Dado um sistema diferencial no plano, muito se questiona sobre o comportamento de suas soluções. Nas vizinhanças dos pontos singulares existem ferramentas que nos indicam o tipo e a estabilidade estrutural de cada um deles; são as chamadas formas normais. No entanto, o interesse vai mais além do conhecimento local das soluções em cada singularidade. Nesse trabalho apresentamos algumas ferramentas clássicas da teoria qualitativa das equações diferenciais ordinárias empregadas na investigação global dos campos de vetores polinomiais planares e as empregamos na investigação de duas famílias paramétricas de campos quadráticos encontradas no estudo dos campos com hipérboles invariantes. Dentre as ferramentas estudadas destacamos a classificação local das soluções em pontos singulares elementares e semi-elementares e a técnica de compactificação de Poincaré. / Given a planar differential system, many questions are raised about the behavior of their solutions. In the neighborhood of singular points there exist many tools which indicate their type and their structural stability; they are known as normal forms. However, the interest goes beyond the local behavior in the neighborhood of each singularity. In this dissertation we present some classical tools from the qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations which are usually applied to the global investigation of planar polinomial vector fields and we apply them to the investigation of two parametric families of quadratic fields from the study of the vector fields with invariant hyperbolas. Among the studied tools we highlight the local classification of the solutions around elementary and semi-elementary singular points and the technique known as Poincarés compactification.

Submitted by Alisson de Carvalho Reinol null (alissoncarv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-18T15:03:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_alisson_final.pdf: 6086108 bytes, checksum: 610534618b19a1d27cfff678d44f1a4a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-07-19T14:22:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 reinol_ac_dr_sjrp.pdf: 6086108 bytes, checksum: 610534618b19a1d27cfff678d44f1a4a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-19T14:22:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 reinol_ac_dr_sjrp.pdf: 6086108 bytes, checksum: 610534618b19a1d27cfff678d44f1a4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-05 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Neste trabalho, consideramos aspectos algébricos e dinâmicos de alguns problemas envolvendo superfícies algébricas invariantes em sistemas diferenciais polinomiais definidos em R³. Determinamos o número máximo de planos invariantes que um sistema diferencial quadrático pode ter e estudamos a realização e integrabilidade de tais sistemas. Fornecemos a forma normal para sistemas diferenciais com quádricas invariantes e estudamos de forma mais detalhada a dinâmica e integrabilidade de sistemas diferenciais quadráticos com um paraboloide elíptico como superfície algébrica invariante. Por fim, estudamos as consequências dinâmicas ao se perturbar um sistema diferencial, cujo espaço de fase é folheado por superfícies algébricas invariantes. Para tal, consideramos o sistema diferencial quadrático conhecido como sistema Sprott A, que depende de um parâmetro real a e apresenta comportamento caótico mesmo sem ter pontos de equilíbrio, tendo, assim, um hidden attractor para valores adequados do parâmetro a. Provamos que, para a=0, o espaço de fase desse sistema é folheado por esferas concêntricas invariantes. Utilizando a Teoria do Averaging e o Teorema KAM (Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser), provamos que, para a>0 suficientemente pequeno, uma órbita periódica orbitalmente estável emerge de um equilíbrio do tipo zero-Hopf não isolado localizado na origem e que formam-se toros invariantes em torno desta órbita periódica. Concluímos que a ocorrência de tais fatos tem um papel importante na formação do hidden attractor. / In this work, we consider algebraic and dynamical aspects of some problems involving invariant algebraic surfaces in polynomial differential systems defined in R³. We determine the maximum number of invariant planes that a quadratic differential system can have and we study the realization and integrability of such systems. We provide the normal form for differential systems having an invariant quadric and we study in more detail the dynamics and integrability of quadratic differential systems having an elliptic paraboloid as invariant algebraic surface. Finally, we study the dynamic consequences of perturbing differential system whose phase space is foliated by invariant algebraic surfaces. For this we consider the quadratic differential system known as Sprott A system, which depends on one real parameter a and presents chaotic behavior even without having any equilibrium point, thus having a hidden attractor for suitable values of parameter a. We prove that, for a=0, the phase space of this system is foliated by invariant concentric spheres. By using the Averaging Theory and the KAM (Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser) Theorem, we prove that, for a>0 sufficiently small, an orbitally stable periodic orbit emerges from a zero-Hopf nonisolated equilibrium point located at the origin and that invariant tori are formed around this periodic orbit. We conclude that the occurrence of these facts has an important role in the formation of the hidden attractor. / FAPESP: 2013/26602-7

Dado um sistema diferencial no plano, muito se questiona sobre o comportamento de suas soluções. Nas vizinhanças dos pontos singulares existem ferramentas que nos indicam o tipo e a estabilidade estrutural de cada um deles; são as chamadas formas normais. No entanto, o interesse vai mais além do conhecimento local das soluções em cada singularidade. Nesse trabalho apresentamos algumas ferramentas clássicas da teoria qualitativa das equações diferenciais ordinárias empregadas na investigação global dos campos de vetores polinomiais planares e as empregamos na investigação de duas famílias paramétricas de campos quadráticos encontradas no estudo dos campos com hipérboles invariantes. Dentre as ferramentas estudadas destacamos a classificação local das soluções em pontos singulares elementares e semi-elementares e a técnica de compactificação de Poincaré. / Given a planar differential system, many questions are raised about the behavior of their solutions. In the neighborhood of singular points there exist many tools which indicate their type and their structural stability; they are known as normal forms. However, the interest goes beyond the local behavior in the neighborhood of each singularity. In this dissertation we present some classical tools from the qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations which are usually applied to the global investigation of planar polinomial vector fields and we apply them to the investigation of two parametric families of quadratic fields from the study of the vector fields with invariant hyperbolas. Among the studied tools we highlight the local classification of the solutions around elementary and semi-elementary singular points and the technique known as Poincarés compactification.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'analyse locale de systèmes différentiels linéaires singulièrement perturbés et de systèmes de Pfaff complètement intégrables et multivariés à croisements normaux. De tels systèmes ont une vaste littérature et se retrouvent dans de nombreuses applications. Cependant, leur résolution symbolique est toujours à l'étude. Nos approches reposent sur l'état de l'art de la réduction formelle des systèmes linéaires singuliers d'équations différentielles ordinaires univariées (ODS). Dans le cas des systèmes différentiels linéaires singulièrement perturbés, les complications surviennent essentiellement à cause du phénomène des points tournants. Nous généralisons les notions et les algorithmes introduits pour le traitement des ODS afin de construire des solutions formelles. Les algorithmes sous-jacents sont également autonomes (par exemple la réduction de rang, la classification de la singularité, le calcul de l'indice de restriction). Dans le cas des systèmes de Pfaff, les complications proviennent de l'interdépendance des multiples sous-systèmes et de leur nature multivariée. Néanmoins, nous montrons que les invariants formels de ces systèmes peuvent être récupérés à partir d'un ODS associé, ce qui limite donc le calcul à des corps univariés. De plus, nous donnons un algorithme de réduction de rang et nous discutons des obstacles rencontrés. Outre ces deux systèmes, nous parlons des singularités apparentes des systèmes différentiels univariés dont les coefficients sont des fonctions rationnelles et du problème des valeurs propres perturbées. Les techniques développées au sein de cette thèse facilitent les généralisations d'autres algorithmes disponibles pour les systèmes différentiels univariés aux cas des systèmes bivariés ou multivariés, et aussi aux systèmes d''equations fonctionnelles. / In this thesis, we are interested in the local analysis of singularly-perturbed linear differential systems and completely integrable Pfaffian systems in several variables. Such systems have a vast literature and arise profoundly in applications. However, their symbolic resolution is still open to investigation. Our approaches rely on the state of art of formal reduction of singular linear systems of ordinary differential equations (ODS) over univariate fields. In the case of singularly-perturbed linear differential systems, the complications arise mainly from the phenomenon of turning points. We extend notions introduced for the treatment of ODS to such systems and generalize corresponding algorithms to construct formal solutions in a neighborhood of a singularity. The underlying components of the formal reduction proposed are stand-alone algorithms as well and serve different purposes (e.g. rank reduction, classification of singularities, computing restraining index). In the case of Pfaffian systems, the complications arise from the interdependence of the multiple components which constitute the former and the multivariate nature of the field within which reduction occurs. However, we show that the formal invariants of such systems can be retrieved from an associated ODS, which limits computations to univariate fields. Furthermore, we complement our work with a rank reduction algorithm and discuss the obstacles encountered. The techniques developed herein paves the way for further generalizations of algorithms available for univariate differential systems to bivariate and multivariate ones, for different types of systems of functional equations.

Cette thèse est consacrée aux méthodes symboliques de résolution locale des systèmes différentiels linéaires à coefficients dans K = C((x)), le corps des séries de Laurent, sur un corps effectif C. Plus précisément, nous nous intéressons aux algorithmes effectifs de réduction formelle. Au cours de la réduction, nous sommes amenés à introduire des extensions algébriques du corps de coefficients K (extensions algébriques de C, ramifications de la variable x) afin d’obtenir une structure plus fine. Du point de vue algorithmique, il est préférable de retarder autant que possible l’introduction de ces extensions. Dans ce but, nous développons un nouvel algorithme de réduction formelle qui utilise l’anneau des endomorphismes du système, appelé « eigenring », afin de se ramener au cas d’un système indécomposable sur K. En utilisant la classification formelle donnée par Balser-Jurkat-Lutz, nous déduisons la structure de l’eigenring d’un système indécomposable. Ces résultats théoriques nous permettent de construire une décomposition sur le corps de base K qui sépare les différentes parties exponentielles du système et permet ainsi d’isoler dans des sous-systèmes, indécomposables sur K, les différentes extensions de corps qui peuvent apparaître afin de les traiter séparément. Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons à l’algorithme de Miyake pour la réduction formelle. Celle-ci est basée sur le calcul du poids et d’une suite de Volevic de la matrice de valuation du système. Nous donnons des interprétations en théorie de graphe et en algèbre tropicale du poids et suites de Volevic, et obtenons ainsi des méthodes de calculs efficaces sur le plan pratique, à l’aide de la programmation linéaire. Ceci complète une étape fondamentale dans l’algorithme de réduction de Miyake. Ces différents algorithmes sont implémentés sous forme de librairies pour le logiciel de calcul formel Maple. Enfin, nous présentons une discussion sur la performance de l’algorithme de réduction avec l’eigenring ainsi qu’une comparaison en terme de temps de calcul entre notre implémentation de l’algorithme de réduction de Miyake par la programmation linéaire et ceux de Barkatou et Pflügel. / This thesis is devoted to symbolic methods for local resolution of linear differential systems with coefficients in K = C((x)), the field of Laurent series, on an effective field C. More specifically, we are interested in effective algorithms for formal reduction. During the reduction, we are led to introduce algebraic extensions of the field of coefficients K (algebraic extensions of C, ramification of the variable x) in order to obtain a finer structure. From an algorithmic point of view, it is preferable to delay as much as possible the introduction of these extensions. To this end, we developed a new algorithm for formal reduction that uses the ring of endomorphisms of the system, called "eigenring". Using the formal classification given by Balser-Jurkat-Lutz, we deduce the structure of the eigenring of an indecomposable system. These theoretical results allow us to construct a decomposition on the base field K that separates the different exponential parts of the system and thus allows us to isolate, in indecomposable subsystems in K, the different algebraic extensions that can appear in order to treat them separately. In a second part, we are interested in Miyake’s algorithm for formal reduction. This algorithm is based on the computation of the Volevic weight and numbers of the valuation matrix of the system. We provide interpretations in graph theory and tropical algebra of the Volevic weight and numbers, and thus obtain practically efficient methods using linear programming. This completes a fundamental step in the Miyake reduction algorithm. These different algorithms are implemented as libraries for the computer algebra software Maple. Finally, we present a discussion on the performance of the reduction algorithm using the eigenring as well as a comparison in terms of timing between our implementation of Miyake’s reduction algorithm by linear programming and the algorithms of Barkatou and Pflügel.

Cette thèse traite de la classification analytique du déploiement de systèmes différentiels linéaires ayant une singularité irrégulière. Elle est composée de deux articles sur le sujet: le premier présente des résultats obtenus lors de l'étude de la confluence de l'équation hypergéométrique et peut être considéré comme un cas particulier du second; le deuxième contient les théorèmes et résultats principaux. Dans les deux articles, nous considérons la confluence de deux points singuliers réguliers en un point singulier irrégulier et nous étudions les conséquences de la divergence des solutions au point singulier irrégulier sur le comportement des solutions du système déployé. Pour ce faire, nous recouvrons un voisinage de l'origine (de manière ramifiée) dans l'espace du paramètre de déploiement $\epsilon$. La monodromie d'une base de solutions bien choisie est directement reliée aux matrices de Stokes déployées. Ces dernières donnent une interprétation géométrique aux matrices de Stokes, incluant le lien (existant au moins pour les cas génériques) entre la divergence des solutions à $\epsilon=0$ et la présence de solutions logarithmiques autour des points singuliers réguliers lors de la résonance. La monodromie d'intégrales premières de systèmes de Riccati correspondants est aussi interprétée en fonction des éléments des matrices de Stokes déployées. De plus, dans le second article, nous donnons le système complet d'invariants analytiques pour le déploiement de systèmes différentiels linéaires $x^2y'=A(x)y$ ayant une singularité irrégulière de rang de Poincaré $1$ à l'origine au-dessus d'un voisinage fixé $\mathbb{D}_r$ dans la variable $x$. Ce système est constitué d'une partie formelle, donnée par des polynômes, et d'une partie analytique, donnée par une classe d'équivalence de matrices de Stokes déployées. Pour chaque valeur du paramètre $\epsilon$ dans un secteur pointé à l'origine d'ouverture plus grande que $2\pi$, nous recouvrons l'espace de la variable, $\mathbb{D}_r$, avec deux secteurs et, au-dessus de chacun, nous choisissons une base de solutions du système déployé. Cette base sert à définir les matrices de Stokes déployées. Finalement, nous prouvons un théorème de réalisation des invariants qui satisfont une condition nécessaire et suffisante, identifiant ainsi l'ensemble des modules. / This thesis deals with the analytic classification of unfoldings of linear differential systems with an irregular singularity. It contains two papers related to this subject: the first paper presents results concerning the confluence of the hypergeometric equation and may be viewed as a particular case of the second one; the second paper contains the main theorems and results. In both papers, we study the confluence of two regular singular points into an irregular one and we give consequences of the divergence of solutions at the irregular singular point for the unfolded system. For this study, a full neighborhood of the origin is covered (in a ramified way) in the space of the unfolding parameter $\epsilon$. Monodromy of a well chosen basis of solutions around the regular singular points is directly linked to the unfolded Stokes matrices. These matrices give a complete geometric interpretation to the well-known Stokes matrices: this includes the link (existing at least for the generic cases) between the divergence of the solutions at $\epsilon=0$ and the presence of logarithmic terms in the solutions for resonant values of $\epsilon$. Monodromy of first integrals of related Riccati systems are also interpreted in terms of the elements of the unfolded Stokes matrices. The second paper goes further into the subject, giving the complete system of analytic invariants for the unfoldings of nonresonant linear differential systems $x^2y'=A(x)y$ with an irregular singularity of Poincaré rank $1$ at the origin over a fixed neighborhood $\mathbb{D}_r$ in the space of the variable $x$. It consists of a formal part, given by polynomials, and an analytic part, given by an equivalence class of unfolded Stokes matrices. For each parameter value $\epsilon$ taken in a sector pointed at the origin of opening larger than $2\pi$, we cover the space of the variable, $\mathbb{D}_r$, with two sectors and, over each of them, we construct a well chosen basis of solutions of the unfolded differential system. This basis is used to define the unfolded Stokes matrices. Finally, we give a realization theorem for the invariants satisfying a necessary and sufficient condition, thus identifying the set of modules.

Sistemas diferenciais quadráticos planares estão presentes em muitas áreas da matemática aplicada. Embora mais de mil artigos tenham sido publicados sobre os sistemas quadráticos ainda resta muito a se conhecer sobre esses sistemas. Problemas clássicos, e em particular o XVI problema de Hilbert, estão ainda em aberto para essa família. Um dos objetivos dos pesquisadores contemporâneos é obter a classificação topológica completa dos sistemas quadráticos. Devido ao grande número de parâmetros (essa família possui doze parâmetros e, aplicando transformações afins e reescala do tempo, reduzimos esse número a cinco, sendo ainda um número grande para se trabalhar) usualmente subclasses são consideradas nas investigações realizadas. Quando características específicas são levadas em consideração, o número de parâmetros é reduzido e o estudo se torna possível. Nesta tese estudamos principalmente duas subfamílias de sistemas quadráticos: a primeira possuindo um nó triplo semielemental e a segunda possuindo uma selanó semi elemental finita e uma selanó semielemental infinita formada pela colisão de uma sela infinita com um nó infinito. Os diagramas de bifurcação para ambas as famílias são tridimensionais. A família tendo um nó triplo gera 28 retratos de fase topologicamente distintos, enquanto o fecho da família tendo as selasnós dentro do espaço de bifurcação de sua forma normal gera 417. Polinômios invariantes são usados para construir os conjuntos de bifurcação e os retratos de fase topologicamente distintos são representados no disco de Poincaré. Os conjuntos de bifurcação são a união de superfícies algébricas e superfícies cuja presença foi detectada numericamente. Ainda nesta tese, apresentamos todos os retratos de fase de um sistema diferencial conhecido como modelo do tipo SIS (sistema suscetívelinfectadosuscetível, muito comum na matemática aplicada) e a classificação dos sistemas quadráticos possuindo hipérboles invariantes. Ambos sistemas foram investigados usando de polinômios invariantes afins. / Planar quadratic differential systems occur in many areas of applied mathematics. Although more than one thousand papers have been written on these systems, a complete understanding of this family is still missing. Classical problems, and in particular Hilberts 16th problem, are still open for this family. One of the goals of recent researchers is the topological classification of quadratic systems. As this attempt is not possible in the whole class due to the large number of parameters (twelve, but, after affine transformations and time rescaling, we arrive at families with five parameters, which is still a large number), many subclasses are considered and studied. Specific characteristics are taken into account and this implies a decrease in the number of parameters, which makes possible the study. In this thesis we mainly study two subfamilies of quadratic systems: the first one possessing a finite semielemental triple node and the second one possessing a finite semielemental saddlenode and an infinite semielemental saddlenode formed by the collision of an infinite saddle with an infinite node. The bifurcation diagram for both families are tridimensional. The family having the triple node yields 28 topologically distinct phase portraits, whereas the closure of the family having the saddlenodes within the bifurcation space of its normal form yields 417. Invariant polynomials are used to construct the bifurcation sets and the phase portraits are represented on the Poincaré disk. The bifurcation sets are the union of algebraic surfaces and surfaces whose presence was detected numerically. Moreover, we also present the analysis of a differential system known as SIS model (this kind of systems are easily found in applied mathematics) and the complete classification of quadratic systems possessing invariant hyperbolas.

A presente tese aborda dois problemas distintos e independentes: triangularização de sistemas não-lineares com duas entradas e controle de sistemas sem arrasto que evoluem no grupo especial unitário SU(n). Em relação ao primeiro, estabeleceu-se, através da generalização de resultados bem conhecidos, condições geométricas para que um sistema com duas entradas seja descrito por uma forma triangular específica após uma mudança de coordenadas e uma realimentação de estado estática regular. Para o segundo problema, desenvolveu-se uma estratégia de controle que força o estado do sistema a rastrear assintoticamente uma trajetória de referência periódica que passa por um estado objetivo arbitrário. O método de controle proposto utiliza os resultados de convergência de tipo- Lyapunov que foram estabelecidos pela presente pesquisa e que tiveram como inspiração uma versão periódica do princípio da invariância de LaSalle. Apresentou-se, ainda, os resultados de simulação obtidos com a aplicação da técnica de controle desenvolvida a um sistema quântico consistindo de duas partículas de spin-1/2, com o objetivo de gerar a porta lógica quântica C-NOT. / This thesis treats two distinct and independent problems: triangularization of nonlinear systems with two inputs and control of driftless systems which evolve on the special unitary group SU(n). Concerning the first, one has established, by means of the generalization of well-known results, geometric conditions for a system with two inputs to be described by a specific triangular form after a change of coordinates and a regular static state feedback. For the second problem, one has developed a control strategy that forces the state of the system to track in an asymptotic manner a periodic reference trajectory which passes by an arbitrary goal state. The proposed control method uses Lyapunovlike convergence results that were established in this research and which were inspired in a periodic version of LaSalles invariance principle. Furthermore, one has shown the simulation results obtained from the application of the developed control technique to a quantum system consisting of two spin-1/2 particles, with the aim of generating the C-NOT quantum logic gate.

Cette thèse traite de la classification analytique du déploiement de systèmes différentiels linéaires ayant une singularité irrégulière. Elle est composée de deux articles sur le sujet: le premier présente des résultats obtenus lors de l'étude de la confluence de l'équation hypergéométrique et peut être considéré comme un cas particulier du second; le deuxième contient les théorèmes et résultats principaux. Dans les deux articles, nous considérons la confluence de deux points singuliers réguliers en un point singulier irrégulier et nous étudions les conséquences de la divergence des solutions au point singulier irrégulier sur le comportement des solutions du système déployé. Pour ce faire, nous recouvrons un voisinage de l'origine (de manière ramifiée) dans l'espace du paramètre de déploiement $\epsilon$. La monodromie d'une base de solutions bien choisie est directement reliée aux matrices de Stokes déployées. Ces dernières donnent une interprétation géométrique aux matrices de Stokes, incluant le lien (existant au moins pour les cas génériques) entre la divergence des solutions à $\epsilon=0$ et la présence de solutions logarithmiques autour des points singuliers réguliers lors de la résonance. La monodromie d'intégrales premières de systèmes de Riccati correspondants est aussi interprétée en fonction des éléments des matrices de Stokes déployées. De plus, dans le second article, nous donnons le système complet d'invariants analytiques pour le déploiement de systèmes différentiels linéaires $x^2y'=A(x)y$ ayant une singularité irrégulière de rang de Poincaré $1$ à l'origine au-dessus d'un voisinage fixé $\mathbb{D}_r$ dans la variable $x$. Ce système est constitué d'une partie formelle, donnée par des polynômes, et d'une partie analytique, donnée par une classe d'équivalence de matrices de Stokes déployées. Pour chaque valeur du paramètre $\epsilon$ dans un secteur pointé à l'origine d'ouverture plus grande que $2\pi$, nous recouvrons l'espace de la variable, $\mathbb{D}_r$, avec deux secteurs et, au-dessus de chacun, nous choisissons une base de solutions du système déployé. Cette base sert à définir les matrices de Stokes déployées. Finalement, nous prouvons un théorème de réalisation des invariants qui satisfont une condition nécessaire et suffisante, identifiant ainsi l'ensemble des modules. / This thesis deals with the analytic classification of unfoldings of linear differential systems with an irregular singularity. It contains two papers related to this subject: the first paper presents results concerning the confluence of the hypergeometric equation and may be viewed as a particular case of the second one; the second paper contains the main theorems and results. In both papers, we study the confluence of two regular singular points into an irregular one and we give consequences of the divergence of solutions at the irregular singular point for the unfolded system. For this study, a full neighborhood of the origin is covered (in a ramified way) in the space of the unfolding parameter $\epsilon$. Monodromy of a well chosen basis of solutions around the regular singular points is directly linked to the unfolded Stokes matrices. These matrices give a complete geometric interpretation to the well-known Stokes matrices: this includes the link (existing at least for the generic cases) between the divergence of the solutions at $\epsilon=0$ and the presence of logarithmic terms in the solutions for resonant values of $\epsilon$. Monodromy of first integrals of related Riccati systems are also interpreted in terms of the elements of the unfolded Stokes matrices. The second paper goes further into the subject, giving the complete system of analytic invariants for the unfoldings of nonresonant linear differential systems $x^2y'=A(x)y$ with an irregular singularity of Poincaré rank $1$ at the origin over a fixed neighborhood $\mathbb{D}_r$ in the space of the variable $x$. It consists of a formal part, given by polynomials, and an analytic part, given by an equivalence class of unfolded Stokes matrices. For each parameter value $\epsilon$ taken in a sector pointed at the origin of opening larger than $2\pi$, we cover the space of the variable, $\mathbb{D}_r$, with two sectors and, over each of them, we construct a well chosen basis of solutions of the unfolded differential system. This basis is used to define the unfolded Stokes matrices. Finally, we give a realization theorem for the invariants satisfying a necessary and sufficient condition, thus identifying the set of modules.

A presente tese aborda dois problemas distintos e independentes: triangularização de sistemas não-lineares com duas entradas e controle de sistemas sem arrasto que evoluem no grupo especial unitário SU(n). Em relação ao primeiro, estabeleceu-se, através da generalização de resultados bem conhecidos, condições geométricas para que um sistema com duas entradas seja descrito por uma forma triangular específica após uma mudança de coordenadas e uma realimentação de estado estática regular. Para o segundo problema, desenvolveu-se uma estratégia de controle que força o estado do sistema a rastrear assintoticamente uma trajetória de referência periódica que passa por um estado objetivo arbitrário. O método de controle proposto utiliza os resultados de convergência de tipo- Lyapunov que foram estabelecidos pela presente pesquisa e que tiveram como inspiração uma versão periódica do princípio da invariância de LaSalle. Apresentou-se, ainda, os resultados de simulação obtidos com a aplicação da técnica de controle desenvolvida a um sistema quântico consistindo de duas partículas de spin-1/2, com o objetivo de gerar a porta lógica quântica C-NOT. / This thesis treats two distinct and independent problems: triangularization of nonlinear systems with two inputs and control of driftless systems which evolve on the special unitary group SU(n). Concerning the first, one has established, by means of the generalization of well-known results, geometric conditions for a system with two inputs to be described by a specific triangular form after a change of coordinates and a regular static state feedback. For the second problem, one has developed a control strategy that forces the state of the system to track in an asymptotic manner a periodic reference trajectory which passes by an arbitrary goal state. The proposed control method uses Lyapunovlike convergence results that were established in this research and which were inspired in a periodic version of LaSalles invariance principle. Furthermore, one has shown the simulation results obtained from the application of the developed control technique to a quantum system consisting of two spin-1/2 particles, with the aim of generating the C-NOT quantum logic gate.