Proefschrift - Utrecht. / Summary in English.

Background: Associations between dietary fats and mortality are unclear. Methods: We evaluated the relationship between quartiles of total fat, mono-unsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) consumption, and all-cause, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and type 2 diabetes (T2D)-associated mortality in 24,144 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 1999–2010. We added our results to a meta-analysis based on searches until November 2018. Results: In fully adjusted Cox-proportional hazard models in our prospective study, there was an inverse association between total fat (HR: 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.82, 0.99, Q4 vs Q1) and PUFA (0.81, 0.78–0.84) consumption and all-cause mortality, whereas SFA were associated with the increased mortality (1.08, 1.04–1.11). In the meta-analysis of 29 prospective cohorts (n = 1,148,117) we found a significant inverse association between total fat (0.89, 0.82–0.97), MUFA (0.93, 0.87–0.99) and PUFA (0.86, 0.80–0.93) consumption and all-cause mortality. No association was observed between total fat and CVD (0.92, 0.79–1.08) or CHD mortality (1.03 0.99–1.09). A significant association between SFA intake and CHD mortality (1.10, 1.01–1.20) was observed. Neither MUFA nor PUFA were associated with CVD or CHD mortality. Inverse associations were observed between MUFA (0.80, 0.67–0.96) and PUFA (0.84, 0.80–0.90) intakes and stroke mortality. Conclusions: We showed differential associations of total fat, MUFA and PUFA with all-cause mortality, but not CVD or CHD mortalities. SFA was associated with higher all-cause mortality in NHANES and with CHD mortality in our meta-analysis. The type of fat intake appears to be associated with important health outcomes. / European Society of Cardiology / Revisión por pares

Beginning January 1, 2006 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration mandated that the amount of trans fats per serving be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel. Consequently new soybean breeds that would no longer be subject to the hydrogenation process, thus reducing trans fats, were developed. By traditional plant breeding techniques, plant breeders have developed a low linolenic soybean with 83.36% less alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; omega-3) than conventional soybean. A number of studies have demonstrated that the influence of dietary fats on cancer depends on the quantity as well as the type of lipids and diets with a disproportionately high omega-6 (n-6)/omega-3 (n-3) ratio are thought to contribute to cardiovascular disease, inflammation and cancer. Conventional soybean oil (SO) has an n-6/n-3 ratio of 8/1 while the new low linolenic soy bean oil (LLSO) has an n-6/n-3 ratio of 56/1. In this study, we evaluated the effects of dietary LLSO, SO and lard on the progression of breast cancer (BC). Thirty-five, 6-wk old, ovariectomized, athymic mice received human pre-malignant breast cells (MCF-10AT1 1 x 105 cells/40μl/ Matrigel/spot, 4 spots/mouse). Mice were divided into three groups and then fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets with disparate fat sources: LLSO (20% of total energy intake), SO (20%) and lard (20%). The dietary treatment lasted 24 weeks upon which the study was terminated and tumors, tissues and blood samples were analyzed. Average tumor surface area at termination for the LLSO group was 45.11 ± 4.46 mm2, 40.08 ± 4.2 mm2 for lard and 56.63 ± 5.42 mm2 for SO. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of HER2/neu, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), H-ras, Bcl-2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), vascular epidermal growth factor (VEGF), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in tumors were analyzed using quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We found that dietary LLSO supplementation significantly (p < 0.05, Tukey's test) increased tumor expression of oncogenes HER2/neu, EGFR, FAS, and H-ras, but not in the SO or lard supplemented groups. Relative mRNA expression was also significantly increased in both LLSO and SO groups, however, there was no marked difference in mRNA expression for Bcl-2 and COX-2. Removed tumors were evaluated microscopically for histologic lesion progression corresponding to human breast cancer progression. Tumors from the LLSO group showed more advanced lesions (grade 2) (p < 0.05, Chi Square test) with areas of four or more layers of epithelial cells and irregularly shaped lumens. These data suggest that dietary intake of LLSO may accelerate mammary tumor progression at a faster rate than conventional SO or lard. / Master of Science

Preference for palatable and energy-dense foods may be a risk factor for body weight gain and has both genetic and environmental components. Once obesity develops in an individual, weight loss is difficult to achieve. Indeed, obesity is often characterized by repeated attempts to reduce the overconsumption of energy-dense foods, followed by food craving and relapse to overconsumption. Relapse and loss of control over intake are observed also in drug addicts, and it has been shown that obesity and drug addiction not only share behavioural features but also neural circuitry, e.g. the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. In this thesis, we sought to investigate the mechanisms related to food preferences and craving using animal models previously used in addiction research. The risk of gaining weight may implicate behavioural traits and emotional states. We showed in rats that a risk-taking behavioural profile was associated both with increased preference for a high-fat (HF) diet and with increased motivational response to a palatable high-sucrose (HS) diet. Hypothalamic urocortin 2 expression was associated with the preference for the HF diet. We also tested the hypothesis that consumption of HS and HF diets separately or provided simultaneously (HFHS) affect anxiety-like behaviour and locomotion. Furthermore, we showed that withdrawal from HFHS food affects diet-induced obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) animals differently. OP animals had increased motivation (craving) for HS food pellets as measured by the operant self-administration technique during withdrawal. Dopamine receptor expression in the striatum differed between OP and OR animals both at access to HFHS and during withdrawal. This strongly implicates dopaminergic signaling in the OP phenotype. In humans, food preferences may be monitored using questionnaires. We analyzed food preference data from parents of preschool children, and identified an inverse association of parental preference for high-fat high-protein food and overweight in children. In conclusion, we have employed animal models previously used in the addiction field to identify molecular mechanisms related both to food preference and vulnerability to obesity, and to food craving associated with withdrawal from palatable food. These findings add to our current understanding of obesity.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-127).

This research project investigates the long-term consequences of perinatal exposure to high-fat (HF) on the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system. Adult offspring of mothers fed a HF diet (30% fat, compared to 5% in control mothers (C)) during the last week of gestation and throughout lactation displayed decreased locomotion in response to an acute amphetamine challenge and decreased behavioral sensitization to repeated amphetamine compared to C animals. These behavioral effects were accompanied by small increases in tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the ventral tegmental area and significant increases in DA and DOPAC content in the NAc, suggesting an elevated DA tone in this target field. In the NAc, there were no significant changes in D1, D2 receptors or DA transporter (DAT) levels between diet groups. The behavioural and biochemical data were collected in adulthood, long after the termination of the diet suggesting that a HF perinatal diet is inducing permanent changes within the DA system and might contribute to the development of metabolic disturbances.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of Toledo, 2007. / "In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biomedical Sciences." Title from title page of PDF document. Bibliography: p. 120-176.

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 59-65.

Orientador: Maria Célia Portella / Coorientador: Dalton José Carneiro / Banca: Marcelo Pereira de Aguiar Toledo / Banca: Thiago Matias Torres Nascimento / Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo de tilápias do Nilo criadas em gaiolas e alimentadas com dietas extrusadas com quatro níveis de carboidratos e lipídios em diferentes relações. Foram utilizados 1280 peixes machos revertidos sexualmente da linhagem gift (157,54 ± 3,50g), distribuídos em 16 gaiolas (1,0 m³), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, com 80 tilápias do Nilo em cada gaiola. Os peixes foram alimentados com quatro dietas com aproximadamente 3500 kcal kg-1 de energia digestível, contendo quatro níveis de carboidratos e lipídios (CHO35/L9, CHO39/L8, CHO43/L7 e CHO47/L6%) e com diferentes relações de CHO:L (3,89; 4,87; 6,14; 7,83; respectivamente). As tilápias foram arraçoadas quatro vezes ao dia, durante 120 dias. Não houve mortalidade durante o período experimental. As tilápias alimentadas com as dietas contendo a relação CHO:L 6,14, obtiveram as melhores médias para o desempenho produtivo: ganho em peso médio (GPM) 397,24±5,06g; taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) 1,07±0,028%/dia e consumo médio de ração (CS) 462,08±5,06g e também para eficiência de retenção de energia bruta (EREB) 57,17±4,16% e para extrato etéreo no ganho em peso (EEGP) 13,71±1,47%, nas condições de realização do experimento. Na avaliação histológica houve um aumento na concentração de vacúolos de gordura nos tecidos hepáticos quando as relações de CHO:L aumentavam. / Abstract: The aim of this was to evaluate the performance of Nile tilapia rared in cages fed extruded diets containing four relations of carbohydrates and lipids. 1280 male (157.54 ± 3,50g) were used and distributed in 16 cages (1.0 m³) in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates. Each cage contains 80 Nile tilapia. The fish were fed diets with 3500 kcal kg -1 of digestible energy, containing four levels of carbohydrates and lipids (CHO35/L9, CHO39/L8, CHO43/L7 and CHO47/L6%) with the CHO:L relations: (3.89; 4.87; 6.14; 7.83; respectively). The tilapia were fed four times a day for 120 days. There was no mortality during the trial period. The tilapia fed diets containing the relation CHO:L 6.14, showed the best productive performance mean for weight gain (WG) 397.24 ± 5,06g; specific growth rate (SGR) 1.07 ± 0.028%/day, average feed intake (AFC) 462.08 ± 5,06g, also gross energy retention efficiency (GERE) 57.17 ± 4.16% and ether extract to weight gain (EEWG) 13.71 ± 1.47%, at the experiment conditions. Histological evaluation showed increased in fat vacuoles concentration and liver tissues when as CHO:L relations increased as well. / Mestre

Orientadores: Jose Antonio Rocha Gontijo, Adrianne Christine Palanch / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T20:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roza_NoemiAngelicaVieira_M.pdf: 2449991 bytes, checksum: 0b5ad477d60fbc3b8e8d3c108d67f620 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A prevalência de doenças cardiovasculares e obesidade esta associada ao aumento da ingestão de alimentos hipercalóricos em decorrência de modificações no padrão alimentar ocorrido nas ultimas décadas. A relação entre uma dieta rica em ácidos graxos saturados e resistência a insulina, Diabetes Mellitus e hipertensão e amplamente aceita. A ingestão de dieta hiperlipídica durante o período gestacional pode induzir na prole, na idade adulta, hipertensão, resistência a insulina, dislipidemia e obesidade, sintomas clássicos da Síndrome Metabólica, cada vez mais presentes também em crianças e adolescentes. Adicionalmente, a exposição a dieta hiperlipídica pode aumentar a expressão de proteínas da via inflamatória tais como JNK, IKK?, I?B, NF-?B. Este trabalho estudou a repercussão do tratamento pré-natal sobre a função renal, a inflamação no rim e o metabolismo glicídico como componentes importantes na elevação pressórica na prole de fêmeas alimentadas com dieta hiperlipídica. Ratas Wistar receberam dieta com 60% de lipídios desde o desmame, durante a prenhez e a lactação, sendo este modelo experimental comprovado por meio do perfil metabólico. As fêmeas apresentaram menor ganho de peso em todo o período, mesmo tendo um maior consumo calórico. Apos oito semanas de dieta, as ratas apresentaram alterações na função renal, queda da excreção de potássio e resistência periférica a insulina, associadas a elevação da pressão arterial. A prole de machos dessas fêmeas foi estudada em idades distintas. Os animais nasceram com menor massa corporal e, mesmo apos o desmame, continuaram ganhando menos peso ate a 16a semana de vida. A filtração glomerular aumentou e a reabsorção de sódio no rim aumentou significativamente na 16a semana de vida. Alem disto, nesta idade, a prole de machos apresentou resistência a insulina e aumento na expressão de proteínas da via inflamatória do NF-?B. Em consequência destas alterações verificou-se aumento da pressão arterial a partir da 8a semana de vida. O presente estudo demonstrou que a ingestão crônica materna de dieta hiperlipídica leva a modificações em mecanismos de controle da pressão arterial sistêmica na prole adulta / Abstract: Prevalence of cardiovascular disease and obesity is associated with increased calorie intake of food due to changes in dietary patterns in recent decades. The relationship between a diet rich in saturated fatty acids and insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and hypertension is widely accepted. Eating high-fat diet during pregnancy can induce in the offspring in adulthood, hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and obesity, classic symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome, also increasingly present in children and adolescents. Additionally, exposure to high-fat diet can increase the protein expression of inflammatory pathway such as JNK, IKK?, I?B, NF-?B. This study examined the impact of prenatal treatment on renal function, inflammation and glucose metabolism in the kidney as an important component in blood pressure elevation in the offspring of females fed high-fat diet. Female rats were fed a diet with 60% fat from weaning, during pregnancy and lactation, and this is evidenced by the experimental model of the metabolic profile. Females had lower weight gain during the entire period, despite having a higher caloric intake. After eight weeks of diet, rats showed changes in renal function, decreased excretion of potassium and insulin resistance, associated with elevated blood pressure. The male offspring of these females were studied at different ages. The animals were born with lower body mass, and even after weaning, less weight gain continued until the 16th week of life. The glomerular filtration and increased sodium reabsorption in the kidney increased significantly at week 16 of life. Moreover, at this age, the offspring of males showed insulin resistance and increased protein expression of inflammatory pathway of NF-?B. In consequence of these changes there was an increase in blood pressure from 8 weeks of age. This study showed that chronic ingestion of maternal high-fat diet leads to changes in control mechanisms of blood pressure in adult offspring / Mestrado / Ciencias Basicas / Mestre em Clinica Medica