Am Beispiel einer Landmaschine wurde die Integration eines dieselelektrischen Einzelradantriebes unter der Berücksichtigung der spezifischen Anforderungen nachgewiesen. Die Integration des elektrischen Antriebes in die Fahrzeugfelge führt zu einem abgeschlossenen System mit definierten Schnittstellen. Zur Umsetzung des Antriebssystems werden unterschiedliche Lösungen diskutiert und die Vorzugsvariante realisiert. Für das Antriebssystem und das Fahrzeug werden die Funktionsnachweise mittels Simulationsergebnissen, Prüfstands- und Fahrversuchen erbracht. Ebenso wird der Nutzen eines elektrischen Einzelradantriebssystems diskutiert.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Forschung und Entwicklung bei Fahrzeugantrieben und elektrischen Antriebssystemen 2.1 Allgemeine Entwicklungstendenzen der Antriebssysteme bei mobilen Landmaschinen . 2.2 Meilensteine elektrischer Antriebssysteme 2.3 Fahrantriebe für mobile Landmaschinen 2.4 Übersicht zu elektrischen Antrieben in mobilen Maschinen 2.5 Elektrische Antriebe für Fahrantriebe 2.6 Leistungselektronik für den mobilen Einsatz 2.7 Anpassen der Motorenkennlinie an das Kennfeld des Fahrantriebs 2.8 Elektrische Zusatzkomponenten 3 Konzeption und Entwicklung eines Einzelradantriebes 3.1 Spezifische Anforderungen an den dieselelektrischen Fahrantrieb 3.2 Systementwurf 3.3 Methodik und Entwurf des Einzelradantriebes 3.4 Entwicklung des Einzelradantriebes 3.5 Entwicklung der Wicklungsumschaltung 4 Untersuchungen und Ergebnisse zur Wicklungsumschaltung und der elektrischen Maschine 4.1 Simulationsmodell der Wicklungsumschaltung 4.2 Simulationsergebnisse der Wicklungsumschaltung 4.3 Prüfstandsergebnisse von Wicklungsumschaltung und elektrischer Maschine 5 Integration eines Einzelradantriebes am Beispiel eines Bergtraktors 5.1 Vorstellung des Experimentalaufbaus 5.2 Simulationsmodell der Fahr- und Antriebsdynamik und des Rad-Boden-Kontaktes 5.3 Ergebnisse der simulierten Fahr- und Antriebsdynamik bei Wicklungsumschaltung 5.4 Versuchsaufbau und Messtechnik 5.5 Untersuchungsergebnisse von Generator mit Dieselmotor 5.6 Untersuchungsergebnisse des Radantriebes 5.7 Ergebnisse der gemessenen Fahr- und Antriebsdynamik bei Wicklungsumschaltung 5.8 Bewertung des Einzelradantriebssystems 6 Zusammenfassung 7 Ausblick

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernardo Nogueira Neto.pdf: 936161 bytes, checksum: 8cae25f84e9e07f78244f10040d97213 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-04 / In this dissertation, we explore the application of the Theory of System Identification to develop a mathematical model that represents the behavior of the electrical current rectifier used to power the traction motors of a locomotive diesel-electric, based on mathematical manipulation of its temperature data. It was developed an ARX model and, using the aid of the computational system identification toolbox of MATLAB ®, simulations were made for estimation and validation of the order of the model that best describes the dynamic response of the physical system. The input and output data of the rectifier are obtained from the direct measurement of the output current of main generator, which is the input, and from the measurement of the temperature on the rectifier, which corresponds to the output. These data are used in developing the mathematical model of the system under study. The goal is to obtain a model that best represents the behavior of the main engine rectifier, allowing control actions to optimize the relation between supplied and required power of locomotive, so that downtime events resulting from self-protection mechanisms against high temperatures during operation of the rectifier in severe operations are minimized. As a result, we have a more advanced and efficient model that allows a strategy to monitoring the equipment at the various points of operation, considering their variation and ensuring a stable and safety locomotive's operation. / Nesta dissertação, aborda-se a aplicação da Teoria de Identificação de Sistemas para escolha de um modelo polinomial, que represente o comportamento do retificador de corrente elétrica, utilizado para suprimento dos motores de tração de uma locomotiva dieselelétrica, a partir da manipulação matemática de seus dados de temperatura. Desenvolve-se um modelo ARX e, com auxílio da ferramenta computacional do toolbox de identificação do MATLAB®, são feitas simulações para estimação e validação da ordem do modelo que melhor descreva a resposta dinâmica do sistema físico. Os dados de entrada e saída do retificador são obtidos a partir da medição direta da corrente de saída do gerador principal, que corresponde à entrada, e da medição da temperatura na bancada retificadora, que corresponde à saída. Estes dados são utilizados na elaboração do modelo matemático do sistema em estudo. Busca-se obter um modelo matemático que represente o comportamento do retificador principal da locomotiva, possibilitando ações de controle para uma melhor otimização entre a potência fornecida e a requerida para tração, de tal forma que os eventos de downtime, decorrentes da atuação da proteção contra altas temperaturas do retificador durante operações em regimes severos, sejam minimizados. Como resultado, tem-se um método mais avançado, eficaz e que possibilita uma estratégia de monitoramento nos diversos pontos de operação do equipamento, considerando suas variações e garantindo uma operação estável e segura do sistema.

The purpose of this study is to compare the life-cycle cost and environmental impact of the existing fuel-based propulsion system, on public commuter ferries in Stockholm, with a battery based propulsion system. The study is divided into multiple layers. First, the operating characteristics of the route Line 80 within Stockholm’s waterborne public transportation (WPT) are collected, such as fuel consumption, propulsion power output, speed, voyage time and propulsion system configuration. Second, based on the energy demand of the route, important parameters related to the existing fuel-based propulsion system and the battery-based propulsion system are accounted for and modeled. Third, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the cost assessment methods are applied to examine the effectiveness of the electrification of commuter ferries on a financial and environmental scale. With the help of the software GaBi 2020, GREET 2020, and other literature studies, the environmental impacts at the construction, use and end-of-life (EOL) phase are evaluated. There are in total 8 scenarios considered, 4 for the fuel-based and 4 for the battery-based propulsion system. The environmental performance of these 8 scenarios are discussed in terms of Globalwarmingpotential(GWP), Acidificationpotential(AP), Eutrophicationpotential(EP) and Photo-chemical ozone creation potential (POCP). Themostpollutingphaseistheusephase for all scenarios. Propulsion system powered by diesel (scenario 1) is considered as a reference for comparative analysis of 7 other scenarios. The best performing system is the one powered by batteries with the assumption of an electricity mix based on hydro, wind and nuclear power, which is scenario 7 and 8 with a net reduction of GWP by more than 98%, AP by 90%, EP by 96%, and the POCP by 96%. If we consider the current Swedish electricity mix (scenario 5 and 6), the decrease in GWP, AP, EP and POCP are 90%, 80%, 82% and 91% respectively. Alternative fuels also present promising results for GWP in comparison to diesel (with the origin of the feed-stock creating mostly negative impacts) but the contribution to other impact categories is significantly higher. With inputs from the industry and the environmental evaluation, the cost assessment compares the costs related to fuel-based and battery-based propulsion systems with different energy sources. For the battery-based system, 3 scenarios are modeled for two different types of Li-ion batteries. The vessels in the developed scenarios are charged more frequently than the existing electric vessel and the number of charging stations is varied. The costs that are included in the assessment are the initial capital cost, the cost for fuel/electricity, maintenance cost, end-of-life cost and emissions cost. When concerning all the cost categories, the battery-based system is more cost-efficient than a fuel-based system, if run on the Swedish electricity mix, due to the lower cost for electricity and emissions. The reduction of cost is more than 68% when comparing traditional diesel with battery-based systems, but the source of the electricity is very important. / Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra livscykelkostnaden och miljöpåverkan av de befintliga framdrivningssystemen på pendelbåtarna inom Stockholms kollektivtrafik, med batteridrivna system på motsvarande båtar. De befintliga framdrivningssystemen drivs av olika typer av diesel. Studien är uppdelad i flera steg. Först samlas driftsegenskaperna in, såsom bränsleförbrukning, framdrivningseffekt, hastighet, färdtidochframdrivningssystemetsuppbyggnad, etc, på linje 80, som är en del av Stockholms vattenburna kollektivtrafik. För det andra undersöks det befintliga framdrivningssystemet som drivs av diesel eller alternativa bränslen som RME eller HVO och fullt batteridrivna system utifrån energibehovet. För det tredje tillämpas metoderna för kostnadsanalys och livscykelanalys (LCA) för att undersöka hur elektrifieringen av pendelbåtar påverkar ekonomin och miljön. Med hjälp av programmet GaBi 2020, GREET 2020 och andra litteraturstudier utvärderas miljöpåverkan av faserna tillverkning, användning och avfallshantering. Det är totalt 8 scenarier som övervägs, 4 för bränslebaserade och 4 för batteri baserade framdrivningssystem. Hur bra dessa 8 scenarier presterar miljömässigt diskuteras i termer av växthuseffekt (GWP), försurning (AP), övergödning (EP) och marknära ozon (POCP). Den fasen med mest utsläpp, för alla scenarier, är användningsfasen. Framdrivningssystemet som drivs av diesel (scenario 1) används som referens att jämföra de övriga 7 scenarierna mot. Det system som presterar bästa är det som drivs av batterier, med antagandet att elmixen är baserad på vatten-, vind-och kärnkraft, detta motsvarar scenario 7 och 8 med en reduktion av GWP på mer än 98%, AP med 90%, EP med 96% och POCP med 96%. Om vi tittar på den aktuella svenska elmixen (scenario 5 och 6) så är minskningen av GWP, AP, EP och POCP 90%, 80%, 82% respektive 91%. Alternativa bränslen ger också lovande resultat för GWP jämfört med diesel (där råvarans ursprung skapar mest negativa effekter) men bidraget till andra påverkanskategorier är betydligt högre. Med input från företag och miljöutvärderingen kan kostnadsanalysen jämföra kostnaderna för bränslebaserade och batteri baserade framdrivningssystem med olika energikällor. Det batteri baserade systemet modelleras även på 3 utvecklade scenarier för 2 olika typer av batterier. Fartygen i de utvecklade scenarierna laddas oftare än det befintliga batteridrivna fartyget och antalet laddstationer varierar mellan scenarierna. De kostnader som inkluderas i analysen är de initiala kapitalkostnaderna, kostnaden för bränsle/el, underhållskostnader, avfallshanteringskostnader ochutsläppskostnader. Medallakostnaderinkluderadeiberäkningarna är batteri baserade system mer kostnadseffektiva än bränslebaserade system om de körs på svensk elmix, tack vare de lägre kostnaderna för el och utsläpp. Minskningen av den totala kostnaden är mer än 68% när man jämför traditionell diesel med batterisystem, men elens ursprung är mycket viktig.

The marine industry has increased its adoption of pure-electric, diesel-electric, and other non-traditional propulsion architectures to reduce ship emissions and fuel consumption. While these technologies can improve performance, the design of a propulsion system becomes challenging, given that no single technology is superior across all vessel types. Furthermore, even identical ships with different operating patterns may be better suited to different propulsion technologies. Addressing this problem, previous research has shown that if key elements of a vessel's operational pro file are known, simulation and optimization techniques can be employed to evaluate multiple propulsion architectures and result in a better propulsion system design and energy management strategy for a given vessel. While these studies have demonstrated the performance improvements that can be achieved from optimizing clean marine propulsion systems, they rely on vessel operational profiles obtained through physical measurement from existing ships. From a practical point of view, the optimization of a vessel's propulsion system needs to occur prior to a vessel's construction and thus precludes physical measurement. To this end, this thesis introduces a marine simulation platform for producing vessel operational profiles which enable propulsion system optimization during the ship design process. Core subsystem modules are constructed for simulating ship motions in 3 degrees of freedom and result in operational profile time-series, including propulsion power. Data is acquired from a benchmark vessel to validate the simulation. Results show the proposed approach strikes a balance between speed, accuracy, and complexity compared with other available tools. / Graduate