimento econômico por meio próprio, ou seja, crescer através da detenção dos ciclos produtivos. O governo passou a assumir, então, o crescimento e a arcar com os investimentos necessários para a construção de um perfil industrial. A criação da Petrobras aconteceu mesmo antes do conhecimento sobre o subsolo brasileiro ou do início das extrações, pois acreditava-se e confiava-se na capacidade brasileira de produzir. O planejamento desenvolvimentista se estendeu por todos os governos que sucederam, adaptando à proposta à fim de evoluir, mas mantendo-se presente justamente pelo apoio do setor privado. Através da política nacionalista e do intervencionismo da economia, teve como característica o envolvimento com partidos de esquerda e de direita, ou seja, o nacionalismo não dependia de posicionamento político, mas de vertentes de ideologia econômica. De certo modo, a criação da Petrobras foi um ato de fé da política, um elemento de vontade do Estado em prol do desenvolvimento energético, como base da economia brasileira.