Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) production strongly influences the ecosystems, cultures and economies of the Northeast Pacific. Historical variability in population sizes is complex, reflecting natural and human drivers. The nature and extent of such ‘exogenous’ controls on salmon and their nursery ecosystems are poorly understood, a significant impediment to sustainable fisheries management. Novel applications of paleolimnology demonstrate that past sockeye salmon abundances and nursery system ecology can be reconstructed from lake sediments. This thesis focuses on employing these techniques to establish the forcing mechanisms underlying salmon population and ecosystem dynamics, and determine the effects and interactions of fisheries management. I provided the first reconstruction for a southern North American stock, which demonstrated the influences of both conspicuous (e.g. commercial fishery, main-stem damming) and uncertain human impacts (e.g. local damming) on endangered salmon declines. By reconstructing ecological variability at multiple trophic levels, I established that rehabilitative management (e.g. fish stocking) may have permanently altered nursery lake rearing capacity, a change potentially reinforced by recent atmospheric changes. This work highlights significant impediments to ongoing recovery efforts. I extended my analysis of salmon management by exploring the interactive impacts of exotic salmon stocking on a remote northern lake. I demonstrated the utility of long-term data in pre-emptively understanding the complex impacts of stocking by documenting the long-term trajectories in limnological conditions. Integrating modeling, limnological and paleolimnological analyses, I determined that climate change and salmon introductions compound to alter chemical, physical and biological lake variables, ultimately altering ecosystem structure and functioning. Finally I reconstructed salmon abundances over the past six millennia, the longest record and the first Canadian example to date, demonstrating salmon production is cyclical and far more variable than observed in the monitoring record. My analyses established that North Pacific salmon production is forced by ocean-atmospheric teleconnections ultimately linked to climatic variability in the tropical Pacific. Further analyses provided the first evidence for a possible solar forcing of Holocene salmon production on both orbital and higher frequency time scales. Cumulatively this research improves our understanding of the processes underlying variability in Pacific salmon and their natal ecosystems, important to ecologically-informed future management. / Thesis (Ph.D, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2008-09-27 02:41:54.576

Die Schwingungsspektroskopie, besonders die Raman-Spektroskopie, stellt ein wichtiges Werkzeug für Untersuchungen von Biomineralien dar. Raman-Spektroskopie wurde zur Untersuchung der organischen und anorganischen Bestandteile von Schwammskeletten eingesetzt. Die Raman-Spektroskopie trug auch zur Charakterisierung von biomimetischen Silikat-Präzipitaten bei. Durch ortsaufgelöste Raman-Spektroskopie konnte erstmalig die Verteilung von organischem Material in den extrahierten Silikatzellwänden von Kieselalgen nachgewiesen werden. Die ortsaufgelöste Raman-Spektroskopie wurde ebenfalls zur Untersuchung des SERS-Effekts an Zellwänden von Kieselalgen an die Silber-Nanopartikel gekoppelt waren eingesetzt.

Thesis (M.S.); Submitted to Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (US); 19 Dec 2004. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "IS-T 2488" Tugba Kalem. US Department of Energy 12/19/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

L’algorithme covariant de van Holten, servant à construire des quantités conservées, est présenté avec une attention particulière portée sur les vecteurs de type Runge-Lenz. La dynamique classique des particules portant des charges isospins est passée en revue. Plusieurs applications physiques sont considérées. Des champs de type monopôles non-Abéliens,générés par des mouvements nucléaires dans les molécules diatomiques, introduites parMoody, Shapere et Wilczek, sont étudiées. Dans le cas des espaces courbes, le formalisme de van Holten permet de décrire la symétrie dynamique des monopôles Kaluza-Klein généralisés. La procédure est étendue à la supersymétrie et appliquée aux monopôles supersymétriques.Une autre application, concernant l’oscillateur non-commutatif en dimension trois, est également traitée. / Van Holten’s covariant algorithm for deriving conserved quantities is presented, with particular attention paid to Runge-Lenz-type vectors. The classical dynamics of isospin-carrying particles is reviewed. Physical applications including non-Abelian monopole-type systems in diatoms, introduced by Moody, Shapere and Wilczek, are considered. Applied to curved space, the formalism of van Holten allows us to describe the dynamical symmetries of generalized Kaluza-Klein monopoles. The framework is extended to supersymmetry and applied to the SUSY of the monopoles. Yet another application concerns the three-dimensional non-commutative oscillator.

Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-63). Description: xii, 63 leaves ; 29 cm.

This thesis investigates sea-level changes in order to test the hypothesis that the main contribution to early 20th century sea-level rise was Northern Hemisphere land-based ice melt. Multiproxy sea-level reconstructions were established for the Falkland Islands, a location where models suggest sea-level rise from Northern Hemisphere ice melt produces the largest signal. The Falklands reconstruction indicated sea levels in the early 20th century accelerated compared to the long-term rate, synchronous with accelerations observed globally. The magnitude of the acceleration in the Falklands reconstruction was greater than Northern Hemisphere rates, consistent with the spatial pattern from a Northern Hemisphere melt source, but likely less than in New Zealand and Australia. It is therefore not possible rule out other contributions to the observed sea-level acceleration. The Falklands reconstruction indicated a rapid sea-level jump around 8.4 ka BP, synchronous with a jump observed in the Northern Hemisphere, which has been attributed to the sudden drainage of Laurentide proglacial lake Agassiz-Ojibway associated with the 8.2 ka BP climatic downturn. A maximum estimate of 0.89 ± 0.22 m for this jump in the Falklands is considerably less than estimates from Northern Hemisphere records. This difference could indicate additional contributions from the Southern Hemisphere are being recorded in the Northern Hemisphere signal. This thesis also focused on developing testate amoebae as sea-level indicators. In the Falklands, testate amoebae transfer functions were able to reconstruct sea level with precision (±0.08 m) comparable to diatoms (±0.07 m). However, preservation issues were indicated in the fossil testate amoebae assemblages which limits their use as tools for sea-level reconstruction. In addition, contemporary distributions of salt-marsh testate amoebae were investigated over one annual cycle. Seasonal variations in the live assemblages were observed to be asynchronous between taxa. Variations in the death assemblages were also observed which were correlated with variations in the live assemblages. This observation suggests the commonly applied assumption in palaeoenvironmental studies that analysing the death population negates temporal bias is invalid. Further research is required to investigate the impact these observed variations have on reconstructive performance.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:31:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3761.pdf: 2678039 bytes, checksum: f4460b15c2e18f389860f699420e9ded (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-01 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The unplanned development of urban communities strongly contributes to degradation of water resources, jeopardazing the quality of the water and the integrity of aquatic environments. The objetive of the present study was to evaluate the environmental quality of the water sources of River Monjolinho, located upstream the Water Pumping Station of Espraiado. Samplings were carried out in springs and afluent streams to Monjolinho River during two opposite climatic seasons, the rainy and the dry periods between 2009 and 2010. Physical and chemical analyses of water and sediment, ecotoxicological tests with Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Hyalella meinerti were performed for these two compartments. The benthic macroinvertebrates and diatom communities were analysed in order to evaluate the environmental quality of all these sites. These data were used in different approaches: diversity indices, the biotic index BMWP, multivariate analyses and the Environmental Quality Triad. The water from São Rafael Stream, and the sediments of Cascavel, Middle Monjolinho, Ponte de Tábua and São Rafael streams collected at different sites and sampling periods were toxic to the aquatic biota. The benthic macroinvertebrates community and diatoms analyses evidenced that there are strong differences in the environmental quality between springs and affluents from left margin and those from right margin of Monjolinho River as a result of riparian forest removal or due to the type of soil use: urbanization or agriculture. Restoration measures in the headwaters of São Rafael Stream started by the Municipal Prefecture of São Carlos did not result in better environment quality and rather evidenced a strong contamination. Besides this site, the springs of Belvedere and Ponte de Tábua streams are the river stretches where the strongest impacts swere verified, however, all springs and streams upstream the Espraiado Water Supply Pumping Station need special attention from local government due to the low quality of its waters, exception of the Espraiado Stream. / O crescimento desordenado das cidades contribui fortemente para a degradação dos recursos hídricos, comprometendo a qualidade da água e a integridade desses ambientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade ambiental das nascentes do rio Monjolinho situadas à montante da Estação de Captação de água do Espraiado. Para isso, foram feitas coletas nos córregos afluentes e no rio Monjolinho, em dois períodos climáticos contrastantes: chuvoso e seco entre 2009 e 2010. Foram feitas análises físicas e químicas da água e do sedimento e testes ecotoxicológicos com Ceriodaphnia silvestrii e Hyalella meinerti nesses dois compartimentos. As comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos e de diatomáceas foram analisadas visando avaliar a qualidade ambiental de todos os pontos de coleta. Esses dados foram utilizados para compor diversas abordagens: índices de diversidade, o índice biótico BMWP, análises multivariadas, e a Tríade de Qualidade Ambiental. A água do Córrego São Rafael e o sedimento dos córregos Cascavel, Monjolinho médio, Ponte de Tábua e São Rafael em diferentes pontos e períodos foram tóxicos à biota aquática. As comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos e de diatomáceas evidenciaram diferenças marcantes na qualidade ambiental entre as nascentes e afluentes das margens direita e esquerda do rio Monjolinho em decorrência da remoção da mata ciliar ou dos tipos de ocupação do solo: urbanização ou agro-pecuária. As ações de recuperação da nascente do Córrego São Rafael empreendidas pela Prefeitura Municipal de São Carlos não resultaram em maior qualidade ambiental, evidenciando ainda um elevado grau de contaminação. Além deste ponto, as nascentes dos córregos Belvedere e Ponte de Tábua, bem como a foz desse último córrego foram os locais onde se registrou maior grau de impacto, porém toda a sub-bacia necessita de especial atenção do poder público, devido às intensas pressões antrópicas nesses mananciais e da baixa qualidade de suas águas, exceto a do Córrego do Espraiado.

Um estudo interdisciplinar, envolvendo análises de fácies, elementares e isotópicas de carbono e nitrogênio, palinologia e diatomáceas, teve como objetivo reconstruir a dinâmica da vegetação, na Ilha do Marajó, com inferências climáticas. Testemunhos sedimentares foram coletados em dois pontos diferentes na porção leste da Ilha, um no manguezal da Praia do Pesqueiro, outro no Lago São Luís, à ~35Km de distância a oeste e a ~8Km do litoral. Neste local, entre 7521 7433 anos cal AP e ~3.100 anos cal AP, a sedimentação é de argila maciça e laminação plano/paralela, com valores de C/N entre 45 e 15 e \'delta\'15N entre 1,34%o e 5,08%o, que indicam mistura de material orgânico terrestre e fitoplanctônico e a relação C/N e \'delta\'13C material com influência marinha. A concentração de Rhizophora chega a 94,4% do total dos grãos e as diatomáceas marinhas e salobras de Cyclotella striata, Cymatotheca weiisflogii e Paralia sulcata são as mais representativas. Todas essas informações indicam a presença de um manguezal onde atualmente se encontra o Lago São Luis. Entre ~3100 anos cal AP e o presente, as fácies de argila maciça, com os valores de C/N entre 18 e 24 e \'delta\'15N de 1,7 a 6,04%o, que indicam mistura de plantas terrestres com material de algas na matéria orgânica sedimentar, e os valores de \'delta\'13C de -22 a -25%o, que indicam mistura de plantas C3 (espécies arbóreas e herbáceas) e C4 (Poaceae), sugerem significativa mudança ambiental. A palinologia registra uma redução na concentração de Rhizophora e aumento das espécies florestais, como Fabaceae, Melastomataceae/Combretaceae e Myrtaceae e a presença das diatomáceas de água doce, de água doce que suportam condições salobras e de mangue, como Brachysira serians, Frustulia Krammeri, Eunotia sp e Surirella sp. Todas essas informações indicam a formação do lago e a modificação da vegetação no seu entorno, similar a atual. Na Praia do Pesqueiro, entre 1739 1567 e ~614 552 anos cal AP, as fácies de areia com estratificação plano/paralela indicam um ambiente de ante-praia. Valores de \'delta\'13C mais enriquecidos (-25 e -26%o), em relação ao período mais recente (parte superfícial do testemunho), sugerem influência marinha e os bioindicadores estiveram ausentes. De ~614 552 até ~180 160 anos cal AP, fácies de argila maciça indica a presença de uma laguna e valores de C/N de 23,8 e \'delta\'15N de 2,44%o a influência terrestre no material orgânico sedimentar. Palinomorfos de floresta e mangue estão presentes, com concentração de 8,6% e 88,2%, respectivamente, aspectos que sugerem a redução do nível relativo do mar (NRM) e expansão da vegetação de mangue e floresta, que ocupam a área de praia. A preservação de diatomáceas marinhas é registrada pela presença de Coscinodiscus. De ~180 160 anos cal AP até o presente, o manguezal se estabelece, como mostram as fácies de argila laminada e maciça, valores de \'delta\'13C mais empobrecidos (-29,34), C/N entre 18,31 e 24,25 e \'delta\'15N de 0,76 e 2,68%o, que indicam influência terrestre com mistura de matéria orgânica fitoplanctônica. A concentração de Rhizophora chega a 89,8% e as diatomáceas de ambiente salobro, como Cyclotella striata, a 85% do total, onde se infere a contínua redução do NRM / An interdisciplinary study involving facies, elementary and isotopic carbon and nitrogen, pollen and diatom analyses, had the objective to reconstruct the vegetation dynamics at Marajó Island, with climatic inferences. Sedimentary cores of up to 2,5meters were collected in two different points at the eastern part of the island, one in the mangrove at Praia do Pesqueiro, and other at São Luís lake, ~35 km far to the western part and ~8 km from the coast. In this place, between 7521 7433 years cal BP and ~3,100 years cal BP, the deposition of massive and laminated plan/parallel clay, with C/N between 45 and 15 and \'delta\'15N from 1.34 to 5.08%o, indicates a mixture of organic terrestrial material with phytoplankton, and the relation C/N and \'delta\'13C reveals the organic material with marine influence. The Rhizophora concentration is about 94.4% and marine and brackish most representative diatoms were Cyclotella striata, Cymatotheca weissflogii and Paralia sulcata. That batch of information indicates the mangrove presence in the site presently occupied by the Lake São Luís. From ~3100 years cal BP to the present, the massive clay structure and the C/N values between 18 and 24 and \'delta\'15N from 1.7 to 6.04%o that indicates a mixture of terrestrial plants and algae material from sedimentary organic matter and \'delta\'13C values from -22 to 25%o, that indicates a mixture of C3 plants (arboreal and herbs) and C4 (Poaceae), suggest significant environmental changes. The pollen record indicate a reduction of Rhizophora concentration and an increase of forest species, like Fabaceae, Melastomataceae/Combretaceae and Myrtaceae, and the presence of freshwater, freshwater that support brackish conditions and mangrove diatoms, like Brachysira serians, Frustulia Krammeri, Eunotia sp and Surirella sp. This set of information indicates the formation and the vegetation around the lake, similar to modern conditions. At Praia do Pesqueiro, between 1739 1567 and ~ 614 552 years cal BP, the plan/ parallel sand structures indicate a foreshore environment. More enriched \'delta\'13C values (between -25 and -26%o), in relation to the more recent period (shallow part of the core), suggests marine influence, and the bioindicators were absent. From ~614 552 until ~180 160 years cal BP, massive clay facies indicates the lagoon presence, and C/N of 23.8 and \'delta\'15N of 2.44%o values indicates terrestrial influence. Forest and mangrove pollen are present, with concentrations around 8.6 and 88.2%, respectively, suggesting the relative sea level (RSL) falling and the expansion of mangrove and forest vegetation to the beach area. The preserved marine diatom is recorded by the Coscinodiscus presence. From ~180 160 years cal BP to the present, the mangrove vegetation is indicated by the massive and laminated clay structures, more depleted \'delta\'13C values (-29.34 %), C/N around 18.31 and 24.25 and \'delta\'15N of 0.76 and 2.68%o, that indicates the high influence of terrestrial environment, with phytoplankton organic matter mixture. The pollen concentration of Rhizophora is about 89.8% and brackish diatoms, as Cyclotella striata, reaches 85%, which permit the inference of decreased marine influence due to the relative sea level fall

Le silicium (Si) sous forme dissoute (DSi) est indispensable à la croissance des diatomées, (microalgues) qui sont un élément clé des réseaux trophiques aquatiques terrestres et océaniques et qui jouent un rôle majeur dans le cycle global du carbone.<p>La construction d’un modèle global du cycle de Si le long du continuum aquatique continent-océan a permis de mettre en évidence l’importance de la zone de transition fleuve-mer pour le transfert du silicium continental vers les océans. Ce transfert est influencé par les diatomées planctoniques qui fixent le DSi et, en sédimentant, retiennent une partie du silicium continental dans les sédiments des estuaires.<p>Les modifications des flux de Si continentaux par les diatomées planctoniques dans les estuaires ont été clarifiées par :<p>1) des expériences sur l’écophysiologie d’une diatomée d’eau douce euryhaline (Cyclotella meneghiniana) particulièrement peu affectée par l’augmentation de salinité subi par le plancton lors de son transport des fleuves à la mer,<p>2) l’étude de la dissolution de la silice biogénique (bSiO2) qui constitue la coque externe des diatomées, et notamment l’effet de la salinité et des bactéries sur ce processus de recyclage du DSi,<p>3) la reconstitution du mélange des eaux et des diatomées dans un estuaire par l’expérimentation (3 espèces de diatomées dans un gradient salin artificiel) et par la construction et l’utilisation d’un modèle de Si dans la zone de mélange estuarienne.<p>Les résultats soulignent notamment l’importance des variations de salinité, de la turbidité de l’eau, de la nature des diatomées de rivière (sténohalines versus euryhalines) et de la viabilité des cellules sur les transformations et la rétention du silicium dans la zone de transition fleuve-mer. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis presents temporal perspectives of lake acidification in Sweden. Sediment records have been used to study timing, trends and causes of acidification, and two different techniques for assessing past lake-water acidity are presented. A new technique for pH prediction, based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy of surface sediments, is developed. This study shows that there is a pH related fraction of lake sediments that can be recorded by NIR analysis. Relationships between NIR spectra of surface sediment samples and measured lake-water pH values, and between NIR spectra of sediment cores and historical pH values inferred by diatom analysis, are modelled by partial least squares regression. The prediction errors of the models are comparable to those obtained by modelling of diatom and lake-water pH data. By further development NIR spectroscopy can become useful for inferring past pH, as well as several other lake-water parameters, from sediment cores. Diatom-based predictive models, using multivariate calibration methods, are developed for inferences of lake-water pH, alkalinity and colour. These models are used to provide a regional assessment of recent lake acidification in the provinces of Västerbotten and Norrbotten, northern Sweden. The study shows that a pH decline has occurred in some southeastern lakes, but that most of the lakes have not faced significant changes in lake-water pH, alkalinity and colour. The inferred water chemistiy changes are discussed in relation to atmospheric deposition and land-use. In a study of eight acid-sensitive Swedish boreal-forest lakes a past-analogue approach is used to test whether contemporary expansion of conifers could cause lake acidification. Water chemistry changes associated with the natural pre-historic colonization and expansion of spruce in Sweden (≈3000 years B.P.), at times of background atmospheric acidity, are inferred to evaluate the acidification ability of spruce per se on surface waters. This study shows that under natural, unpolluted conditions spruce colonization and expansion did not cause lake acidification. In a synthesis of palaeolimnological acidification research in Sweden a general model for pH- development for acid clear-water lakes in southern Sweden is presented. The pH-development from the last deglaciation to present time can be divided into four different periods; (i) a natural long-term acidification period (12000 B.P. - 2300 B.P., or later), with a gradual decrease in pH resulting from declining fluxes of base cations from catchment soils; (ii) a human induced alkalization period (2300 B.P. - 1900 A.D.), with a pH increase due to human activities in the catchments; (iii) the recent acidification period (about 1900 A.D. - present), when pH decreased towards 4.5 due to acid deposition and possibly ceased land-use; and (iv) the liming period (1970s - present), when pH often increases to values above 7 following lime treatment to counteract acidification. The implications of these past pH changes for the concept of contemporary lake acidification and for liming policy are outlined. / digitalisering@umu