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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Surface plasmon polaritons along metal surfaces with novel structures

Ye, Fan January 2014 (has links)
Thesis advisor: Michael J. Naughton / Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are hybridized quasiparticles of photons and electron density waves. They are confined to propagate along metal-dielectric interfaces, and decay exponentially along the direction perpendicular to the interfaces. In the past two decades, SPPs have drawn intensive attention and undergone rapid development due to their potential for application in a vast range of fields, including but not limited to subwavelength imaging, biochemical/biomedical sensing, enhanced light trapping for solar cells, and plasmonic logic gates. These applications utilize the following intrinsic properties of SPPs: (1) the wavelength of SPPs is shorter (and can be much shorter) than that of free photons with the same frequency; (2) the local electric field intensity associated with SPPs can be orders of magnitude larger than that of free photons; and (3) SPPs are bound to metal surfaces, and are thus easily modulated by the geometry of those surfaces. Here, we present studies on SPPs along metal surfaces with novel structures, including the following: (1) SPP standing waves formed along circular metal surfaces that lead to a "plasmonic halo" effect; (2) directional reflectionless conversion between free photons and SPPs in asymmetric metal-insulator-metal arrays; and (3) broadband absorbance enhancement of embedded metallic nanopatterns in a photovoltaic absorber layer. These works may prove useful for new schemes for SPP generation, plasmon-photon modulation, ultrasensitive dielectric/bio sensing, and high efficiency thin film solar cells. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Physics.
2

Überschlagsverhalten von Gas-Feststoff-Isoliersystemen unter Gleichspannungsbelastung

Hering, Maria 28 April 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Gasisolierte Systeme im Gleichspannungsbetrieb vereinen für Anwendungen moderner Energieübertragung die Forderungen nach kleinräumigen Anlagen und verlustarmem Energietransport über große Entfernungen. Für einen zuverlässigen und sicheren Betrieb muss das Verhalten der eingesetzten Gas-Feststoff-Isolierung im technologischen System bis an die Grenzen des Isolationsvermögens bekannt sein. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist deshalb das Überschlagsverhalten von Gas-Feststoff-Isoliersystemen unter Gleichspannungsbelastung. Dabei stehen zwei wesentliche Einflussfaktoren im Vordergrund: die Temperatur, motiviert durch reale Stromwärmeverluste, und eine feste Störstelle auf der Gas-Feststoff-Grenzfläche, motiviert durch in der Praxis nicht völlig auszuschließende, metallische Partikel. Die Effekte dieser beiden Parameter auf die Feldverteilung, die Oberflächen- und Raumladungsbildung sowie das Isolationsvermögen bei Gleichspannung werden zunächst in zwei Versuchsanordnungen separat experimentell untersucht. Anschließend wird deren Zusammenwirken und gegenseitige Beeinflussung im Gesamtsystem analysiert. Die betriebsbedingte Erwärmung der Leiter gasisolierter Systeme führt zu einer inhomogenen Temperaturverteilung, die sich auf die Eigenschaften der Isolierstoffe Gas und Epoxidharz auswirkt. Die von der Temperatur abhängige Leitfähigkeit der Feststoffisolatoren führt zu einer temperaturabhängigen Feldverteilung, bei der sich der Ort der Höchstfeldstärke verschiebt. Dabei kann sich der Absolutwert der Höchstfeldstärke erhöhen und somit das Isolationsvermögen verringern. Gleichzeitig weist das Isoliergas nahe des erwärmten Leiters lokal eine geringere Dichte und damit eine geringere dielektrische Festigkeit auf. Die thermisch bedingte Minderung des Isolationsvermögens bei Gleichspannung beträgt in der untersuchten Anordnung (25 ... 35) %. In den schwach inhomogenen Feldern gasisolierter Anlagen erweisen sich metallische Partikel auf Isolatoren ab drei Millimetern Länge als besonders kritisch. Bei einem Gasdruck unterhalb von 0,3 MPa setzen an den Partikelspitzen zum Teil bereits ab 50 % der Durchschlagsspannung ohne Partikel Teilentladungen ein, sodass die Koronastabilisierung zu einer vergleichsweise hohen Überschlagsspannung führt. Durch diese stabilen Glimmentladungen kann die Störstelle bei Gleichspannung durch die üblichen Detektionsverfahren jedoch nicht zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen werden. Oberhalb von 0,3 MPa treten vor dem Überschlag keine Teilentladungen auf. Aufgrund der fehlenden Koronastabilisierung kann die Isolationsfestigkeit durch einen erhöhten Gasdruck nicht oder nur stark unterproportional gesteigert werden. Die mit der Modellanordnung gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sind nachweislich auf Isolatoren kommerzieller Anlagen übertragbar. Das in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchte Überschlagsverhalten von Gas-Feststoff-Isoliersystemen unter Gleichspannungsbelastung wird maßgeblich durch die Temperaturverteilung und durch feste Störstellen auf der Grenzfläche beeinflusst. Oberflächen- und Raumladungen verändern das üblicherweise ohmsch-kapazitiv beschriebene Verhalten des Isolierstoffsystems bei Gleich- und Mischspannungsbelastung. Der Einfluss zusätzlicher Ladungsträger auf die stark temperaturabhängige Feldumbildung demonstriert, dass das Isoliergas in diesem Fall mit teilchendichte- und feldstärkeabhängigen Drift- und Diffusionsprozessen zur Modellierung des transienten Verhaltens von Gleichspannungssystemen berücksichtigt werden muss. Die Untersuchung des Systemverhaltens an den Grenzen des Isolationsvermögens ist wichtiger Bestandteil bei der Entwicklung innovativer Technologien der modernen Energieübertragung bei steigender Übertragungsleistung. / DC operated gas-insulated systems combine the demand for space saving installations and lowloss energy transport over long distances for applications of recent energy transmission. In order to ensure a reliable and safe operation, the behaviour of the gas-solid insulation, which is used in the technological system, has to be known up to the limits of the insulation properties. Hence, this thesis deals with the flashover behaviour of gas-solid insulation systems under DC voltage stress. Thereby, it focuses on two main influence factors: the temperature, due to real current heat losses, and an adhesive defect on the gas-solid interface, due to metallic particles that cannot be fully excluded in practice. Firstly, it is investigated experimentally in two test arrangements, how each parameter separately affects the electrical field distribution, the surface and volume charge accumulation and the insulation performance under DC voltage stress. Following that, their interaction and mutual influence is analysed in the whole system. Due to operating currents, the heating of the conductors in gas-insulated systems causes an inhomogeneous temperature distribution, that affects the properties of the insulating materials gas and epoxy resin. The temperature-dependent conductivity of the solid insulators leads to a temperature-dependent field distribution. Thereby, the location of the highest field strength is shifted. Since the absolute value of the highest field strength can increase, the insulation performance can decrease. Simultaneously, the insulating gas close to the heated conductor locally has a lower gas density and therefore a lower dielectric strength. The thermal related reduction of the insulation performance under DC voltage stress amounts to (25 ... 35) % in the investigated arrangement. Metallic particles, with a length of more than three millimetres and adhering on spacers, turn out to be particularly critical in the weakly inhomogeneous field of gas-insulated systems. At pressures below 0,3 MPa, partial discharges at the particle tips partly ignite already at 50 %of the breakdown voltage without a particle. The corona stabilisation leads to a relatively high flashover voltage. However, due to these stable glow discharges under DC voltage stress, the defect can not be unequivocally proven by usual detection methods. Above 0,3 MPa, no partial discharges occur before the flashover. Due to the missing corona stabilisation, with a higher gas pressure, the insulation strength is not or only disproportionately low increasing. The findings gained with the model arrangement are evidently applicable to spacers of commercial installations. The flashover behaviour of gas-solid insulation systems under DC voltage stress, examined in this thesis, is influenced significantly by the temperature distribution and adhesive particles on the interface. Surface and volume charges change the generally resistive-capacitive described behaviour of the insulation system under DC and superimposed voltage stress. The influence of additional charge carriers on the strongly temperature-dependent field transition demonstrates, that in this case, the insulating gas with its drift and diffusion processes, depending on the particle density and the field strength, has to be considered, when modelling the transient behaviour of DC operated systems. Investigating the system behaviour to the limits of the insulation properties is a crucial element of developing innovative technologies of the modern energy transmission at increasing transmissions powers.
3

Überschlagsverhalten von Gas-Feststoff-Isoliersystemen unter Gleichspannungsbelastung

Hering, Maria 11 March 2016 (has links)
Gasisolierte Systeme im Gleichspannungsbetrieb vereinen für Anwendungen moderner Energieübertragung die Forderungen nach kleinräumigen Anlagen und verlustarmem Energietransport über große Entfernungen. Für einen zuverlässigen und sicheren Betrieb muss das Verhalten der eingesetzten Gas-Feststoff-Isolierung im technologischen System bis an die Grenzen des Isolationsvermögens bekannt sein. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist deshalb das Überschlagsverhalten von Gas-Feststoff-Isoliersystemen unter Gleichspannungsbelastung. Dabei stehen zwei wesentliche Einflussfaktoren im Vordergrund: die Temperatur, motiviert durch reale Stromwärmeverluste, und eine feste Störstelle auf der Gas-Feststoff-Grenzfläche, motiviert durch in der Praxis nicht völlig auszuschließende, metallische Partikel. Die Effekte dieser beiden Parameter auf die Feldverteilung, die Oberflächen- und Raumladungsbildung sowie das Isolationsvermögen bei Gleichspannung werden zunächst in zwei Versuchsanordnungen separat experimentell untersucht. Anschließend wird deren Zusammenwirken und gegenseitige Beeinflussung im Gesamtsystem analysiert. Die betriebsbedingte Erwärmung der Leiter gasisolierter Systeme führt zu einer inhomogenen Temperaturverteilung, die sich auf die Eigenschaften der Isolierstoffe Gas und Epoxidharz auswirkt. Die von der Temperatur abhängige Leitfähigkeit der Feststoffisolatoren führt zu einer temperaturabhängigen Feldverteilung, bei der sich der Ort der Höchstfeldstärke verschiebt. Dabei kann sich der Absolutwert der Höchstfeldstärke erhöhen und somit das Isolationsvermögen verringern. Gleichzeitig weist das Isoliergas nahe des erwärmten Leiters lokal eine geringere Dichte und damit eine geringere dielektrische Festigkeit auf. Die thermisch bedingte Minderung des Isolationsvermögens bei Gleichspannung beträgt in der untersuchten Anordnung (25 ... 35) %. In den schwach inhomogenen Feldern gasisolierter Anlagen erweisen sich metallische Partikel auf Isolatoren ab drei Millimetern Länge als besonders kritisch. Bei einem Gasdruck unterhalb von 0,3 MPa setzen an den Partikelspitzen zum Teil bereits ab 50 % der Durchschlagsspannung ohne Partikel Teilentladungen ein, sodass die Koronastabilisierung zu einer vergleichsweise hohen Überschlagsspannung führt. Durch diese stabilen Glimmentladungen kann die Störstelle bei Gleichspannung durch die üblichen Detektionsverfahren jedoch nicht zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen werden. Oberhalb von 0,3 MPa treten vor dem Überschlag keine Teilentladungen auf. Aufgrund der fehlenden Koronastabilisierung kann die Isolationsfestigkeit durch einen erhöhten Gasdruck nicht oder nur stark unterproportional gesteigert werden. Die mit der Modellanordnung gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sind nachweislich auf Isolatoren kommerzieller Anlagen übertragbar. Das in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchte Überschlagsverhalten von Gas-Feststoff-Isoliersystemen unter Gleichspannungsbelastung wird maßgeblich durch die Temperaturverteilung und durch feste Störstellen auf der Grenzfläche beeinflusst. Oberflächen- und Raumladungen verändern das üblicherweise ohmsch-kapazitiv beschriebene Verhalten des Isolierstoffsystems bei Gleich- und Mischspannungsbelastung. Der Einfluss zusätzlicher Ladungsträger auf die stark temperaturabhängige Feldumbildung demonstriert, dass das Isoliergas in diesem Fall mit teilchendichte- und feldstärkeabhängigen Drift- und Diffusionsprozessen zur Modellierung des transienten Verhaltens von Gleichspannungssystemen berücksichtigt werden muss. Die Untersuchung des Systemverhaltens an den Grenzen des Isolationsvermögens ist wichtiger Bestandteil bei der Entwicklung innovativer Technologien der modernen Energieübertragung bei steigender Übertragungsleistung. / DC operated gas-insulated systems combine the demand for space saving installations and lowloss energy transport over long distances for applications of recent energy transmission. In order to ensure a reliable and safe operation, the behaviour of the gas-solid insulation, which is used in the technological system, has to be known up to the limits of the insulation properties. Hence, this thesis deals with the flashover behaviour of gas-solid insulation systems under DC voltage stress. Thereby, it focuses on two main influence factors: the temperature, due to real current heat losses, and an adhesive defect on the gas-solid interface, due to metallic particles that cannot be fully excluded in practice. Firstly, it is investigated experimentally in two test arrangements, how each parameter separately affects the electrical field distribution, the surface and volume charge accumulation and the insulation performance under DC voltage stress. Following that, their interaction and mutual influence is analysed in the whole system. Due to operating currents, the heating of the conductors in gas-insulated systems causes an inhomogeneous temperature distribution, that affects the properties of the insulating materials gas and epoxy resin. The temperature-dependent conductivity of the solid insulators leads to a temperature-dependent field distribution. Thereby, the location of the highest field strength is shifted. Since the absolute value of the highest field strength can increase, the insulation performance can decrease. Simultaneously, the insulating gas close to the heated conductor locally has a lower gas density and therefore a lower dielectric strength. The thermal related reduction of the insulation performance under DC voltage stress amounts to (25 ... 35) % in the investigated arrangement. Metallic particles, with a length of more than three millimetres and adhering on spacers, turn out to be particularly critical in the weakly inhomogeneous field of gas-insulated systems. At pressures below 0,3 MPa, partial discharges at the particle tips partly ignite already at 50 %of the breakdown voltage without a particle. The corona stabilisation leads to a relatively high flashover voltage. However, due to these stable glow discharges under DC voltage stress, the defect can not be unequivocally proven by usual detection methods. Above 0,3 MPa, no partial discharges occur before the flashover. Due to the missing corona stabilisation, with a higher gas pressure, the insulation strength is not or only disproportionately low increasing. The findings gained with the model arrangement are evidently applicable to spacers of commercial installations. The flashover behaviour of gas-solid insulation systems under DC voltage stress, examined in this thesis, is influenced significantly by the temperature distribution and adhesive particles on the interface. Surface and volume charges change the generally resistive-capacitive described behaviour of the insulation system under DC and superimposed voltage stress. The influence of additional charge carriers on the strongly temperature-dependent field transition demonstrates, that in this case, the insulating gas with its drift and diffusion processes, depending on the particle density and the field strength, has to be considered, when modelling the transient behaviour of DC operated systems. Investigating the system behaviour to the limits of the insulation properties is a crucial element of developing innovative technologies of the modern energy transmission at increasing transmissions powers.
4

[pt] ESPECTROSCOPIA DE RESSONÂNCIA DE PLASMON DE SUPERFÍCIE PARA A CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE NANOPARTÍCULAS, FILMES FINOS ORGÂNICOS E MATERIAIS 2-D / [en] SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOPARTICLES, ORGANIC THIN FILM AND 2-D MATERIALS

QUAID ZAMAN 02 December 2019 (has links)
[pt] Sensores baseados na espectroscopia de ressonância de plásmons de superfície (SPR) são dispositivos fotônicos amplamente usados para a detecção ultra sensível de gases e analitos (bio) químicos sem marcadores. O mecanismo de sensoriamento baseia-se na sensitividade do campo eletromagnético evanescente associado aos Polaritons de Plásmon de Superfície (SPP) propagando-se na interface metal-dielétrica, o qual age como uma eficiente nanosonda no meio exterior. Mesmo com resultados excelentes em aplicações de sensoriamento em tempo real, a espectroscopia SPR encontra severas limitações nas caracterizações elipsométricas de filmes finos com espessuras maiores que alguns nm. As limitações são principalmente associadas a instabilidade no longo prazo das propriedades físico-químicas das interfaces metal-dielétricas dos dispositivos SPR, a qual prejudica a acurácia na determinação simultânea da espessura e do índice de refração dos filmes finos que estão sendo investigados. Por estas razões, a primeira parte da tese é dedicada ao estudo da degradação e do processo de estabilização das interfaces metal-dielétricas de diferentes plataformas de sensoriamento SPR, tanto no ar como em ambiente aquoso. As plataformas de sensoriamento foram monitoradas por espectroscopia SPR e microscopia de força atômica (AFM). Diferentes configurações de interfaces metal-dielétricas foram analisadas, tanto em termos de camadas de adesão, tipo de metal que suporta a onda de plasma, e supercamadas, com o objetivo de otimizar a estabilidade e a sensitividade de plataformas SPR monomodais e multimodais. As melhores performances foram obtidas quando uma interface metal-dielétrica com baixo amortecimento eletromagnético é criada através da deposição de uma monocamada adesiva de (3-Mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTS), e quando uma monocamada de grafeno (SLG) é transferida como supercamada na cima de um filme fino metálico de ouro. O estudo do processo de estabilização das plataformas SPR foi a base para o desenvolvimento da segunda parte da tese, onde nós mostramos as potencialidades da espectroscopia SPR na configuração Kretschmann para a acurada caracterização elipsométrica de três classes de materiais deferentes: nanopartículas de ouro (AuNPs), filmes finos de materiais orgânicos luminescentes, e grafeno. Para determinar simultaneamente a espessura e o índice de refração dos filmes finos, foram adoptados os métodos das duas cores e/ou dois modos, esse último realizado através do uso de guias de onda carregadas por dielétricos (DLWGs) com interfaces simétricas do tipo Au/MPTS/SiO2. Por fim, estas três classes de materiais foram usadas no desenvolvimento de novos sensores ópticos SPR de interesse biológico e ambiental. A prova de conceito de um dosímetro de raios UVA baseado em espectroscopia SPR é demonstrado através do monitoramento das modificações da espessura e índice de refração induzidas pela radiação em filmes finos de tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq3) e tris (dibenzoylmethane) mono (1,10-phenanthroline) europium (III) (Eu (dbm)3Phen). AuNPs com um diâmetro nominal de 15nm estabilizadas por citrato de sódio, foram usadas para demonstrar o princípio de funcionamento de medidores de tamanho de partículas e contadores superficiais de AuNPs baseados na espectroscopia SPR de duas cores. Neste último caso, nós mostramos experimentalmente que as DLWG podem ser usadas como acurados nanocontadores para densidades superficiais entre 20 e 200 NP/um2, com importantes resultados para a metrologia óptica e a emergente espectroscopia SPR amplificada por nanopartículas (PA-SPR). Por último, mostramos o utilizo da interface Au/SLG para a detecção ultra-sensível de íons de metais pesados de interesse ambiental, com um limite de detecção (LoD) sem precedentes da ordem de uma parte por bilhão (ppb). Os resultados experimentais suportam as previsões teóricas sobre a afinidade de sítios particulares do grafeno infinito para íons de metais pesados, e a possibilidade de aumentar a sensibilidade dos dispositivos SPR através da transferência de elétrons assistida por plásmons entre o filme de metal e o SLG. / [en] Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Spectroscopy based sensors have emerged as a versatile and widely used optical tool for the label free ultrasensitive detection of gas and (bio) chemical analytes. The sensing mechanism is relying on the sensitivity of the evanescent field of the Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) wave propagating at metal dielectric interface, which acts as an efficient optical nanoprobe in the external medium. Despite the excellent results in the real-time sensing applications, SPR Spectroscopy has found limited applications in the accurate ellipsometric characterization of thin films with thickness higher than a few nm. The limitations are mainly associated with the long-time instability of the metal-dielectric interfaces of the SPR devices, which deteriorates the accuracy in the simultaneous determination of thickness and refractive index of the thin films under investigation. For these reasons, the first part of the dissertation is dedicated to the study of the degradation and stabilization process of the metal-organic interfaces of different SPR sensing platforms, in both air and water environment. The sensing platforms were monitored by SPR spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Different metal-dielectric interfaces configurations were analyzed, in terms of both adhesion layers, type of metal supporting the plasma wave and super-layers, with the aim to optimize the stability and the sensitivity of both monomodal and multimodal SPR platforms. The best performances were obtained when a low damping metal-dielectric interface is created through the self-assembling of a monolayer of (3-Mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTS), and a single layer graphene (SLG) is transferred as a super-layer on the gold (Au) thin film. The study of the process of stabilization of the SPR platforms was the base for the development of the second part of the dissertation, where we demonstrate the potentialities of the SPR spectroscopy in the Kreschtmann configuration for the accurate ellipsometric characterization of a class of three different materials: gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), organic luminescent materials, and graphene. To obtain the simultaneous determination of both the thickness and refractive index of the thin films, a two-color and/or two-mode approach was adopted, the latter performed by the use of dielectric loaded waveguides (DLWG) with symmetric Au/MPTS/SiO2 interfaces. Finally, the three class of materials have been used for the development of novel SPR optical sensors with environmental or biological interest. The proof of principle of an SPR based UVA dosimeter is demonstrated via the monitoring of the radiation induced modifications of the thickness and refractive index of luminescent thin film of tris(8-hydroxxyquinoline) (Alq3) and tris(dibenzoylmethnae) mono(1,10-phenanthroline) europium (III) (Eu(dbm)3Phen). Sodium Citrate stabilized AuNPs with a nominal diameter of about 15 nm were used to show the principle work of a two-color SPR spectroscopy nanosizer and nanocounter. In the latter case, we demonstrate experimentally that DLWGs can be used as accurate nanocounters in the range of surface density between 20 and 200 NP/um2, with results important for both optical metrology and the emerging particle amplified PA-SPR spectroscopy. Finally, we show the use of the Au/SLG interface for the ultrasensitive detection of heavy metal ions of environmental interest, with an unprecedented limit of detection (LoD) of the order of part per billion (ppb). The experimental results support the theoretical predictions about the affinity of particular sites of the infinite graphene to heavy metal ions, and the possibility to enhance the sensitivity of SPR devices by the plasmon assisted electron transfer between the metal film and the SLG.

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