published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Philosophy

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-133). / This thesis investigates relative clauses (henceforth RCs) in Mandarin Chinese as spoken in Taiwan from both syntactic and processing perspectives. I also explore the interaction between these two areas, for example, how evidence from one area lends support to or undermines theories in the other area. There are several goals I hope to achieve: First of all, there is a significant gap in the sentence processing literature on Mandarin Chinese and in particular on RCs in Mandarin Chinese. I aim to bridge this gap by conducting experiments that will provide basic understanding of how Chinese RCs are processed. In doing so, I also provide a more complete picture of processing RCs across languages. In this thesis, I report three online reading experiments on Chinese RCs. I show that even though Chinese is also an SVO language like English and French, the results with regard to processing subject-extracted versus object-extracted RCs in Mandarin Chinese are very different from results for the same construction in other SVO languages. Thus, even though subject-extracted RCs are less complex in other SVO languages, they are more complex in Mandarin Chinese. These findings help tease apart various processing theories, in particular, I show that even though resource-based theories, canonical/non-canonical word order (frequency) theories, theory based on accessibility of syntactic positions and perspective shift theory all account for the facts reported in other SVO languages, results from Chinese are only compatible with resource-based theories and canonical/non-canonical (frequency) theories. / (cont.) Secondly, it has been noted that in many cases, resource-based theories and canonical/non-canonical word order (frequency) theories are both compatible with data from sentence processing studies. Resource-based theories attribute processing difficulty associated with subject-extracted RCs to higher storage cost in processing subject-extracted RCs whereas frequency-based canonical word order theory such as the one proposed in Mitchell et al. 1995 attributes this to the less frequent occurrences of subject-extracted RCs in corpora. As a result, it is very difficult to tease these two theories apart. However, I conducted a Chinese corpus study in this thesis and I show that there is no correlation between structural frequencies in corpora and behavioral measures such as reading times, as predicted by frequency theories. As a matter of fact, subject-extracted RCs occur more frequently in the Chinese corpus. This undermines the validity of frequency theories in explaining the processing data reported in this thesis. Thirdly, Aoun and Li to appear argue that there is syntactic and semantic evidence in favor of positing two distinct syntactic derivations for RCs with or without resumptive pronouns. RCs containing gaps involve head-raising of the head NP (i.e. no operator movement) as reconstruction of the head NP back to the RC is available. On the other hand, RCs containing resumptive pronouns involve an empty operator in [Spec, CP] and no head-raising of the head NP (since reconstruction is unavailable) ... / by Franny Pai-Fang Hsiao. / Ph.D.

袁立宜. / "2003年7月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2003. / 參考文獻 (leaves 128-131). / 附中英文摘要. / "2003 nian 7 yue". / Yuan Liyi. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2003. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 128-131). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 中文摘要 --- p.i / 英文摘要 --- p.ii / 致謝 --- p.in / 圖表 --- p.vii / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 / 硏究動機 --- p.1 / 硏究方向 --- p.3 / 粗口是甚麼？ --- p.5 / 理論背景回顧 --- p.8 / 硏究方法 --- p.18 / 問卷調查 --- p.20 / 參與觀察及深入訪談 --- p.23 / 訪問 --- p.23 / 專題小組討論 --- p.25 / 出版刊物資料收集 --- p.26 / 觀察記錄 --- p.27 / 本文章節內容 --- p.28 / Chapter 第二章 --- 廣東話髒話的本質 --- p.29 / 香港的語言和方言 --- p.29 / 香港廣東話與大陸廣東話的細分 --- p.30 / 香港的廣東話粗口詞彙 --- p.32 / 廣東話粗口的使用方式.》 --- p.36 / 五個主要粗口詞及其用法 --- p.36 / 髒話的使用和避用 --- p.50 / “講粗口´ح情況 --- p.51 / 粗口的咒罵性 --- p.53 / 結語 --- p.64 / Chapter 第三章 --- 兩性在說髒話方面的差異 --- p.66 / 社會結構：男性與女性和男性化與女性化 --- p.67 / 社會語言的行爲差異 --- p.71 / 深入訪談一 --- p.76 / 深入訪談二 --- p.76 / 深入訪談三 --- p.77 / 漫畫資料 --- p.77 / 訪談觀察一 --- p.79 / 訪談觀察二 --- p.81 / 髒話在兩性之間引起的問題 / 語言中的權力 --- p.84 / 語言強勢對比語言暴力 --- p.85 / 結語 --- p.87 / Chapter 第四章 --- 髒話的非攻擊和非侮辱使用 --- p.89 / 粗口字有娛樂性 --- p.89 / 觀察訪談 --- p.90 / 粗口字歇後語 --- p.94 / 粗口字笑話 --- p.95 / 笑話一 --- p.96 / 笑話二 --- p.96 / 笑話三 --- p.97 / 粗口歌曲 --- p.97 / 粗口時裝 --- p.100 / 粗口打招呼 --- p.102 / 結語 --- p.104 / Chapter 第五章 --- 講粗口 ´Ø是耶？非耶？ --- p.106 / 公共空間及私人空間 --- p.106 / 公共空間的髒話 --- p.106 / 粗口與運動 --- p.109 / 粗口與賭博 --- p.109 / 私人空間的髒話 --- p.110 / 個人形象 --- p.112 / 說髒話犯法 --- p.113 / 正規道德教化 --- p.115 / 如何去分辨社會公認的對錯標準？ --- p.116 / 粗口字詞咒罵性所表現的中國親屬關係 --- p.117 / 禽獸不如？ --- p.119 / 敬神罵鬼 --- p.120 / 粗口與創作 --- p.120 / 結語 --- p.122 / Chapter 第六章 --- 後結 --- p.123 / 髒話的演變 --- p.123 / 髒話的使用界線 --- p.124 / 髒話的價値 --- p.125 / “粗口´ح會消失嗎？ --- p.126 / 參考書目 --- p.127

Choi Wing Nin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Choi Wing Nin. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Development of search algorithms for Chinese LVCSR --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives of the thesis --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis outline --- p.5 / Reference --- p.7 / Chapter 2 --- Fundamentals of Continuous Speech Recognition --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Bayesian decision rule --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Acoustic front-end processor --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3 --- Phonological constraint --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Characteristics of Cantonese --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Homophones and homographs --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4 --- Acoustic modeling --- p.13 / Chapter 2.5 --- Statistical language model --- p.15 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Word-based language model --- p.15 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Class-based language model --- p.16 / Chapter 2.6 --- Search algorithms --- p.17 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Time-synchronous Viterbi search --- p.18 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Time-asynchronous stack decoding --- p.18 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- One-pass versus multi-pass search strategies --- p.19 / Chapter 2.7 --- Summary --- p.20 / Reference --- p.21 / Chapter 3 --- Search Space Organization --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- Lexicon representation --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Linear lexicon --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Tree lexicon --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2 --- Factorization of language model --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3 --- Lexical tree incorporated with context-dependent acoustic models --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4 --- Summary --- p.39 / Reference --- p.40 / Chapter 4 --- One-Pass Dynamic Programming Based Search Algorithm --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1 --- Token Passing Algorithm --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2 --- Techniques for speeding up the search --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Different layers of beam in the search hierarchy --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Efficient recombination of tokens --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Fast likelihood computation methods for continuous mixture densities --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Lexical tree with class-based language model --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3 --- Experimental results and discussions --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The Hong Kong stock inquiry task --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- General domain continuous speech recognition --- p.59 / Reference --- p.62 / Chapter 5 --- Extension of the One-Pass Search --- p.64 / Chapter 5.1 --- Overview of the extended framework --- p.65 / Chapter 5.2 --- Word lattice construction by modified word-conditioned search --- p.66 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Exact N-best algorithm --- p.66 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Word-pair approximation --- p.67 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Word lattice algorithm --- p.68 / Chapter 5.3 --- Computation of heuristic score --- p.70 / Chapter 5.4 --- Backward A* heuristic search --- p.72 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Recovering the missing piece --- p.74 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Generation of N-best list --- p.74 / Chapter 5.5 --- Experimental results --- p.75 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Simple back-tracking vs A* heuristic search --- p.75 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- N-best list evaluation using class bigram re-scoring --- p.76 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- N-best list evaluation using class trigram re-scoring --- p.77 / Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.78 / Reference --- p.79 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Development --- p.80 / Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusions --- p.80 / Chapter 6.2 --- Suggestions for future development --- p.82 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Incorporation of tone information --- p.82 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Fast match strategy for acoustic models --- p.82 / Reference --- p.84 / Appendix Cantonese Initials and Finals --- p.85

蔡玄暉. / Submitted: Dec. 2009. / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 371-382). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Cai Xuanhui.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 140-142). Also available in print.

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Linguistics / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis--Zürich. / Includes bibliographical references (p. xliii-lix).