<p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Syftet<strong> </strong>var att beskriva hur personer med diabetes mellitus typ två upplever socialt stöd. <strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Forskning har visat att socialt stöd är betydelsefullt för personer med diabetes mellitus typ två. Personerna behöver ofta genomföra livsstilsförändringar som kan påverka den sociala miljön och vardagen. Socialt stöd är centralt för personens förmåga till livsstilsförändringar och en god egenvård. För att hjälpa personen att förbättra egenvården kan sjuksköterskan arbeta för att förbättra det sociala stödet för personen med diabetes mellitus typ två. <strong>Metod: </strong>Studien utformades som en allmän litteraturstudie med ett systematiskt arbetssätt. Resultatet utgjordes av vetenskapliga artiklar baserade på kvalitativa empiriska studier. Under analysen togs meningsenheter ut och sammanfogades till kategorier <strong>Resultat: </strong>Genom analysen utarbetades åtta kategorier: att ha någon att tala med, att uppleva förståelse, att bli accepterad, att få information och råd, att få uppmuntran, att få utvärderande kommentarer, att få assistans och att förändras tillsammans. <strong>Slutsats: </strong>För att hjälpa personen att genomföra bestående livsstilsförändringar kan sjuksköterskan inkludera omgivningen och diskutera frågor angående det sociala stödet. För att kunna hjälpa personen att hantera det sociala stödet kan sjuksköterskan uppmärksamma att socialt stöd kan upplevas både som positivt och negativ och hjälpa personen att utvärdera sina sociala influenser.</p> / <p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim was to describe social support as experienced by people with diabetes mellitus type two. <strong>Background:</strong> Research has shown that social support is significant for persons with diabetes mellitus type two. The person often has to make life-style changes that can affect the social environment and daily life. Social support is central to the person’s ability of making life-style changes and to self-management. To help the person improve self-management nurses should try to improve the social support for the person<strong>. Methods: </strong>The study was designed as a literature review with a systematic work procedure. The findings were based on qualitative empirical studies, published in peer reviewed periodicals. Meaning units were identified and arranged into categories. <strong>Findings: </strong>Through the analysis eight categories were discovered: having someone to talk to, experiencing understanding, experiencing acceptance, receiving information and advice, receiving encouragement, receiving appraising comments, receiving assistance and changing together. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>To help the person make lasting life-style changes, nurses can include the social environment and discuss matters of social support. To help the person manage their social support, nurses can inform that social support can be experienced as positive as well as negative and help the person evaluate their social influences.</p>

Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur personer med diabetes mellitus typ två upplever socialt stöd. Bakgrund: Forskning har visat att socialt stöd är betydelsefullt för personer med diabetes mellitus typ två. Personerna behöver ofta genomföra livsstilsförändringar som kan påverka den sociala miljön och vardagen. Socialt stöd är centralt för personens förmåga till livsstilsförändringar och en god egenvård. För att hjälpa personen att förbättra egenvården kan sjuksköterskan arbeta för att förbättra det sociala stödet för personen med diabetes mellitus typ två. Metod: Studien utformades som en allmän litteraturstudie med ett systematiskt arbetssätt. Resultatet utgjordes av vetenskapliga artiklar baserade på kvalitativa empiriska studier. Under analysen togs meningsenheter ut och sammanfogades till kategorier Resultat: Genom analysen utarbetades åtta kategorier: att ha någon att tala med, att uppleva förståelse, att bli accepterad, att få information och råd, att få uppmuntran, att få utvärderande kommentarer, att få assistans och att förändras tillsammans. Slutsats: För att hjälpa personen att genomföra bestående livsstilsförändringar kan sjuksköterskan inkludera omgivningen och diskutera frågor angående det sociala stödet. För att kunna hjälpa personen att hantera det sociala stödet kan sjuksköterskan uppmärksamma att socialt stöd kan upplevas både som positivt och negativ och hjälpa personen att utvärdera sina sociala influenser. / Aim: The aim was to describe social support as experienced by people with diabetes mellitus type two. Background: Research has shown that social support is significant for persons with diabetes mellitus type two. The person often has to make life-style changes that can affect the social environment and daily life. Social support is central to the person’s ability of making life-style changes and to self-management. To help the person improve self-management nurses should try to improve the social support for the person. Methods: The study was designed as a literature review with a systematic work procedure. The findings were based on qualitative empirical studies, published in peer reviewed periodicals. Meaning units were identified and arranged into categories. Findings: Through the analysis eight categories were discovered: having someone to talk to, experiencing understanding, experiencing acceptance, receiving information and advice, receiving encouragement, receiving appraising comments, receiving assistance and changing together. Conclusions: To help the person make lasting life-style changes, nurses can include the social environment and discuss matters of social support. To help the person manage their social support, nurses can inform that social support can be experienced as positive as well as negative and help the person evaluate their social influences.

This thesis reports on a qualitative exploration of the experiences of 30 women designated as ‘high risk’ due to the co-existence of ‘maternal obesity’ (BMI ≥ 30) and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)/Type Two Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in pregnancy. This is examined in the context of medico-scientific/public health/ popular media discourses pertaining to ‘maternal obesity’/GDM/T2DM in pregnancy. ‘Maternal obesity’/GDM/T2DM in pregnancy are increasingly prevalent and clinically associated in manifold ways. Increasing prevalence is linked to the ‘global epidemic’ of ‘obesity’/diabetes: now commonly referred to as ‘diabesity’. Current biomedical knowledge asserts ‘maternal obesity’ and diabetes (‘maternal diabesity’) synergise in causing adverse pregnancy outcomes, have long term health implications for the offspring and contribute to an ‘intergenerational cycle’ of ‘obesity’/diabetes. This is the first qualitative study to consider pregnancy/post-birth experiences of women with co-existing ‘maternal obesity’ and GDM/T2DM in pregnancy from a sociological perspective. Participants undertook a series of auto/biographical narrative interviews. Longitudinal engagement provided nuanced psycho-social insight into women’s perceptions/experiences and the socio-cultural context of their lives. Analysis of pertinent ‘pregnancy’ Internet fora postings augmented interview data and was utilised for comparative/corroborative purposes. Participants were predominantly of low socio-economic status, congruent with epidemiological data. The concept of pregnancy ‘planning’ was not resonant and few women accessed/felt predisposed to access preconception care. Women did not identify as ‘obese’, and knowledge/perception of risks associated with the medical ‘conditions’ was low. Women perceived themselves to be stigmatised due to their weight in society and specifically within healthcare. Many participants were experiencing acute/chronic stress which appeared to have mediated risk perceptions/compromised diabetic regimen adherence. Expense of ‘healthy’ eating/diabetic diet was considered prohibitive. Women’s material circumstances/socio-cultural milieux may militate against ability to minimise risk and effect lifestyle change. Policy and practice, for the most part, fails to take this into account.

Bakgrund: Diabetes mellitus typ två är en sjukdom som ökar världen över till följdav alltmer stillasittande. Komplikationerna är många och varierande isvårighetsgrad, flertalet kan dock förhindras eller fördröjas med rätt vård.Behandlingen består till stor del av egenvård, men även av läkemedel. Bristen påföljsamhet hos patienterna till rekommendationerna från hälso- och sjukvården ledertill ökat lidande för patienten samt stora kostnader för samhället.Syfte: Att undersöka vilka faktorer som motiverar till egenvård för patienter meddiabetes mellitus typ två.Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på sexton vetenskapliga, kvalitativa ochkvantitativa artiklar. Artiklarna hämtades i databaserna CINAHL, PubMed ochPsykInfo.Resultat: I litteraturöversiktens resultat fann vi tre huvudkategorier som vi valt attbenämna som Individuella faktorer, Psykosocialt stöd och Uppnå resultat. Vidarekunde sju underkategorier identifieras med koppling till huvudkategorierna.Slutsats: För patienter med diabetes mellitus typ två är egenvården ettmångfacetterat problem där det psykosociala stödet spelar en viktig roll.Psykosocialt stöd verkar vara en av de viktigaste faktorerna, oavsett om detta stödkommer från familj och vänner, hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal eller från andradiabetiker. Vi fann att grupputbildningar uppfyller många av de behov sompatienterna har, då de får stöd av varandra samt lär sig av varandra. Detta ökarpatienternas motivation till förbättrad egenvård. / Background: Type two diabetes mellitus is a disease that is increasing worldwideas a result of increasingly sedentary lifestyle. The complications are many and varyin severity, but most can be prevented or delayed with the right care. The treatmentlargely consist of self-care, but also of medicines. The lack of compliance amongpatients to the recommendations from the health care system leads to increasedsuffering for the patient and large costs for society.Aim: To investigate the factors that motivate self-care for patients with type 2diabetes mellitus.Method: A literature review based on sixteen scientific, qualitative and quantitativearticles. The articles were retrieved from the databases CINAHL, PubMed andPsykInfo.Results: In the results of the literature review, we found three main categories thatwe have chosen to name as Individual factors, Psychlogical support and Achieveresults. Furthermore, seven subcategories could be identified in connection with themain categories.Conclusion: For patients with type two diabetes mellitus, self-care is amultifaceted problem where psychosocial support plays an important role.Psychsocial support seems to be one of the most important factors, whether thissupport comes from family and friends, healthcare professionals or from otherdiabetics. We found that group educations meet many of the needs of patients, asthey recieve support from each other and learn from each other. This increasespatients´ motivation for improved self-care.

In the United States alone, there were 25.8 million people suffering from diabetes in 2010. The prevalence of diabetes is expected to markedly increase worldwide over the next 30 years, an estimated 2.8% in 2000 and 4.4% in 2030. For individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), treatment is essential to control adverse effects such as hypertension and diabetic neuropathy. The focus of this study is to examine various approaches to maintain and improve the lifestyle of individuals suffering from T2DM. A comparative approach has been used to evaluate the differences in the treatment of T2DM with the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine. In Western society, pharmaceuticals are commonly used as a treatment method to manage hyperglycemia, along with life-style modifications. Furthermore, TCM views the human body and its functioning in a holistic way, stating that no single body part or symptom can be understood apart from its relation to a whole. Herbal medications and other treatments in TCM are targeted to treat underlying medical complaints that resulted in symptoms, instead of treating one specific manifestation. Data collection has been gathered through Qualitative over the phone interviews with patients suffering from T2DM, as well as TCM physicians. Interviews were conducted on patients that were diagnosed with T2DM (fasting plasma glucose levels of 126 or greater and HbAlc levels [greater than] 8%), and had continued treatment longer than three months prior to interviews. Collection of chart notes containing glucose levels, levels of pain, lifestyle changes, and vital signs were also used. A total of 21 patients from a family practice were interviewed, answering 23 constructed questions based on treatment of choice (TCM or western) and their personal input on treatment satisfaction. Patients varied in age, ethnicities, and gender, ranging from 39-70 years of age. Two traditional Chinese medicine physicians were also interviewed. Interviews with TCM physicians elaborated on course of treatment and steps taken to diagnose T2DM. Furthermore, prescription medications were also charted and documented to further analyze with secondary data. Upon completing the interviews, the data stated 21 patients (total population questioned) had not experienced alternative medicine and were exposed only to western medicine as treatment. A major concern for most patients were the pharmaceutical side effects, and 85.1% of patients stated they would be interested in an alternative treatment. Due to insufficient sources and knowledge on TCM treatment, 14.2% of patients stated they were satisfied with their western medicine treatment of choice and would not change treatment. The research's objective was to evaluate the differences in treatment of T2DM. Data collected supported the objective and showed the lack of sources to alternative treatments aside from western medicine. The researcher informed and educated interviewees about literature review on traditional Chinese medicine about alternative treatments available to treat T2DM.