Introduction: Diesel fuel (D) is used in a variety of applications for several industries, including transportation, agriculture, railroads, construction, and mining. In addition to being non-renewable, combustion of diesel fuel (D) leads to negative occupational health outcomes in mining. Currently the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) regulates diesel exhaust exposure with an 8-hour, time-weighted average permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 160 µg/m3 respirable (<1.0 µm in size) diesel particulate matter (rDPM). Alternative fuels such as biodiesel (B) and a natural gas/diesel blend (GDiesel® [G]) are considered promising alternatives. While the former fuel has been extensively investigated, the latter has not. Objectives: The aims of this dissertation were: (1) to evaluate and compare D and G exhaust exposures from operation of a Wagner and a (2) JCI load-haul-dump (LHD) at the University of Arizona San Xavier Underground Mining Laboratory (SX); and (3) to synthesize existing peer-reviewed literature comparing D emission exposures to those of B and/or G. Methods: For Aims 1 and 2, operator-location and area exposure samples were collected for 200 minutes in an underground mining laboratory while an LHD with oxidation catalyst was operated with D and then G fuel. Analytes of interest included total diesel particulate matter (tDPM) and rDPM, total and respirable elemental and organic carbon (tEC, rEC, tOC, rOC, respectively), as well as the carbonyl compound (CC) formaldehyde (CH2O), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Exposure assessment was conducted within the guidelines of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health’s (NIOSH) Manual of Analytical Methods. Specifically, methods #5040 (tDPM, tEC, tOC, rDPM, rEC, rOC), #6014 (NO, NO2), and #2016 (CH2O). Reported laboratory results were time-weighted over an 8-hour period. Between-fuel comparisons were performed using Wilcoxon rank sum testing. Results: For Aim 1, twenty-three D and 12 G samples were collected. Use of G in the Wagner LHD showed statistically and practically significant reductions in rDPM, tDPM, elemental and organic carbons, NO, NO2, and CH2O. For Aim 2, twenty D and 16 G samples were collected. Use of G in the JCI LHD was associated with a significant decrease in NO2 (p=0.012), and significant increase in rEC (p=0.024). After removing outliers, tEC also showed significant increase (p=0.023). Most of the 20 scholarly works reviewed utilized a laboratory setting (75%), while just 15% were conducted in the field, and 10% simulated field conditions. Twenty percent (4) of studies specifically focused on the mining industry. In addition, most evaluated soy-based B (56%) but did not utilize pollution controls (70%) on equipment. Generally, literature showed that use of B decreased DPM and increased oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission exposures. While more studies (5) showed increases in CCs, two showed decreases. Discussion: Our studies show that: 1) the use of G has potential for statistically and practically significant reductions in several D exhaust contaminants regulated by MSHA; and 2) variability in exposure and emission concentrations across engine, pollution control and operation configurations exists for B and likely exists for G. Differences observed across fuels and studies are also likely due to fuel composition and characteristics, and combustion temperatures. Further occupational health research is needed to evaluate G emissions under controlled conditions with various equipment configurations, as well as in-field settings to determine whether G exhaust exposures are reduced and actually less toxic than those of D. The impact of this work is substantial and timely. Recent increases in respiratory disease prevalence among miners, including young miners, concerns occupational health and industrial hygiene professionals. In addition, MSHA has requested information regarding diesel exhaust controls and is considering future revisions to the rDPM standard. Efforts to reduce D exhaust emissions will also impact occupational and environmental health worldwide.

Orientador : Luiz Fernando Milanez / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T14:22:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VelasquezAlegre_JoseAntonioAndres_D.pdf: 6002203 bytes, checksum: 2d564d8f4b0308423291c8de71793152 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1993 / Resumo: Dois modelos de simulação dos processos que ocorrem no motor de ciclo diesel foram desenvolvidos neste trabalho. O primeiro deles, chamado aqui de modelo de diagnose, permite analisar o processo de combustão de um motor real, quando se dispõe do diagrama de pressão no cilindro, determinado experimentalmente. O segundo modelo, chamado de modelo preditivo, permite simular o ciclo completo de um motor real ou hipotético, quando a taxa de queima de combustível é especificada a priori. O modelo preditivo resolve as equações que governam o escoamento transitório de um fluido compressível, como ocorre nos dutos de admissão e escape, utilizando o Método das Características. Os efeitos da variação da área transversal dos dutos, a transferência de calor e o atrito nas paredes são levados em conta. Em ambos os modelos são determinados os termos do balanço de exergia e as exergias química, termomecânica e termoquímica para o volume de controle que inclui os gases no cilindro do motor. Exemplos da aplicação destes modelos são incluídos no presente trabalho / Abstract: Two simulation models of diesel engine processes were developed. The first model, called the diagnose model, allows the analysis of the combustion process of a real engine when the cylinder pressure diagram, obtained from experiments, is available. The second model, called the predictive model, can be used to simulate the entire cycle of real or hipothetical engines, when the fuel burning rate is specified. The predictive model solve the equations governing the transient flow of a compressible fluid occurring in the admission and exhaust ducts, using the M~thod of Characteristics. The eJJects of duct cross sectional area variations, heat transfer and wall friction are taken into account. In both models the terms of the e:ldergy balance as well as chemical, termomechanical and termochemical exergies for the control volume that includes, I the gases in the engine cylinder are determined. Examples of application ofi these models are presented in this work / Doutorado / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Includes bibliographical references. / This project involves an investigation of combustion image analysis by the two-colour method as a technique for comparing diesel fuels. The purpose is to master the technique of combustion imaging in both an engine and a Combustion Bomb, with a view to determine the suitability of the two-colour method for fuel comparisons. To evaluate the abilities of the method, an intensive range of testing was conducted on two diesel fuels with slightly different fuel properties.

No description available.

Orientadores: Cristiane Aparecida Martins, Pedro Teixeira Lacava / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T08:17:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Squaiella_LucasLazaroFerreira_M.pdf: 3325572 bytes, checksum: a305c0e70b83a23effc5931811a53dc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Veículos automotores são responsáveis pela maior parte da locomoção no mundo moderno. A principal forma de energia propulsora utilizada baseia-se na queima de combustíveis fósseis. Em sistemas reais de combustão o processo químico envolvido apresenta alto grau de complexidade que se traduz, na emissão de cinco principais espécies de poluentes atmosféricos, a saber, monóxido de carbono, compostos orgânicos (hidrocarbonetos não queimados ou apenas parcialmente queimados), particulados, óxidos sulfurosos e óxidos nitrogenados. Graças a crescente e necessária preocupação ambiental as normas relativas a emissões têm sido periodicamente revistas, sendo uma das principais o Padrão Europeu definido como Euro que disciplina veículos que circulam na Europa e demais países que como o Brasil que a adotam como modelo. Motores a diesel têm como emissão crítica os óxidos nitrogenados, NOx (NO + NO2) e as emissões de material particulado. As diferentes técnicas utilizadas para reduzir a formação destes poluentes podem ser divididas entre aquelas aplicadas durante o processo de combustão e as outras aplicadas somente após a combustão, ou seja, nos gases de exaustão. O presente trabalho utilizou-se de uma técnica que atua no processo de combustão conhecida como EGR, Recirculação Parcial dos Gases de Exaustão. O objeto de estudo é um motor diesel de quatro cilindros em linha, equipado com EGR que atende a Euro III, com limite de NOx igual a 5,0 g/kWh. A premissa do trabalho é a avaliação do potencial deste motor em atingir os níveis de emissões da norma Euro VI, com limite de NOx igual a 0,4 g/kWh. Para tal, serão mantidas as configurações originais do motor, alterando-se somente os componentes que fazem parte do sistema de EGR. O estudo foi realizado em diferentes etapas, I, II e III, durante as quais foram identificados os componentes de EGR que mais influenciam para a redução do NOx. Os resultados obtidos são satisfatórios, alcançando valores próximos ao objetivo, mostrando desta forma que o estudo é de grande aplicabilidade para os motores atuais e futuros / Abstract: Automotive vehicles are responsible for the most of locomotion in the modern world. The mainly propulsive energy used is based on burning of fossil fuels. In real combustion systems the chemical process involved a high complexity which results mainly in five types of air pollutants, that are, carbon monoxide, organic compounds as hydrocarbons unburned or partially burned, ashes, oxides sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Due to growing of necessity to care the environment concern, emissions standards have been reviewed periodically and one of the main is European Standard defined as Euro that discipline European vehicles and other countries like Brazil that concern it as a model. The most critical diesel engine emission are nitrogen oxides, NOx (NO + NO2) and particulate matter. The different techniques used to reduce the formation of these pollutants can be divided into those applied during the combustion process and other applied only after combustion, in the exhaust gases. This study used a technique that operates in the combustion process known as EGR, Exhaust Gas Recirculation. The object of study is a fourcylinder diesel engine, in line, equipped with EGR that meets the ,Euro III emission standards with NOx limit as 5,0 g / kWh. The premise work was evaluated the potential of this engine to achieve the Euro VI emission levels, with NOx limit as 0,4 g / kWh. To do this the original basic engine parts will be kept, to changing only the components that are part of the EGR system. The study was conducted at different stages I, II and III, to identify which EGR components have more influence to reduce NOx. The results are consider satisfactory, reaching values close to the goal, thus demonstrating that the study is of great applicability to current and future engines / Mestrado / Motores / Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica

Submitted by PPG Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais (engenharia.pg.materiais@pucrs.br) on 2017-12-26T10:44:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Joel_de_Oliveira_Santos_DIS.pdf: 2391365 bytes, checksum: 494fe700a3624e9b996ee073b4bc0283 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-12-26T19:01:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Joel_de_Oliveira_Santos_DIS.pdf: 2391365 bytes, checksum: 494fe700a3624e9b996ee073b4bc0283 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-26T19:06:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joel_de_Oliveira_Santos_DIS.pdf: 2391365 bytes, checksum: 494fe700a3624e9b996ee073b4bc0283 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-31 / The presente work aims to evaluate exhaust gas emissions and particulate matters in a diesel cycle engine. A Cummins ISB Maxi Power (EURO III) Ford F250 pickup truck with electronic commom rail fuel injection system was used to identify which blend achieves the best environmental performance without compromising power and torque. The exhaust gases (CO, NOx, SO2) and particulate matters in different engine operating regimes were analyzed using commercial diesel oil B7 (diesel oil with 7% biodiesel volume) and additions of biodiesel up to B100. The procedures used in the tests were based on the ESC (European Stationary Cycle) test of engines in chassis dynamometer. The dynamometer used was the BOSCH model FLA 203, in conjunction with a TESTO model 350 gas analyzer, a NAPRO model NA 9000 opacimeter, and a 24-channel Pro Model FUEL TECH Datalogger. The results showed that the carbon monoxide (CO) had a significant reduction of 57.22% with the engine running with B100 at 750 rpm and 84.39% at 2600 rpm in a regime of 75% of the maximum power compared to B7. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) had an increase of 145.43% with B100 at 2600 rpm. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) produced by the combustion of diesel S10, represents low values, reaching 0 ppm in any of the engine operating regimes operating with the blends. The power and torque of the engine had an increase of 2.85% and 2.81% with the B15 mixture compared to the B7 fuel, even with the B15 we can verify that the carbon monoxide (CO) had a reduction of 35.78%, nitrogen oxides (NOx) had an increase of 40.71% and opacity a reduction of 1.9%. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as emiss?es de gases de exaust?o e materiais particulados em um motor ciclo diesel. Foi utilizado um ve?culo caminhonete Ford, modelo F250, com motor Diesel Cummins ISB Maxi Power (EURO III), com gerenciamento eletr?nico de inje??o de combust?vel Commom Rail, buscando identificar qual mistura obt?m o melhor desempenho ambiental sem comprometer pot?ncia e torque. Foram analisados os gases de exaust?o CO, NOx, SO2 e material particulado em diferentes regimes de funcionamento do motor, utilizando o ?leo diesel comercial (B7 - ?leo diesel com 7% em volume de biodiesel) e percentuais de biodiesel at? B100. Os procedimentos utilizados nos testes foram baseados na norma ESC (European Stationary Cycle) de teste de motores em dinam?metro de chassi. O dinam?metro usado foi da marca BOSCH, modelo FLA 203, em conjunto com analisador de gases da marca TESTO, modelo 350, opac?metro da marca NAPRO, modelo NA 9000, e Datalogger da marca FUEL TECH, 24 canais, modelo Pro. Os resultados mostraram que o mon?xido de carbono (CO) teve uma redu??o de 57,22% com o motor operando com B100 em marcha lenta (750 rpm) e 84,39% na rota??o de 2600 rpm, comparado com B7. Os ?xidos de nitrog?nio (NOx) tiveram aumentos de 145,43% com B100 a 2600 rpm. O di?xido de enxofre (SO2) apresentou valores pr?ximos a 0 ppm em qualquer um dos regimes do motor. A pot?ncia e torque tiveram aumentos de 2,85% e 2,81% com B15 comparado com B7, e com B15 o mon?xido de carbono (CO) teve redu??o de 35,78%, os ?xidos de nitrog?nio (NOx) tiveram aumentos de 40,71% e a opacidade redu??o de 1,9%.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by James W. Slack. / Ph.D.

O presente trabalho analisa a viabilidade técnica e ambiental da mistura álcool/ diesel/ aditivo AEP-102 (MADA), proposta para ser usada como combustível nas frotas de ônibus urbanos n cidade e Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, como uma alternativa para reduzir o consumo de óleo diesel, as importações de petróleo e diesel e as emissões de poluentes atmosféricos. De início é feita uma breve revisão bibliográfica das principais fontes alternativas, destacando os pontos positivos e as suas dificuldades em relação ao uso convencional. Aborda-se a criação do programa nacional do álcool, situação atual e perspectiva para o futuro do programa com a entrada de novas tecnologias, o perfil de consumo de derivados e a estrutura de refino no Brasil. Analisa-se parte do relatório de tese que menciona a formação de mistura álcool/ diesel/ aditivo, características do aditivo, resultados laboratoriais: físico-químicos (emissões, desgaste do sistema de injeção), testes de bancada com o MADA, monitoramento dos ônibus utilizados nos testes de campo, baseado apenas na utilização MADA 11,2 (motor, emissões e sistema de injeção). Verifica-se que o uso da MADA pode contribuir para redução de emissões de poluentes, principalmente o material particulado; se ampliado em grande escala, pelo aspecto energético, pode haver uma redução nas importações de petróleo e derivados. Apresenta-se as questões de difícil solução atribuídas ao uso do combustível como o desgaste prematuro nos componentes do sistema de injeção, provocado pela baixa lubricidade do combustível, e a instabilidade da MADA nas condições de estocagem, bem como os aspectos a serem analisados em futuros trabalhos. / This work analyses the technical and environmental feasibility of the alcohol/ diesel/ additive AEP-102 (MAD) mixture, proposal to be used as fuel for the buses fleets of Curitiba City and its nearby region, as an alternative to reduce diesel consumption, petroleum and diesel importation, and gas emission to the atmosphere. The thesis starts with a brief bibliographic review of the main alternative source, pointing out positive aspects and their difficulties with relations to the conventional use. The text discusses the creation of the creation of the alcohol national program, its actual and future perspectives with the migration of new technology, the consumption profile of petroleum related products and the refining structure in Brazil. It analyzes part of the testing report which mentions the creation of alcohol/ diesel/ additive mixture, the additive characteristics, and laboratories results: physical-chemical, emissions, fuel injection system wear, bench tests with MADA, and monitoring the buses used on field tests, based only on MADA 11,2 usage (motor, emissions and injection system). One can see that the use of MADA can contribute to emission reduction, mainly particles. On a macro view, by means of energy aspects, there could be a crude and petroleum based products importation reduction. The document brings up hard solving questions imputed by the use of this fuel, as the premature wear off of the injection system components, caused by the low lubricity of the fuel, and MADA instability at storage condition, as well topics to be studied in future works.

Neste trabalho pretende-se desenvolver o dispositivo para a fixação de cabeçotes e acionamento de válvulas em um equipamento para medição de swirl, que é um dos movimentos do ar dentro da câmara de combustão nos motores de ignição por compressão. Este desenvolvimento tem como objetivos facilitar a montagem do cabeçote no equipamento e desenvolver o avanço automático das válvulas, visando a redução do tempo total do ensaio. No desenvolvimento, foi feito um comparativo das características e componentes montados nos cabeçotes e nos diferentes modelos que serão testados no equipamento, para que não fossem necessários retrabalhos no cabeçote ou desmontagens de componentes para a realização dos ensaios, abrangendo a maior gama possível de produtos. Foram definidos os métodos de posicionamento do cabeçote no dispositivo e o sistema de fixação. Para garantir a precisão no acionamento das válvulas, foi definido um fuso de esferas recirculantes, acionadas por um motor de passo. O projeto foi concluído e o dispositivo foi fabricado e instalado no equipamento de medição. Testes realizados mostraram resultados de medição de swirl conforme esperado, além da diminuição no tempo total do teste. A partir de observações feitas após a fabricação e os testes no dispositivo, algumas melhorias estão sendo propostas, como, por exemplo, acionamentos por balancins independentes para cada válvula. / In this work, the aim is to develop the device for the fixture of the cylinder head and the valve actuation in a swirl meter test bench. Swirl is a movement inside the combustion chamber in a compression ignition engine. The development aims to facilitate the assembling of the cylinder head in the equipment and develop the valve lift device, focusing in decreasing the total time for the test. Also, the valve actuator shall be able to perform the continuous valve lift in the swirl measurement. During the development of this work, a comparative of the main features and the components assembled in the different cylinder head types to be tested in the equipment was done, to avoid rework or disassembling of components for the test, including the most variety of types. It was defined the positioning method for cylinder head in the device and the fixation system. To ensure the precision in the valve actuation, it was defined a ball screw, driven by a step motor. The project was finalized, manufactured and installed in the measurement equipment. Performed tests have showed results of swirl measurement according to expected, and the total time of test was decreased. After this first project, some improvements are proposed in the device, for example, individual actuation per valve.

Padrões moleculares associados à patógenos (PAMPs) e citocinas pró-inflamatórias ativam o Eixo Imune-Pineal promovendo uma alternância temporária da síntese de melatonina da glândula pineal para células imuno-competentes. Esta regulação é mediada pela ativação do fator de transcrição factor nuclear kappa B (NF-&kappa;B), que de acordo com contexto fisiológico controla a transcrição do gene que codifica a enzima-chave na síntese de melatonina (arilalquilamina-N-acetiltransferase, AA-NAT), e altera a função da melatonina de cronobiótica a reguladora de respostas inflamatórias. Nosso objetivo foi investigar se a poluição do ar, um importante fator inflamatório ambiental é capaz de acionar o Eixo Imune-Pineal. Investigamos o efeito de partículas concentradas finas (<2,5 &mu;m) na síntese de melatonina noturna em ratos, e o efeito de partículas isoladas derivadas diesel (DEP) na síntese de melatonina por células RAW 264.7 e macrófagos pulmonares. A exposição ao PM aumentou a translocação nuclear de NF-&kappa;B e reduziu a expressão pineal de AA-NAT e a concentração de melatonina plasma. Em contraste, a DEP leva a uma translocação transitória de NF-&kappa;B em macrófagos resultando na expressão de AA-NAT e a síntese da melatonina. Nós confirmamos que a ativação de elementos kappa B no gene Aa-nat foi responsável por sua transcrição. Em conclusão, a poluição do ar, o que pode ser considerado um agente de sinalização de perigo, ativa o eixo imune-pineal, reduzindo a síntese da melatonina pineal noturno, e ativando a produção de melatonina por macrófagos. / Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and pró-inflammatory cytokines activate the Immune-Pineal Axis promoting a temporary shift of melatonin synthesis from the pineal gland to immune-competent cells .This shift is mediated by the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-&kappa;B ), which according to the cell milieu inhibits or induces the transcription of the gene that codifies the key enzyme in melatonin synthesis (arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase, AA-NAT), and alters melatonin function from chronobiotic to a regulator of inflammatory responses Our aim is to investigate whether air pollution, an important environmental danger-associated molecular pattern, triggers the immune-pineal axis. We investigated the effect of urban fine concentrated particulate matter (PM2.5, <2.5 mm) on the nocturnal melatonin synthesis in rats, and the effect of isolated derived diesel particles (DEP) on melatonin synthesis by RAW 264.7 cells, a model for studying macrophages. PM exposition increased nuclear translocation of NF-&kappa;B and reduced the pineal expression of AA-NAT and plasma melatonin concentration. In contrast, DEP leads to a transient translocation of NF-&kappa;B in RAW 274.6 cells resulting in the expression of AA-NAT and the synthesis of melatonin. We confirmed that the activation of &kappa;B elements in Aa-nat gene was responsible for its transcription. In conclusion, air pollution, which can be considered a danger-signalizing agent, activates the immune-pineal axis, reducing nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis, and activating the production of melatonin by macrophages.