Considerações sobre tábua de vida e tábua de vida de múltiplo decremento foram feitas, dado que o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a magnitude da atuação de alguns grupos de agravos à saúde (doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, tumores malignos, incluindo as neoplasias malignas do tecido linfático e dos órgãos hematopoéticos, doenças cardiovasculares e acidentes, envenenamentos e violêcias) nas probabilidades de morte, de sobrevivência e nas esperanças de vida dos residentes no município de são Paulo em 1970. A esperança de vida ao nascer foi igual a 60,12 anos, no sexo masculino e 67,12 anos no sexo feminino. Foi detectado o importante papel das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, em menores de 4 anos, pois caso não tivessem sido fator de risco de morte a probabilidade de morrer, nestas idades, teria sido reduzida em até 35 por cento , permitindo que a esperança de vida ao nascer tivesse acréscimos de 2,52 anos (4,19 por cento a mais) e 2,24 anos (3.33 por cento a mais) respectivamante para os homens e mulheres. Os tumores malilnos se não tivessem sido fator de risco de morte teriam reduzido a probabi1idade de morrer dos homens de 50 a 70 anos, em torno de 16 por cento e em 25 por cento , a das mulheres de 40 a 60 anos. Os ganhos nas esperanças de vida ao nascer seriam de 1,87 anos (3,11 por cento a mais) e 2,02 anos (3,01 por cento a mais) nos sexos masculino e feminino, respectivamente. As doenças cardiovasculares, principal grupo de causas de morte, reduziriam em até 60 por cento a probabilidade de morrer dos residentes no municipio de são Paulo, em 1970, e propiciariam ganhos de 9,14 anos e 11,44 anos, respectivamente na esperança de vida ao nascer, masculina e feminina, caso não tivessem sido fator de risco de morte. Os acidentes, envenenamentos e violências, segundo grupo de causas de morte para os homens, caso não tivessem sido fator de risco de morte, teriam reduzido de 27,83 por cento até 65,17 por cento a probabilidade de morrer entre 4 e 40 anos, com isso a probabilidade de sobreviver dos 15 aos 65 anos, faixa de população economicamente ativa, seria de 66,87 por cento , em vez de 61,87 por cento . O ganho na esperança de vida ao nascer seria de 2,36 anos (3,93 por cento a mais). Após a análise de cada um dos grupos de causas pôde-se ordenar os principais grupos de doenças em função dos ganhos que propiciariam à esperança de vida ao nascer, caso não tivessem sido fator de risco de morte: no SEXO MASCULINO - cardiovasculares, infecciosas e parasitárias, acidentes, envenenamentos e violências e os tumores malignos; no sexo FEMININO - cardiovasculares, infecciosas e parasitárias, tumores malignos e os acidentes, envenenamentos e violências. Finalizando, levantou-se a hipótese de que o padrão de mortalidade no município de São Paulo, em 1970, refletiria a existência de problemas de saúde de uma população formada por setores distintos onde coexistiriam condições adversas a saúde típicas, ora de regiões consideradas desenvolvidas, ora de regiões em desenvolvimento. / General considerations about life tables and multiple decrement tables were made, since the objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of some diseases (Infective and Parasitic diseases, Neoplasms, Cardiovascular diseases and Accidents, Poisonings and Violence) on the probabilities of dying, survival, and on the expectation of life of the inhabitants of the City of são Paulo in 1970. The calculated male life expectancy was 60.12 years and the female was 67.12 years. The main role of the Infective diseases was detected among children bellow age 4. The reduction in their probability of dying, if the effect of these diseases was removed, would be near 35 per cent ; and these diseases cause a loss of 2.52 years(4.19 per cent ) and 2.24 years (3.33 per cent ) for the male and female life expectancies, respectively. If the effect of the Neoplasms was removed, it would reduce the probability of dying for males in 16 per cent , in the age interval 50 to 70 years, and 25 per cent for wómen in the age interval 40 to 60 years. This disease causes a loss of 1.87 years (3.11 per cent ) in the expectation of life for males and 2.02 years (3.01 per cent ) for females. The Cardiovascular diseases, the main group of causes of death, would reduce as much as 60 per cent the probability of dying, if their effect were removed. The \"gain\" in life expectancy would be 9.14 years and 14.44 years for men and women, respectively. Removing the effect of Accidents, Poisonings and Violence, the second main group of causes of death for men, the probability of dying for men, aged 4 to 40 years would be reduced between 27.83 per cent and 65.17 per cent . The probability of survival for the population at the economically productive ages (15 to 65 years) would be 66.87 per cent instead of 61.87 per cent . The loss for the life expectancy in this case, is 2.36 years (3.93 per cent ). After this analysis the main grbups of causes of death were ranked as: FOR MALES: Cardiovascular diseases, Infective and Parasitic diseases, Accidents, Poisonings and Violence and Neoplasms; FOR FEMALES: Cardiovascular diseases, Infective and Parasitic diseases, Neoplasms and Accidents, Poisonings and Violence. An apparently dichotomous population could be considered as an explanatory hypothesis for the pattern of mortality prevailing in 1970, in the City of são Paulo: health problem effects on the mortality as those of developed countries were found, coexisting with typical health problems of the underdeveloped countries.

Considerações sobre tábua de vida e tábua de vida de múltiplo decremento foram feitas, dado que o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a magnitude da atuação de alguns grupos de agravos à saúde (doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, tumores malignos, incluindo as neoplasias malignas do tecido linfático e dos órgãos hematopoéticos, doenças cardiovasculares e acidentes, envenenamentos e violêcias) nas probabilidades de morte, de sobrevivência e nas esperanças de vida dos residentes no município de são Paulo em 1970. A esperança de vida ao nascer foi igual a 60,12 anos, no sexo masculino e 67,12 anos no sexo feminino. Foi detectado o importante papel das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, em menores de 4 anos, pois caso não tivessem sido fator de risco de morte a probabilidade de morrer, nestas idades, teria sido reduzida em até 35 por cento , permitindo que a esperança de vida ao nascer tivesse acréscimos de 2,52 anos (4,19 por cento a mais) e 2,24 anos (3.33 por cento a mais) respectivamante para os homens e mulheres. Os tumores malilnos se não tivessem sido fator de risco de morte teriam reduzido a probabi1idade de morrer dos homens de 50 a 70 anos, em torno de 16 por cento e em 25 por cento , a das mulheres de 40 a 60 anos. Os ganhos nas esperanças de vida ao nascer seriam de 1,87 anos (3,11 por cento a mais) e 2,02 anos (3,01 por cento a mais) nos sexos masculino e feminino, respectivamente. As doenças cardiovasculares, principal grupo de causas de morte, reduziriam em até 60 por cento a probabilidade de morrer dos residentes no municipio de são Paulo, em 1970, e propiciariam ganhos de 9,14 anos e 11,44 anos, respectivamente na esperança de vida ao nascer, masculina e feminina, caso não tivessem sido fator de risco de morte. Os acidentes, envenenamentos e violências, segundo grupo de causas de morte para os homens, caso não tivessem sido fator de risco de morte, teriam reduzido de 27,83 por cento até 65,17 por cento a probabilidade de morrer entre 4 e 40 anos, com isso a probabilidade de sobreviver dos 15 aos 65 anos, faixa de população economicamente ativa, seria de 66,87 por cento , em vez de 61,87 por cento . O ganho na esperança de vida ao nascer seria de 2,36 anos (3,93 por cento a mais). Após a análise de cada um dos grupos de causas pôde-se ordenar os principais grupos de doenças em função dos ganhos que propiciariam à esperança de vida ao nascer, caso não tivessem sido fator de risco de morte: no SEXO MASCULINO - cardiovasculares, infecciosas e parasitárias, acidentes, envenenamentos e violências e os tumores malignos; no sexo FEMININO - cardiovasculares, infecciosas e parasitárias, tumores malignos e os acidentes, envenenamentos e violências. Finalizando, levantou-se a hipótese de que o padrão de mortalidade no município de São Paulo, em 1970, refletiria a existência de problemas de saúde de uma população formada por setores distintos onde coexistiriam condições adversas a saúde típicas, ora de regiões consideradas desenvolvidas, ora de regiões em desenvolvimento. / General considerations about life tables and multiple decrement tables were made, since the objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of some diseases (Infective and Parasitic diseases, Neoplasms, Cardiovascular diseases and Accidents, Poisonings and Violence) on the probabilities of dying, survival, and on the expectation of life of the inhabitants of the City of são Paulo in 1970. The calculated male life expectancy was 60.12 years and the female was 67.12 years. The main role of the Infective diseases was detected among children bellow age 4. The reduction in their probability of dying, if the effect of these diseases was removed, would be near 35 per cent ; and these diseases cause a loss of 2.52 years(4.19 per cent ) and 2.24 years (3.33 per cent ) for the male and female life expectancies, respectively. If the effect of the Neoplasms was removed, it would reduce the probability of dying for males in 16 per cent , in the age interval 50 to 70 years, and 25 per cent for wómen in the age interval 40 to 60 years. This disease causes a loss of 1.87 years (3.11 per cent ) in the expectation of life for males and 2.02 years (3.01 per cent ) for females. The Cardiovascular diseases, the main group of causes of death, would reduce as much as 60 per cent the probability of dying, if their effect were removed. The \"gain\" in life expectancy would be 9.14 years and 14.44 years for men and women, respectively. Removing the effect of Accidents, Poisonings and Violence, the second main group of causes of death for men, the probability of dying for men, aged 4 to 40 years would be reduced between 27.83 per cent and 65.17 per cent . The probability of survival for the population at the economically productive ages (15 to 65 years) would be 66.87 per cent instead of 61.87 per cent . The loss for the life expectancy in this case, is 2.36 years (3.93 per cent ). After this analysis the main grbups of causes of death were ranked as: FOR MALES: Cardiovascular diseases, Infective and Parasitic diseases, Accidents, Poisonings and Violence and Neoplasms; FOR FEMALES: Cardiovascular diseases, Infective and Parasitic diseases, Neoplasms and Accidents, Poisonings and Violence. An apparently dichotomous population could be considered as an explanatory hypothesis for the pattern of mortality prevailing in 1970, in the City of são Paulo: health problem effects on the mortality as those of developed countries were found, coexisting with typical health problems of the underdeveloped countries.

The thesis elaborates on the previously described and generally accepted relationship between marital status and mortality. Into this relationship, it is trying to include cohabitations, which responds to the latest developments in the structure of households in the Czech Republic. The thesis aims to include cohabitations within the context of this proven relationship and to determine at what level is the mortality of cohabitants compared to married couples or people without a partner. The question is whether it is possible to include cohabitations and marriages on the same level or whether each of these groups keeps its specifics, which is also transmitted to mortality. Life tables according to marital status and dependency analysis of time series were used to address this issue. The research of the nature of cohabitation in the Czech society is also an essential part of the thesis and helps to further illustrate the findings obtained by these methods. Hypotheses that are solved using these methods are based on the assumption that cohabitants are the part of the category of single people as well and if they show lower mortality rates than people without a partner, then their increasing representation accelerates growth in life expectancy compared to married couples, and eventually it accelerates a decline in mortality. The results tend to show that the mortality of cohabitants is higher than that of people without a partner, but lower compared to married couples. However, it is necessary to face the lack of data and work on the design of better indicators. It means that this thesis opens up the area especially for Czech society and presents perspectives that research of this issue offers.

<p>Males and females differ in morphology and behaviour, so that selection acts differently on the two sexes. This changes the relative reproductive success of males and females, and it is beneficial for parents to bias the sex ratio of their broods in favour of the sex with the best survival and breeding prospects. Differences between the sexes and brood sex ratio in Tengmalm’s owl (Aegolius funereus) in northern Sweden were investigated, using a molecular sexing technique based on PCRamplification of sex-linked CHD1 genes. Among owls caught during autumn migration, females were commoner than males, especially within juveniles. However, in contrast to earlier studies, it was shown that adult males sometimes undertake migratory movements indicatory of nomadism. Measurements of these owls revealed that sexual size dimorphism in Tengmalm’s owl is not as great as previously reported from studies carried out during the breeding season. Females were slightly larger (4% by mass) than males, probably owing to the different roles of males and females during breeding, when this dimorphism is greater. The size difference between male and female nestlings was found to be similar to that for adults in autumn, and to investigate whether this led to differential mortality, the effect of supplementary feeding on mortality of male and female nestlings was studied. Supplementary feeding reduced male mortality when vole abundance was low, and it was concluded that larger female nestlings out-competed their smaller brothers, who then suffered increased mortality when food was scarce. Recruitment of male nestlings into the breeding population declined with decreasing food supply at the time of fledging, a pattern not observed in females. Juvenile males were therefore more vulnerable to food shortage than females, both in the nest and after fledging. Mean brood sex ratio varied significantly among years characterized by different phases of the vole cycle and associated vole abundance. Broods were male-biased (63% males) in a year when the food supply was favourable during spring and summer, neutral (50%) in a year with an intermediate food supply, and female-biased (35% males) in a year when food was in short supply. Parents appeared to adaptively adjust the sex ratio of their broods according to the relative mortality risk and reproductive potential of sons and daughters.</p>

Males and females differ in morphology and behaviour, so that selection acts differently on the two sexes. This changes the relative reproductive success of males and females, and it is beneficial for parents to bias the sex ratio of their broods in favour of the sex with the best survival and breeding prospects. Differences between the sexes and brood sex ratio in Tengmalm’s owl (Aegolius funereus) in northern Sweden were investigated, using a molecular sexing technique based on PCRamplification of sex-linked CHD1 genes. Among owls caught during autumn migration, females were commoner than males, especially within juveniles. However, in contrast to earlier studies, it was shown that adult males sometimes undertake migratory movements indicatory of nomadism. Measurements of these owls revealed that sexual size dimorphism in Tengmalm’s owl is not as great as previously reported from studies carried out during the breeding season. Females were slightly larger (4% by mass) than males, probably owing to the different roles of males and females during breeding, when this dimorphism is greater. The size difference between male and female nestlings was found to be similar to that for adults in autumn, and to investigate whether this led to differential mortality, the effect of supplementary feeding on mortality of male and female nestlings was studied. Supplementary feeding reduced male mortality when vole abundance was low, and it was concluded that larger female nestlings out-competed their smaller brothers, who then suffered increased mortality when food was scarce. Recruitment of male nestlings into the breeding population declined with decreasing food supply at the time of fledging, a pattern not observed in females. Juvenile males were therefore more vulnerable to food shortage than females, both in the nest and after fledging. Mean brood sex ratio varied significantly among years characterized by different phases of the vole cycle and associated vole abundance. Broods were male-biased (63% males) in a year when the food supply was favourable during spring and summer, neutral (50%) in a year with an intermediate food supply, and female-biased (35% males) in a year when food was in short supply. Parents appeared to adaptively adjust the sex ratio of their broods according to the relative mortality risk and reproductive potential of sons and daughters.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:32:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6751.pdf: 1090624 bytes, checksum: f2bfa0137477a5e0146bbb71ea1ac963 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-12 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The zonation of rocky shores results from the action of physical and chemical factors and of biological interactions within the benthic assemblages, being a good model to investigate factors that structure biological communities. In the present study, the objective was to evaluate the processes influencing a particular zonation pattern in sheltered rocky shores of Southeastern Brazil. The intermediate and lower midlittoral in these environments is a zone mainly formed by bare rock, or biofilm, presenting only few individuals of the barnacle Tetraclita stalactifera or other filtering-feeding species, whereas the upper midlittoral is dominated by the barnacle Chthamalus bisinuatus. In this way, we first evaluated the variation in these communities at three spatial scales (within shores, between shores and between regions), to identify the extension of the pattern (Chapter 1). Then, we carried out two experiments to test the assumptions that 1) the pattern would be determined by biofilm action, which would be distinct in the two zones and thus influence barnacle recruitment differentially; 2) the pattern would be determined by higher barnacle mortality in the lower zone, probably caused by higher predation pressure in this zone (Chapter 2). Our results allowed us to conclude that the main source of variation in the communities studied was usually at small spatial scales, meaning that the structuring processes in these communities would also occur at small scale. Barnacle recruitment during the study was excessively low and not correlated with different heights on the midlittoral, whereas the biofilm was more abundant in the lower midlittoral. In this midlittoral zone, barnacles showed higher mortality than in the upper midlittoral, evidencing strong effects of differential mortality structuring the community, although few predators were sampled in the studied areas. Thus, the present study contributes to our understanding of structuring processes in subtropical sheltered rocky shores, generating a reference framework on the system studied and subsidizing studies on environmental impacts. / A zonação em costões rochosos é resultante da atuação de fatores físico-químicos e de interações biológicas sobre as assembleias bentônicas, caracterizando-se como um bom modelo para investigar os fatores que estruturam as comunidades biológicas. Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi avaliar processos envolvidos com um padrão de zonação particular em costões rochosos abrigados do sudeste brasileiro. O mesolitoral médio e inferior nesses ambientes constitui-se de uma zona majoritariamente formada por rocha nua, ou biofilme, apresentando apenas poucos indivíduos da craca Tetraclita stalactifera ou outros filtradores, enquanto o mesolitoral superior é dominado pela craca Chthamalus bisinuatus. Dessa forma, nós primeiro avaliamos a variação nas comunidades desses costões em três escalas espaciais (dentro de costão, entre costões e entre regiões), a fim de identificar a extensão do padrão (capítulo 1). Em seguida, elaboramos dois experimentos para testar as hipóteses de que 1) o padrão seria determinado pela ação do biofilme, o qual seria distinto nas duas zonas e influenciaria o recrutamento de cracas diferencialmente; 2) o padrão seria determinado por maior mortalidade de cracas na zona inferior, provavelmente causado por maior pressão de predação nessa zona (capítulo 2). Nossos resultados permitiram concluir que a principal fonte de variação nas comunidades estudadas geralmente ocorre em pequena escala espacial, indicando que os processos estruturadores dessas comunidades também devem ocorrer em pequena escala. O recrutamento de cracas durante o estudo foi excessivamente baixo e não correlacionado com as diferentes alturas do mesolitoral, enquanto o biofilme se mostrou mais abundante no mesolitoral inferior. Nesta porção do mesolitoral, as cracas apresentaram maior mortalidade do que na região superior, evidenciando forte efeito da mortalidade diferencial na estruturação das comunidades, apesar de terem sido amostrados poucos predadores nas áreas estudadas. Assim, este estudo permitiu colaborar com o conhecimento dos processos estruturadores em costões rochosos abrigados subtropicais, gerando um quadro de referência sobre o sistema estudado e subsidiando possíveis estudos sobre impactos ambientais.

Dans l'Infralittoral rocheux méditerranéen, les algues brunes du genre Cystoseira forment des habitats structurellement complexes, dénommés forêts à Cystoseira. A cause de certaines activités anthropiques, ces forêts ont déjà disparu dans de nombreuses localités et sont en train de régresser dans d'autres. Elles ont été (sont) généralement remplacées par des habitats structurellement moins complexes de type brousse, gazon ou désert. Cette thèse a visé à estimer les possibles conséquences pour les poissons de la régression des forêts à Cystoseira et à identifier les processus écologiques en cause. Plusieurs approches complémentaires ont été employées : inventaires de macroalgues et de poissons, expériences de prédation et de sélection d'habitats en aquarium, analyses de composions isotopiques et de contenus stomacaux. Les densités de poissons proie et prédateur étaient plus importantes dans les forêts à Cystoseira que dans les habitats structurellement moins complexes. Cela peut résulter, au moins en partie, du rôle "refuge" de Cystoseira spp. qui induit (1) une plus faible mortalité des poissons proies et prédateurs dans les forêts, due à une plus grande disponibilité en abris et en nourriture, respectivement, (2) une immigration nette des poissons dans les forêts due à leur préférence pour cet habitat structurellement complexe. De plus, Cystoseira spp. pourrait être une importante source de matière organique pour l'écosystème. Ce potentiel rôle trophique mérite des études complémentaires. Ce travail suggère que la régression des forêts à Cystoseira est néfaste pour les poissons et souligne donc la nécessité de mieux gérer les activités humaines impactant Cystoseira spp. / In Mediterranean rocky subtidal, large brown algae belonging to the genus Cystoseira form structurally complex habitats, called Cystoseira forest. Due to anthropogenic stressors, Cystoseira forests disappeared from numerous localities in the Mediterranean Sea and are deteriorating in other localities. Cystoseira forests are usually replaced by structurally less complex habitats, such as shrublands, turfs and barren. This PhD aimed to assess putative consequences for fish of Cystoseira forest degradation, and to identify the underlying ecological processes. Multiple complementary approaches were used: macroalgae and fish field surveys, tank-based predation and habitat-choice experiments, stable isotopes and stomach contents analyses. Densities of prey and predatory fish were higher in Cystoseira forests compared to structurally less complex habitats. This may be due to the shelter role of Cystoseira spp. that induces (1) reduced mortality of prey and predatory fish in forests, due to high shelter and food availability, respectively, and (2) net immigration of fish into forests due to their preference for this structurally complex habitat. Moreover, Cystoseira spp. may be an important source of organic matter to the ecosystem. This possible trophic role deserves complementary studies. This work suggests that Cystoseira forest degradation are harmful to fish and from this perspective stresses the need to better manage human activities impacting Cystoseira spp.