Dietas ricas em gordura ou carboidrato têm sido difundidas e consumidas nas últimas décadas, entretanto pouco é conhecido sobre as consequências metabólicas destas em longo prazo. Neste estudo, foram analisados a quantidade de gordura intramiocelular (IMCL), a função endotelial, além da lipemia, glicemia, insulinemia e resistência à insulina após semanas de dieta rica em gordura ou carboidrato, perdendo ou mantendo peso. De 43 mulheres triadas com sobrepeso (25< BMI <29.9 Kg/m2), 22 foram randomizadas para duas diferentes sequências de dietas. O IMCL foi medido através de espectroscopia por ressonância magnética 1H e a função endotelial pela pletismografia. Após 4 semanas de dieta rica em carboidrato, mantendo peso, foi observado aumento no IMCL do músculo tibial anterior (2.06 ± 1.27 vs. 3.52 ± 1.92, p=0.04) e na insulinemia em jejum (11.55 ± 4.43 vs. 14.03 ± 5.23, p=0.04), enquanto a dieta rica em gordura, no mesmo período, ocasionou aumento no HDL-C (37.06 ± 8.42 vs. 42.5 ± 9.32, p=0.003) e redução nos níveis de triglicerídeos em jejum (102,83 ± 34,10 vs. 75,83 ± 20,91, p=0,02). A função endotelial, colesterol total, LDL-C e resistência à insulina não mudaram durante esta fase. A perda de peso (média de 5%, por 8 semanas), não promoveu modificações nos parâmetros metabólicos vistos com a dieta de manutenção de peso. A partir destes resultados, concluiu-se que a ingestão de dieta rica em carboidrato, por 4 semanas de manutenção de peso, aumenta a insulinemia em jejum e o IMCL do músculo tibial anterior, enquanto a dieta rica em gordura pelo mesmo período aumenta o HDL-C e reduz triglicerídeos em mulheres saudáveis com sobrepeso. / High fat or high carbohydrate (cab) diet have been widely difunded and consumed during last decades; however it is not clear their metabolic effects in long term. In the present study we analyzed intramyocellular lipids (IMCL), endothelial function, plasma lipids, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance after high fat or high cab diet during weeks, maintaining or losing weight. 43 overweight women (25< BMI <29.9 Kg/m2) were screened, 22 of them were randomized to two different diet sequence. IMCL was measured by using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and endothelial function by using plethysmography method. Tibialis anterior IMCL (2.06 ± 1.27 vs. 3.52 ± 1.92, p=0.04) and fasting insulinemia increased (11.55 ± 4.43 vs. 14.03 ± 5.23, p=0.04) after four weeks of high cab diet after maintenance phase, while fasting HDL-C increased (37.06 ± 8.42 vs. 42.5 ± 9.32, p=0.003) and triglycerides levels decreased (102.83 ± 34.10 vs. 75.83 ± 20.91, p=0.02) after maintenance phase of high fat diet. Endothelial function, total cholesterol, LDL-C and insulin resistance did not alter during maintenance phase. A weight loss of 5%, after eight weeks, did not promote changes in the metabolic parameters, as seen during maintenance phase. Based on these results, it was concluded that high cab diet, four weeks with no weight change, increases tibialis anterior IMCL and fasting insulinemia, while high fat diet during same period increases HDL-C and decreases triglycerides in a healthy overweight women population.

Introdução: O consumo de manteigas e margarinas faz parte do hábito alimentar da população e é uma forma eficaz de suplementação de ácidos graxos. No entanto, até o momento se desconhece os efeitos de ácidos graxos saturados, trans, monoinsaturados, poliinsaturados e de fitosteróis no perfil lipídico, inflamatório, de marcadores de disfunção endotelial e no metabolismo da HDL em indivíduos com síndrome metabólica (SM). Objetivo: Examinar os efeitos do consumo diário de manteiga, margarina com ácido graxo trans, margarina com fitosterol e margarina sem ácido graxo trans, em quantidades recomendadas por diretrizes, sobre: 1) o perfil lipídico, apolipoproteínas (Apo), marcadores inflamatórios e de disfunção endotelial e transferência de lipídeos para HDL, em indivíduos com SM, sem alterar seus hábitos usuais de vida, 2) a associação desses parâmetros com a composição nutricional das dietas dos indivíduos estudados. Métodos: Este estudo foi randomizado, cego, onde 100 indivíduos receberam porções diárias isocalóricas de manteiga ou margarina com ácido graxo trans ou margarina com fitosterol ou margarina sem ácido graxo trans em adição às suas dietas usuais, por 5 semanas. Foram determinados: perfil lipídico, Apos, marcadores inflamatórios e de disfunção endotelial, LDL pequenas e densas e transferências de lipídeos para a HDL. Diferenças entre os grupos foram avaliados por ANOVA. Resultados: A amostra final foi composta por 66 indivíduos (63,6% mulheres, idade média 47,6 anos). Houve redução de -10,3% na Apo B (p=0,043) e de -15,2% na razão Apo B/Apo A-I (p=0,034) após consumo de margarina com fitosterol. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas nos lípides após consumo de manteiga, margarina com trans ou margarina sem trans. Transferências de fosfolípides foram reduzidas no grupo margarina com fitosterol (-4,7% vs. margarina com trans p=0,037); no grupo margarina sem trans foram reduzidas as transferências de: colesterol éster (-27% vs. manteiga e margarina com trans p=0,002), triglicérides (-43,3% vs. outros grupos p<0,001) e colesterol livre (-16,4%, vs. margarina com trans e margarina com fitosterol p=0,006). Não foram verificadas alterações significantes nos marcadores inflamatórios e de disfunção endotelial entre os grupos. Associações foram observadas entre os marcadores inflamatórios e de disfunção endotelial e consumo de lipídeos totais, ácidos graxos saturados, mono e poliinsaturados, colesterol, além de consumo energético e de carboidratos. As transferências de lipídeos para HDL associaram-se inversamente com o consumo de fibra alimentar. Conclusão: Nossos resultados indicam que o consumo de manteiga, margarina com ácido graxo trans e margarina sem ácido graxo trans, nas quantidades estudadas, por indivíduos com síndrome metabólica que não alteraram seus hábitos usuais de vida, não modificam o perfil lipídico ou marcadores inflamatórios e de disfunção endotelial. O consumo de margarina com fitosterol e margarina sem trans nas quantidades recomendadas reduziram respectivamente a concentração de Apo B e a habilidade da HDL de receber lípides. Os marcadores inflamatórios e de disfunção endotelial associaram-se com o consumo de gorduras e carboidratos, sugerindo que dietas ricas em gorduras e calorias podem modular a resposta inflamatória em indivíduos com SM. / Introduction: The consumption of butter and margarines are part of population dietary habits and is an effective form of fatty acid supplementation. However, the effects of saturated, trans, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and of plant sterol supplementation in the lipid profile, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction markers, and in the metabolism of HDL in individuals with the metabolic syndrome (MS) are unknown. Objective: Examine the effects of daily servings of butter, trans fat margarine, no trans fat margarine, and plant sterol margarine, within guideline recommended amounts, on: 1) plasma lipids, apolipoproteins (Apo), biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction and on the lipid transfer of radioactive lipids to HDL particles in free-living subjects with the MS, 2) to analyze the association of these parameters with the nutritional composition of the individuals\' diets. Methods: This was a randomized, single-blind study where 100 MS subjects received isocaloric servings of butter, trans fat margarine, no-trans fat margarine or plant sterol margarine in addition to their usual diets for 5 weeks. The main outcome measures were plasma lipids, Apo, inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers, small dense LDL cholesterol concentration and in vitro radioactive lipid transfer from cholesterol-rich emulsions to HDL. Difference among groups was evaluated by ANOVA. Results: Sixty-six subjects completed the study (63.6% women, mean age 47.6 years). There was a significant reduction in Apo B (-10.3 %, p=0.043) and in the Apo B/A-1 ratio (-15.2%, p=0.034) with plant sterol margarine. No changes in plasma lipids were noticed with butter, trans fat margarine and no-trans fat margarine. Transfer rates of lipids to HDL were reduced in the plant sterol margarine group: phospholipids -4.7% (p=0.037 vs. trans fat margarine) and in the no-trans fat margarine group: triglycerides -43.3%, (P<0.001 vs. other groups), cholesterol ester -27% (p=0.002 vs. butter and trans fat margarine) and free cholesterol -16.4% (p=0.006 vs. trans fat and plant sterol margarine). No significant effects were noted on inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers concentrations among the groups. An association was observed among the inflammatory markers and of endothelial dysfunction and the consumption of total lipids, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol, energy consumption and carbohydrates. The transfer rates of lipids to HDL were inversely associated with the consumption of dietary fiber. Conclusions: In free living subjects with the MS the consumption of butter, trans fat margarine and no-trans fat margarine, within recommended amounts did not modify the lipid profile or markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. The consumption of plant sterol and no-trans fat margarines reduced respectively Apo B concentrations and the ability of HDL to accept lipids. The inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers were positively associated with the consumption of fats and carbohydrates suggesting that diets rich in fats and calories can modulate inflammation in subjects with the MS.

Indivíduos portadores do glutamato na posição 27 do gene que codifica para o receptor beta2-adrenérgico têm resposta vasodilatadora muscular aumentada durante manobras fisiológicas. No entanto, o impacto do consumo agudo de gordura nessa resposta não é conhecido. Neste estudo, testou-se a hipótese de que o consumo gordura afetaria a resposta vasodilatadora aumentada destes indivíduos durante manobras fisiológicas. Vinte e cinco indivíduos saudáveis foram subdivididos em dois grupos: 11 homozigotos para o glutamato (Glu27Glu, 40+-3 anos; 65+-3kg) e 14 homozigotos para a glutamina (Gln27Gln, 40+-2 anos; 64+-2kg). O fluxo sangüíneo muscular foi medido por pletismografia de oclusão venosa. A resposta vasodilatadora muscular foi avaliada durante 3 minutos de exercício e estresse mental em jejum e 3 horas após consumo de 62 g de gordura. A condutância basal foi semelhante entre grupos (Glu27Glu=2,3+-0,1; Gln27Gln=2,2+-0,1; P=0,21). O aumento da condutância vascular durante exercício e durante o estresse mental foi maior no grupo Glu27Glu (0,73+-0,2 vs 0,22+-0,1; P=0,008 e 1,8?0,3 vs 1,2+-0,2; P=0,04, respectivamente). O consumo agudo de uma preparação rica em gordura eliminou esta diferença. A resposta de pressão arterial e freqüência cardíaca foi semelhante antes e após a ingestão de gordura. Os níveis de triglicérides, glicose e insulina foram semelhantes ao longo de todo período de estudo. O consumo agudo de gordura elimina a resposta aumentada do fluxo sangüíneo muscular durante manobras fisiológicas dos indivíduos portadores do genótipo Glu27Glu no receptorbeta2- adrenérgico. / Subjects who have glutamic acid at position 27 in gene encoding to beta2-adrenoceptor have increased muscle vasodilatory response during physiological maneuvers. However, the impact of a high-fat meal in this response is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a high-fat meal would modify the increased muscle vascular reactivity during handgrip and mental stress in these subjects. Twenty-five healthy subjects were subdivided in two groups: 11 were homozygous to glutamic acid (Glu27Glu, 40?3 years; 65+-3kg) and 14 were homozygous to glutamine (Gln27Gln, 40+-2 years; 64+-2kg). Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion pletysmography. Forearm blood flow was recorded for 3 minutes of handgrip and mental stress during fasting and three hours after 62g of fat consumption. Baseline forearm vascular conductance was similar between groups (Glu27Glu=2.3+-0.1; Gln27Gln=2.2+-0.1; P=0.21). Forearm vascular conductance during handgrip and mental stress was greater in the genotype Glu27Glu (0.73+-0.2 vs 0.22+-0.1; P=0.008 and 1.8+-0.3 vs 1.2+-0.2; P=0.04, respectively). Acute fat consumption eliminated the difference of vasodilatory response previously achieved. Blood pressure and heart rate response were similar before and after fat intake. Triglycerides, glucose and insulin levels were also similar between groups. We concluded that high-fat ingestion abolishes the augmented muscle blood flow responses during physiological maneuvers in individuals who are homozygous for the Glu27 allele of the beta2-adrenoceptor gene.

The regulation of the serum triglyceride responses to fat ingestion have been examined in normolipidemic men. To evaluate the existing methods for comparing chylomicron-triglyceride clearance, the oral and intravenous fat tolerance tests and a steady state duodenal perfusion method were compared. Good correlations (r > 0.8) were found between each of these methods. Since the intravenous fat tolerance test is independent of fat absorption, these data suggested that the serum triglyceride response to fat feeding was largely determined by the rate of chylomicron-triglyceride clearance. To determine the influence of the quantity and type of meal fat on postprandial serum triglyceride concentrations, the serum triglyceride responses to three different doses of dairy cream, and to standard doses of olive and sunflower oil were examined. For a given type of fat, the magnitude of postprandial lipemia (the integrated serum triglyceride excursion) varied directly with the quantity of fat in the meal. This finding suggested that the chylomicron- triglyceride clearance system(s) did not become saturated even after large fat meals. In addition, it appeared that the hormonal factors released in response to fat ingestion (some of which are known to increase lipoprotein lipase activity in vitro) did not increase the rate of chylomicron-triglyceride clearance. If the quantity of fat in a meal was fixed, then postprandial lipemia increased with increasing saturation of the triglyceride fatty acids. These differences did not appear to reflect differences in triglyceride absorption. Since acute fat feeding per se did not appear to stimulate chylomicron-triglyceride clearance, the effects of dietary proteins and carbohydrates were studied. The addition of up to 35g protein to a standard test meal did not affect postprandial lipemia. These results were supported by the observation that protein ingestion did not affect intravenous fat tolerance. Postprandial serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly influenced by carbohydrate ingestion. Fructose (50g) and sucrose (100g) markedly increased postprandial lipemia, although glucose ingestion did not. In agreement with earlier studies, glucose ingestion decreased serum triglyceride concentrations 2 hours after the meal. This effect was abolished by intraduodenal fat administration and by substituting starch for glucose in the test meal. The effects of glucose could be reproduced by iso-osmotic quantities of urea, however. These findings suggested that glucose ingestion did not increase chylomicron -triglyceride clearance. It is more likely that glucose delayed the absorption of triglycerides by slowing gastric emptying, and that this effect was partly related to the increased osmolarity of glucose- containing meals. The effects of chronic exercise on postprandial lipemia and chylomicron-triglyceride clearance were determined in endurance- adapted athletes. The serum triglyceride responses to large and small fat meals were lower in athletes than in sedentary men with comparable fasting triglyceride concentrations. These differences were not eliminated by a single bout of acute exercise in the sedentary men. The clearance of intravenously administered lntralipid, and chylomicron -triglyceride clearance assessed from steady state chylomicron-triglyceride concentrations during duodenal fat perfusion were faster in athletes than in the sedentary men. These data suggested that the low postprandial lipemia in athletes reflects increased chylomicron-triglyceride clearance caused by increased activity of the triglyceride clearing system(s). Given these considerations. it appears that the pathway(s) for chylomicron triglyceride clearance are extremely efficient in normal men and that these pathways are not subject to acute physiological regulation.

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, Division of Community Health, 2000. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 111-118. Also available online.

Introduction: Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) belong to cardiovascular diseases and contribute significantly to mortality, morbidity and disability in developed countries. Therefore the aim of current therapy is to reduce the risk of subsequent complications, including early death, and to increase patients' quality of life. For successful therapy it is necessary to follow regimen and dietary principles which are along with pharmacotherapy an integral part of treatment. Therefore sufficient knowledge of these principles by patients is a basic precondition for their successful treatment. Objectives: The aim of the diploma thesis was to assess dietary and regime knowledge in patients diagnosed with ACS. The specific objectives were: to determine an effect of sex or previous education on the knowledge; to describe patients' dietary habits; to specify their knowledge of nutrition; and to identify which knowledge is the most deficient. Methods: The research was carried out as a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was compiled directly for the purposes of this thesis and was approved by the VFN Ethics Committee for use in inpatient wards at II. and III. internal clinics and at the Coronary unit of II. internal clinics of VFN. A total of 80 patients diagnosed with ACS were included in the study....

No / Pottery was a hunter-gatherer innovation that first emerged in East Asia between 20,000 and 12,000 calibrated years before present (cal bp), towards the end of the Late Pleistocene epoch, a period of time when humans were adjusting to changing climates and new environments. Ceramic container technologies were one of a range of late glacial adaptations that were pivotal to structuring subsequent cultural trajectories in different regions of the world, but the reasons for their emergence and widespread uptake are poorly understood. The first ceramic containers must have provided prehistoric hunter-gatherers with attractive new strategies for processing and consuming foodstuffs, but virtually nothing is known of how early pots were used. Here we report the chemical analysis of food residues associated with Late Pleistocene pottery, focusing on one of the best-studied prehistoric ceramic sequences in the world, the Japanese Jomon. We demonstrate that lipids can be recovered reliably from charred surface deposits adhering to pottery dating from about 15,000 to 11,800 cal bp (the Incipient Jomon period), the oldest pottery so far investigated, and that in most cases these organic compounds are unequivocally derived from processing freshwater and marine organisms. Stable isotope data support the lipid evidence and suggest that most of the 101 charred deposits analysed, from across the major islands of Japan, were derived from high-trophic-level aquatic food. Productive aquatic ecotones were heavily exploited by late glacial foragers, perhaps providing an initial impetus for investment in ceramic container technology, and paving the way for further intensification of pottery use by hunter-gatherers in the early Holocene epoch. Now that we have shown that it is possible to analyse organic residues from some of the world's earliest ceramic vessels, the subsequent development of this critical technology can be clarified through further widespread testing of hunter-gatherer pottery from later periods.

A hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) é caracterizada por concentrações elevadas de LDL-c e alta prevalência de doença arterial coronária (DAC) precoce. Entretanto, o curso da DAC nos portadores de HF é variável e pode ser influenciado por outros fatores de risco. O objetivo foi avaliar parâmetros clínicos e nutricionais de adultos portadores de HF heterozigótica por estudo do tipo transversal. Coletou-se do prontuário dos pacientes resultados de exames laboratoriais, medidas de pressão arterial e diagnósticos clínicos. Verificou-se a concordância ou não entre as categorias de risco pelos escores de Framingham (ERF) e pelos critérios estabelecidos para os portadores de HF. Antecedentes pessoais e familiares para DAC, tabagismo, atividade física, consumo alimentar de gorduras, fibras e bebidas alcoólicas foram obtidos por questionário e medidas antropométricas foram aferidas. Foram comparados os grupos com e sem Síndrome Metabólica (SM) e os grupos com e sem DAC por análise univariada. Após, foram verificados os fatores determinantes para o desenvolvimento da DAC mediante modelo de regressão multivariada. Foram entrevistados 110 pacientes (68 mulheres) com média de idade de 48,9 ± 16,2 anos. A presença de história familiar de DAC precoce foi relatada por 67 (61,5%) pacientes. A hipertensão foi encontrada em 59 (53,6%), SM em 38 (34,9%), DAC em 30 (27,3%), HDL-c baixo em 28 (25,5%), diabete melito em 17 (15,5%), 25 (22,7%) eram ex-fumantes e 12 (10,9%) tabagistas. Com a comparação das categorias de risco observou-se discrepância em 77,5% dos casos entre os ERF e os critérios estabelecidos para a população de HF. Quanto ao estado nutricional, 47 (42,7%) eram pré-obesos e 61 (55,4%) com circunferência da cintura alterada. O consumo de gorduras, fibras e bebidas alcoólicas foi considerado adequado. Encontrou-se grande número de sedentários (77%). O grupo dos pacientes com SM tinha idade mais avançada (55 vs 46 anos; p = 0,002), maior número de mulheres (76,3%; p = 0,02) e portadores de DAC (42,1%; p = 0,013). O grupo dos coronarianos tinha idade mais avançada (55 vs 47 anos; p = 0,004), mais pacientes do sexo masculino (60%; p = 0,004), maior presença de hipertensos (90%; p = 0,001), exfumantes (40%; p = 0,008), com SM (53,3%; p = 0,013), HDL-c baixo (53,3%; p = 0,001) e antecedente de infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) em irmãos (50%; p = 0,012). As medidas antropométricas, o consumo alimentar e a atividade física não foram diferentes entre os grupos. Após análise de regressão multivariada os fatores de risco determinantes para o desenvolvimento da DAC foram HDL-c baixo (OR 8,4; IC 95% 2,7-27,6), sexo masculino (OR 7,3; IC 95% 2,1-24,7), história de IAM em irmãos (OR 3,4; IC 95% 1,1-10,5) e idade avançada (OR 1,06; IC 95% 1,02-1,1). Em nossa população, HDL-c baixo, sexo masculino, história de IAM em irmãos e idade foram fatores independentes para o desenvolvimento da DAC. / Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is characterized by raised concentrations of LDL-c and high prevalence of premature coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the course of the CAD in the FH is variable and can be influenced by other risk factors. The aim of the study was to assess clinical and nutritional parameters in adults with heterozigous FH by a cross sectional study. Laboratory exams, blood pressure measurement and clinical diagnosis were collected. Agreement or not between the categories of risk by Framingham scores and for established criteria for the FH subjects was verified. Personal and familial history for CAD, smoken habit, physical activity, fats, fibers and alcohol consumption were assessed by questionnaire and anthropometric measurement were verified. The groups with and without Metabolic Syndrome (MS) and groups with and without CAD were compared by univariated analysis. After, multivaried analysis (MVA) was used to assess the significance of differences in risk factors. The sample was composed by 110 patients (68 women) with average of age of 48.9 ± 16.2 years. The presence of familial history of premature CAD was detected in 67 (61.5%)subjects. Hypertension was found in 59 (53.6%), MS in 38 (34.9%), CAD in 30 (27.3%), low HDL-c in 28 (25.5%), diabetes in 17 (15.5%), 25 (22,7%) and 12 (10,9%) were respectively former and current smokers. In the comparison of the risk categories discrepancy was observed in 77.5% of the cases between the Framingham scores and the established criteria for the FH population. Analyzing the nutritional profile, 47 (42.7%) were overweight and 61 (55.4%) had increased waist circumference. The consumption of fats, fibers and alcohol were considered satisfactory. A great number of sedentary subjects was found (77%). The patients with MS were older (55 vs. 46 years; p = 0.002), had a greater number of women (76.3%; p = 0.02) and CAD (42.1%; p = 0.013). CAD subjects were older (55 vs. 47 years; p = 0.004), had a higher prevalence of males (60%; p = 0.004), hypertension (90%; p = 0.001), former smokers(40%; p = 0.008), MS (53.3%; p = 0.013), low HDL-c (53.3%; p = 0.001) and history of myocardial infarction in brothers (50%; p = 0.012). There were no differences between the groups regarding anthropometric measurements, consumption of fats, fiber and alcohol and physical activity. After MVA, independent risk factors for CAD were low HDL-c (OR 8.4; CI 95% 2.7-27.6), male gender (OR 7.3; CI 95% 2.1-24.7), history of myocardial infarction in brothers (OR 3.4; CI 95% 1.1-10.5) and advanced age (OR 1.06; CI 95% 1.02-1.1). In our population, low HDL-c, male gender, history of myocardial infarction in brothers and age were independently associated with the risk of CAD.