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NEGATION is a semantic feature found mainly on clause/sentence level. Negation in Afrikaans is characterised by (a) NEG1-forms represented by various particles which are located within the major constituents of the sentence (eg. in the auxiliary, as part of the subject-nominal etc.), and (b) NEG2 that is the closing particle (= NIE2) in sentence-final position.

This thesis examines one of the most intriguing and much studied phenomena in Semitic known as the broken plural formation. It has a twofold goal. It documents the diverse shapes of broken plurals in the Muscat dialect of Omani Arabic. Furthermore, it provides a formal analysis to the shapes and vocalism contained in these word forms within Optimality Theory framework (Prince and Smolensky 1993; McCarthy and Prince 1993a & 1993b). Following proposals by McCarthy (2000), this thesis assumes that the distinction between the singulars and broken plural shapes is better represented as 'affixed mora (p)' attached at a certain locus in broken plural forms. The analysis of the vocalism characterizing broken plural forms addresses two distinct types of fixed vocalism: phonological and specified. Fixed vocalism is demonstrated to result from an interaction between conflicting alignment and CrispEdge constraints (It6 and Mester 1999) together with *Place markedness constraints.

鄧思穎 = Dative constructions in Cantonese / Sze-wing Tang. / 據稿本複印 / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學中國語言及文學學部,1993. / 參考文獻: leaves 119-126 / Deng Siying = Dative constructions in Cantonese / Sze-wing Tang. / 摘要 --- p.1 / 目錄 --- p.2 / Chapter 1 --- 引言 --- p.4 / Chapter 2 --- 理論的背景和分析的方法 --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- 普遍語法 --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- 模組語法 --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- X標槓理論 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- θ理論 --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 約束理論 --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- 管轄理論 --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- 詞組結構 --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- 功能範疇Pr和Asp --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5 --- 粤語句法 --- p.27 / Chapter 3 --- 粤語與格動詞的分類 --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1 --- 與格結構 --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2 --- 粤語與格結構研究的回顧 --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3 --- 動詞的分類 --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 第一類動詞 --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 第二類動詞 --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 第三類動詞 --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- 第四類動詞 --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- 第五類動詞 --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- 第六類動詞 --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4 --- 所謂“雙向´ح動詞 --- p.46 / Chapter 3.5 --- 有關其他動詞歸類的問題 --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- “當´ح --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- “幫個忙我´ح --- p.50 / Chapter 3.6 --- 與格標誌的詞類屬性 --- p.53 / Chapter 3.7 --- 小結 --- p.54 / Chapter 4 --- 粤語與格結構的理論分析 --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1 --- θ指派 --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- S3結構和零介詞 --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 論元擴充 --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- S1結構和S5結構 --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2 --- V´ة重新分析 --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 與格轉移和約束條件 --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 受惠者詞組和與格轉移 --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3 --- 主題化和空號詞 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 空號詞的性質 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- pro的認可和認同 --- p.86 / Chapter 5 --- 結語 --- p.94 / 註釋 --- p.98 / 參考文獻 --- p.119

Wong Yiu Wing = 粤語的大詞彙、連續語音識別系統 / 黃耀榮. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Wong Yiu Wing = Yue yu de da ci hui, lian xu yu yin shi bie xi tong / Huang Yaorong. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Progress of Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition for Chinese --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives of the Thesis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis Outline --- p.6 / Reference --- p.7 / Chapter 2 --- Fundamentals of Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition for Cantonese --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Characteristics of Cantonese --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Cantonese Phonology --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Written Cantonese versus Spoken Cantonese --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Techniques for Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Feature Representation of the Speech Signal --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Hidden Markov Model for Acoustic Modeling --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Search Algorithm --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Statistical Language Modeling --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Discussions --- p.19 / Reference --- p.20 / Chapter 3 --- Acoustic Modeling for Cantonese --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Speech Database --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- Context-Dependent Acoustic Modeling --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Context-Independent Initial / Final Models --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Construction of Context-Dependent TrilF Models from Context- Independent IF Models --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Data Sharing in Acoustic Modeling --- p.27 / Chapter 1. --- Sparse Data Problem --- p.27 / Chapter 2. --- Decision-Tree Based State Clustering --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3 --- Experimental Results --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4 --- Error Analysis and Discussions --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Recognition Accuracy vs. Model Complexity --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Initial / Final Confusion Matrices --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Analysis of Phonetic Trees --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- The NULL Initial HMM --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Comments on the CUSENT Speech Corpus --- p.42 / References --- p.44 / Chapter 4 --- Language Modeling for Cantonese --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1 --- N-gram Language Model --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Problems in Building an N-gram Language Model --- p.47 / Chapter 1. --- The Zero-Probability Problem and Backoff N-gram --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Perplexity of a Language Model --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2 --- N-gram Modeling in Cantonese --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- The Vocabulary and Word Segmentation --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Evaluation of Chinese Language Models --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3 --- Character-Level versus Word-Level Language Models --- p.54 / Chapter 4.4 --- Language Modeling in a Specific Domain --- p.57 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Language Model Adaptation to the Financial Domain --- p.57 / Chapter 1. --- Vocabulary Refinement --- p.57 / Chapter 2. --- The Seed Financial Bigram --- p.58 / Chapter 3. --- Linear Interpolation of Two Bigram models --- p.59 / Chapter 4. --- Performance of the Interpolated Language Model --- p.60 / Chapter 4.5 --- Error Analysis and Discussions --- p.61 / References --- p.63 / Chapter 5 --- Integration of Acoustic Model and Language Model --- p.65 / Chapter 5.1 --- One-Pass Search versus Multi-Pass Search --- p.66 / Chapter 5.2 --- A Two-Pass Decoder for Chinese LVCSR --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The First Pass Search --- p.69 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- The Second Pass Search --- p.72 / Chapter 5.3 --- Experimental Results --- p.73 / Chapter 5.4 --- Error Analysis and Discussions --- p.75 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Vocabulary and Search --- p.75 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Expansion of the Syllable Lattice --- p.76 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Perplexity and Recognition Accuracy --- p.78 / Reference --- p.80 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Work --- p.82 / Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusions --- p.82 / Chapter 6.2 --- Suggestions for future work --- p.84 / Chapter 1. --- Speaker Adaptation --- p.84 / Chapter 2. --- Tone Recognition --- p.84 / Reference --- p.85 / Appendix I Base Syllable Table --- p.86 / Appendix II Phonetic Question Set --- p.87

林文芳. / "2008年8月". / "2008 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-167). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Lin Wenfang. / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 福清方言語音系統及變調的硏究現狀 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 硏究的材料和方法 --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- 硏究的目的和意義 --- p.4 / Chapter 第二章 --- 福清（海口）方言聲韻調系統 --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- 福清（海口）方言聲韻調 --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- 福清（海口）方言聲韻調配合關係 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- 福清（海口）方言同音字表 --- p.18 / Chapter 第三章 --- 福清（海口）方言兩字組連讀變調 --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1 --- 福清（海口）方言非疊式兩字組連讀變調 --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2 --- 福清（海口）方言重疊式兩字組連讀變調 --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3 --- 小結 --- p.91 / Chapter 第四章 --- 福清（海口）方言三字組連讀變調 --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1 --- 福清（海口）方言三字組的連讀調値 --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2 --- 福清（海口）方言三字組連讀變調中的語音制約因素 --- p.124 / Chapter 4.3 --- 福清（海口）方言三字組連讀變調中的語法制約因素 --- p.150 / Chapter 4.4 --- 小結 --- p.152 / Chapter 第五章 --- 結語 --- p.153 / Chapter 5.1 --- 總結 --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2 --- 硏究展望 --- p.153 / Chapter 5.3 --- 本硏究的局限 --- p.154 / 參考文獻 --- p.155 / 附錄福清融城鎭和海口鎭方言變調的差異

兒化是普通話以及眾多漢語方言中普遍存在的現象，兒化音變產生的一系列韻母叫做兒化韻。迄今為止，學界對於兒化韻的研究主要集中在普通話上，而且對其性質等問題仍存在分歧。兒化韻具有不同的語音形式，本文以捲舌元音兒化韻為研究對象，以北京、鄭州、青島、平遙四個方言點為例，運用田野調查、實驗語音學和方言比較的方法，描寫各個點的音系並分析其兒化韻的聲學特徵。文章論證了漢語中存在兩種類型的捲舌兒化韻：以單個捲舌元音構成的單純型及以捲舌元音為韻尾的複合型；二者在不同的方言中，又有不同的分布；在此基礎上，我們提出應設立漢語捲舌元音系統並考慮到單純型、複合型兒化韻的區別與對立。這不僅解決了對兒化韻性質認識上的分歧，而且豐富並完善了捲舌元音的類型，對於漢語兒化韻的發音學和音系學研究都具有實質性的價值。 / 全文共分七章。第一章是引言，對漢語兒化的研究情況作一簡單述評，敘述文章的研究目的及意義，介紹研究範圍及方法並說明語料來源和標音符號的使用。第二章至第六章是文章的主體部分，分別對北京、鄭州、青島、平遙的音系及兒化韻進行分析描寫，將所有單純型兒化韻綜合比較，說明它們之間的差異，並通過單純、複合型兒化韻在方言中的對立來確立捲舌元音在語音系統中的地位。第七章是結語，總結文章的主要內容和觀點，簡論文章的局限並展望今後的研究方向。 / Erisation (ér-huà) is a common phenomenon in Mandarin and numerous Chinese dialects. Thus far, scholars have not reached an agreement on the nature of erized finals. Erized finals have several phonetic forms and this paper aims to examine the nature of one of them, rhotacized finals. This paper approaches the issue from a new perspective through the case study of four dialects, which are Beijing, Zhengzhou, Qingdao, and Pingyao. We analyze the phonological system and the acoustic characteristics of their rhotacized finals, by combining methods of field survey, experimental phonetics and dialectal comparison. It is discovered that rhotacized finals in different dialects exactly have two major categories, the “simple type and the “complex type, which are crucially distinctive in some dialects like Pingyao. According to the above analysis, we conclude that the difference in phonetic realization of rhotacized articulation, which leads to the dichotomy of rhotic monophthongs and rhotic codas of diphthongs, is critical to our understanding of Chinese rhotacized finals. It is suggested that a complete set of rhotacized vowels should be built up in one phonological system, considering the contrast between the “simple type and the “complex type. According to the “simple type rhotacized finals in these four dialects, we can draw up a system of rhotacized vowels in Chinese. Therefore, the research perfects the type of rhotacized vowels and makes innovative contribution to the study of phonetics and phonology of Erisation in Chinese. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 紀軍娜. / "2012年11月". / "2012 nian 11 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-111). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Ji Junnuo. / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 漢語兒化韻研究概況 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 本文研究目的及意義 --- p.6 / Chapter 第三節 --- 研究範圍及方法 --- p.7 / Chapter 第四節 --- 語料來源及標音符號 --- p.11 / Chapter 第二章 --- 北京方言的兒化韻研究 --- p.12 / Chapter 第一節 --- 北京方言概況 --- p.12 / Chapter 第二節 --- 北京方言的聲韻調系統 --- p.13 / Chapter 第三節 --- 北京方言的兒化韻及其音值分析 --- p.15 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.29 / Chapter 第三章 --- 鄭州方言的兒化韻研究 --- p.30 / Chapter 第一節 --- 鄭州及其方言概況 --- p.30 / Chapter 第二節 --- 鄭州方言的聲韻調系統 --- p.31 / Chapter 第三節 --- 鄭州方言的兒化韻及其音值分析 --- p.37 / Chapter 第四節 --- 《鄭州話音檔》中兒化韻的聲學分析 --- p.49 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.53 / Chapter 第四章 --- 青島方言的兒化韻研究 --- p.54 / Chapter 第一節 --- 青島及其方言概況 --- p.54 / Chapter 第二節 --- 青島方言的聲韻調系統 --- p.54 / Chapter 第三節 --- 青島方言的兒化韻及其音值分析 --- p.56 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.75 / Chapter 第五章 --- 平遙方言的兒化韻研究 --- p.76 / Chapter 第一節 --- 平遙及其方言概況 --- p.76 / Chapter 第二節 --- 平遙方言的聲韻調系統 --- p.76 / Chapter 第三節 --- 平遙方言的兒化韻及其音值分析 --- p.79 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.92 / Chapter 第六章 --- 漢語方言捲舌元音的系統 --- p.92 / Chapter 第一節 --- 兒化韻的語音及音系分析 --- p.93 / Chapter 第二節 --- 兒化韻的重新定義 --- p.94 / Chapter 第三節 --- 捲舌元音的定位 --- p.95 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結語 --- p.98 / Chapter 附錄一： --- 發音人情況一覽表 --- p.102 / Chapter 附錄二： --- 兒化前後對比詞表 --- p.103 / Chapter 附錄三： --- 兒化韻分合表 --- p.104 / Chapter 附錄四： --- 常用字詞兒化韻詞表 --- p.105 / 主要參考文獻 --- p.106

Qin Chao. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-82). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview of Speaker Authentication --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Goals of this Research --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis Outline --- p.7 / Chapter 2 --- Speaker Verification --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Front-End Processing --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Acoustic Feature Extraction --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Endpoint Detection --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Speaker Modeling --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Likelihood Ratio Test for Speaker Verification --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Gaussian Mixture Models --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- UBM Adaptation --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4 --- Experiments on Cantonese Speaker Verification --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Speech Databases --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Effect of Endpoint Detection --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Comparison of the UBM Adaptation and the Cohort Method --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Discussions --- p.25 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.26 / Chapter 3 --- Verbal Information Verification --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Utterance Verification for VIV --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Forced Alignment --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Subword Hypothesis Test --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Confidence Measure --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3 --- Sequential Utterance Verification for VIV --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Practical Security Consideration --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Robust Interval --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4 --- Application and Further Improvement --- p.36 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.36 / Chapter 4 --- Model Design for Cantonese Verbal Information Verification --- p.37 / Chapter 4.1 --- General Considerations --- p.37 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Cantonese Dialect --- p.37 / Chapter 4.3 --- Target Model Design --- p.38 / Chapter 4.4 --- Anti-Model Design --- p.38 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Role of Normalization Techniques --- p.38 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Context-dependent versus Context-independent Antimodels --- p.40 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- General Approach to CI Anti-modeling --- p.40 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Sub-syllable Clustering --- p.41 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Cohort and World Anti-models --- p.42 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- GMM-based Anti-models --- p.44 / Chapter 4.5 --- Simulation Results and Discussions --- p.45 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Speech Databases --- p.45 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Effect of Model Complexity --- p.46 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Comparisons among different Anti-models --- p.47 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Discussions --- p.48 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.49 / Chapter 5 --- Integration of SV and VIV --- p.50 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.50 / Chapter 5.2 --- Voting Method --- p.53 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Permissive Test vs. Restrictive Test --- p.54 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Shared vs. Speaker-specific Thresholds --- p.55 / Chapter 5.3 --- Support Vector Machines --- p.56 / Chapter 5.4 --- Gaussian-based Classifier --- p.59 / Chapter 5.5 --- Simulation Results and Discussions --- p.60 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Voting Method --- p.60 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Support Vector Machines --- p.63 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Gaussian-based Classifier --- p.64 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Discussions --- p.66 / Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.67 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusions and Suggested Future Works --- p.68 / Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusions --- p.68 / Chapter 6.2 --- Summary of Findings and Contributions of This Thesis --- p.70 / Chapter 6.3 --- Future Perspective --- p.71 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Integration of Keyword Spotting into VIV --- p.71 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Integration of Prosodic Information --- p.71 / Appendices --- p.73 / Chapter A --- A Cantonese VIV Demonstration System --- p.73 / Bibliography --- p.77

Alfred Ying-Pang Ng. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-169). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

No description available.