The common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus), a member of the family Pseudocheiridae, is an arboreal folivorous marsupial that feeds predominantly on Eucalyptus foliage. Contrary to the expectation that small body size would inhibit utilisation of a diet containing such high levels of lignified fibre because of relatively low gut volume to body mass ratios and relatively high mass-specific metabolic rates and nutrient requirements (Hume 1999), the ringtail possum is able to survive solely on a diet of Eucalyptus foliage. The rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a terrestrial herbivore and is a member of the family Leporidae that feeds predominantly on grasses. The rabbit was proposed as a digesta flow model for the ringtail possum since both are caecotrophic (periodically re-ingest caecal contents) and both are proposed to exhibit a colonic separation mechanism (CSM) where fluids and small, easily digested particles are preferentially returned to the caecum. The rabbit is of value for the modelling process since it is more accessible for experimental manipulation than the ringtail possum. This study investigated a proposal to use digesta passage through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the rabbit as a model of digesta passage for the ringtail possum on the basis that both are caecotrophic caecum fermenters. A number of potential problems were identified with this proposal and investigation of these problems formed the basis for the research described in this thesis. Two main areas were identified as being potentially problematic: 1) fundamental flaws with the particulate markers used in digesta rate of passage studies; and 2) differences in animal behaviour and natural diet between the two subject species which suggested different digestive strategies and hence different patterns of digesta flow through the GIT. The proposed digesta passage markers were lanthanide metals (Dy, Tm, Eu and Yb) attached to either fibrous particles (1200 - 600�m) or formalin-fixed rumen bacteria (20 � 0.2�m). These markers were shown to not be of the assumed size classes and the extent of lanthanide metal binding differed between the four metals used. An effect due to method of dosing was also observed. The findings of marker inconsistencies caused major limitation to model development and further research is necessary to clarify these markers. The proposal to use digesta flow in the rabbit GIT as a model for digesta flow in the ringtail possum was shown to be idealistic due to the differences in anatomy and behaviour observed between the two herbivores. Laboratory observations, time series analysis and compartmental modelling confirmed the differences between the animals. This study showed: 1) the GIT of the rabbit was more complex both anatomically and functionally than that of the ringtail possum; 2) behaviour affecting digesta passage of the rabbit and ringtail were different and; 3) compartmental models confirmed the anatomical and behavioural findings. Digesta passage in the rabbit could not be modelled mathematically using data on digesta passage due to complexities of the system. In contrast, a basic model was constructed for digesta passage in the ringtail possum. On the basis of these findings, the research hypothesis "that digesta passage in rabbits is similar to that in ringtail possums" was rejected.

The common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus), a member of the family Pseudocheiridae, is an arboreal folivorous marsupial that feeds predominantly on Eucalyptus foliage. Contrary to the expectation that small body size would inhibit utilisation of a diet containing such high levels of lignified fibre because of relatively low gut volume to body mass ratios and relatively high mass-specific metabolic rates and nutrient requirements (Hume 1999), the ringtail possum is able to survive solely on a diet of Eucalyptus foliage. The rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a terrestrial herbivore and is a member of the family Leporidae that feeds predominantly on grasses. The rabbit was proposed as a digesta flow model for the ringtail possum since both are caecotrophic (periodically re-ingest caecal contents) and both are proposed to exhibit a colonic separation mechanism (CSM) where fluids and small, easily digested particles are preferentially returned to the caecum. The rabbit is of value for the modelling process since it is more accessible for experimental manipulation than the ringtail possum. This study investigated a proposal to use digesta passage through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the rabbit as a model of digesta passage for the ringtail possum on the basis that both are caecotrophic caecum fermenters. A number of potential problems were identified with this proposal and investigation of these problems formed the basis for the research described in this thesis. Two main areas were identified as being potentially problematic: 1) fundamental flaws with the particulate markers used in digesta rate of passage studies; and 2) differences in animal behaviour and natural diet between the two subject species which suggested different digestive strategies and hence different patterns of digesta flow through the GIT. The proposed digesta passage markers were lanthanide metals (Dy, Tm, Eu and Yb) attached to either fibrous particles (1200 - 600�m) or formalin-fixed rumen bacteria (20 � 0.2�m). These markers were shown to not be of the assumed size classes and the extent of lanthanide metal binding differed between the four metals used. An effect due to method of dosing was also observed. The findings of marker inconsistencies caused major limitation to model development and further research is necessary to clarify these markers. The proposal to use digesta flow in the rabbit GIT as a model for digesta flow in the ringtail possum was shown to be idealistic due to the differences in anatomy and behaviour observed between the two herbivores. Laboratory observations, time series analysis and compartmental modelling confirmed the differences between the animals. This study showed: 1) the GIT of the rabbit was more complex both anatomically and functionally than that of the ringtail possum; 2) behaviour affecting digesta passage of the rabbit and ringtail were different and; 3) compartmental models confirmed the anatomical and behavioural findings. Digesta passage in the rabbit could not be modelled mathematically using data on digesta passage due to complexities of the system. In contrast, a basic model was constructed for digesta passage in the ringtail possum. On the basis of these findings, the research hypothesis "that digesta passage in rabbits is similar to that in ringtail possums" was rejected.

Orientador: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira / Resumo: A taxa de passagem da digesta (kp) em ruminantes é a passagem fracionada da digesta por hora, isto é /h. A kp é um processo complexo e dinâmico e afeta a digestão dos alimentos e o impacto ambiental da produção animal. Neste estudo, objetivamos compreender os fatores relacionados à kp em todo o trato gastrointestinal (TGI) de caprinos em crescimento e caprinos alimentados com níveis de alimentação e propor equações para prever kp de partículas e solutos no reticulo-rúmen. Para isso, utilizamos um banco de dados de dois estudos com caprinos Saanen, que foi dividido em dois bancos de dados diferentes: o banco de dados Crescimento foi composto por registros individuais de machos castrados (n = 36), fêmeas (n = 34) e machos intactos (n = 33) alimentados ad libitum e abatidos aos 15, 22, 30, 37 e 45 kg de peso corporal (PC); e, o banco de dados níveis de alimentação foi composto por registros individuais de machos castrados (n = 38), fêmeas (n = 33) e machos intactos (n = 36) alimentados ad libitum, 75 ou 50% ad libitum durante 109 ± 10 dias . Nossos resultados demonstraram que a taxa de passagem da digesta tem respostas diferentes, quando avaliada em cabras em crescimento ou cabras alimentadas com níveis de alimentação a longo prazo. O kp de partículas no reticulo-rúmen não foi afetado pelo crescimento animal ou pelo nível de alimentação. No entanto, o kp de partículas no reticulo-rúmen e o kp de partículas e solutos no intestino grosso demonstraram ser positivamente relacionados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The digesta passage rate (kp) in ruminants is a fractional passage of digesta per hour, i.e. /h. The kp is a very complex and dynamic process and affects feed digestion and the environmental impact of livestock. In this study, we aimed to understand the factors related to kp in the whole gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of growing goats and goats fed with feeding levels and propose equations for predicting kp of particles and solutes in reticulorumen. For that, we used a database from two studies with Saanen goats that was split into two different databases: database Growth was composed by individual records of castrated males (n = 36), females (n = 34), and intact males (n = 33) fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 15, 22, 30, 37, and 45 kg body weight (BW); and, database Feeding Levels was composed by individual records of castrated males (n = 38), females (n = 33), and intact males (n = 36) fed ad libitum, 75 or 50% of ad libitum over 109 ± 10 days. Our results demonstrated digesta passage rate had different responses whether evaluated in growing goats or goats fed with feeding levels over long-term. Reticulorumen kp of particles was not affected by growth or feeding level. However, reticulorumen kp of particles and large intestines kp of particles and solutes were positively related among them in growing goats. Reticulorumen kp of solutes decreased with aging followed by increasing on reticulorumen capacity and reducing on dry matter (DM) intake level and chewing investment (che... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

An investigation was conducted to determine the contribution of the gastrointestinal microbiota to variation in bioefficacy of methionine sources and the interrelationship between intestinal microbiota and cereal grain type with respect to gastrointestinal physiology. Apparent gastrointestinal absorption of DL-methionine (MET) and 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid (MHA-FA), post-weaning intestinal morphology, digestive physiology, mucin dynamics and digesta flow were studied in a series of experiments using conventional and gnotobiotic pigs. At 14 d of age, sow - reared conventional (CON) pigs and isolator - reared monoassociated gnotobiotic pigs (EF) were weaned to corn or wheat/barley based diets supplemented with MET or MHA-FA. At 24 d of age, after an overnight fast, pigs were fed experimental diet supplemented with 107 Bq of either 3H-L-MET or 3H-L-MHA-FA per kg of feed and chromic oxide (0.5% wt/wt). Pigs were killed 3 h after consuming the meal to collect digesta and tissue samples from the stomach and along the small intestinal (SI) length. Conventional pigs fed a wheat/barley-based diet had increased (P < 0.05) total aerobes, whereas supplementation with MHA-FA increased (P < 0.05) total aerobes and lactobacilli populations in proximal SI. Among the gnotobiotic pigs, 8 pigs (2 isolators) were monoassociated with a bacteria closely related to <i>Providencia</i> spp. and 16 pigs (4 isolators) were monoassociated with <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> (EF). Species of bacterial contaminant and diet composition did not affect residual MET or MHA-FA in digesta. Decreased (P < 0.05) apparent residual MET in digesta compared with MHA-FA in CON but not monoasscoiated pigs, along with significantly higher (P<0.05) MET associated radioactivity at 5% SI tissue suggested that microbial metabolism of MHA-FA increases its retention in small intestinal digesta and contributes in part to the lower bioefficacy of MHA-FA compared to MET. A comparison of CON and EF pigs showed that wheat/barley diets increased digesta viscosity (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and tended to decrease (<i>P</i> < 0.07) aminopeptidase N (APN) activity. Monoassociation decreased (<i>P</i> < 0.01) body weight, relative spleen weight, crypt depth, PCNA expression, caspase-3 activity, sucrase expression, total goblet cells in crypts and mucin gene expression and increased (<i>P</i> < 0.01) relative SI length, digesta viscosity, villus height, APN and sucrase activity. Interactive effects between cereal grain type and microbial status were observed only as trends (<i>P</i> < 0.1) for PCNA, Muc2, APN and sucrase suggesting these effects were mediated indirectly through microbial changes. Decreased % retained chromic oxide in digesta at all SI locations and no chromic oxide at 95% SI length in monoassociated pigs indicated slower small intestinal transit of digesta in monoassociated pigs. We successfully developed the chromic oxide microassay for estimating chromic oxide in 1/20th of original sample size (2.0 g). Results of this study indicate that microbial metabolism of MHA-FA contributes in part to the lower bioefficacy of MHA-FA compared to MET. Monoassociation had major effects on intestinal physiology whereas limited indirectly mediated effects of cereal type were observed suggesting no major influences of cereal grain type during the short early post-weaning phase.

An investigation was conducted to determine the contribution of the gastrointestinal microbiota to variation in bioefficacy of methionine sources and the interrelationship between intestinal microbiota and cereal grain type with respect to gastrointestinal physiology. Apparent gastrointestinal absorption of DL-methionine (MET) and 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid (MHA-FA), post-weaning intestinal morphology, digestive physiology, mucin dynamics and digesta flow were studied in a series of experiments using conventional and gnotobiotic pigs. At 14 d of age, sow - reared conventional (CON) pigs and isolator - reared monoassociated gnotobiotic pigs (EF) were weaned to corn or wheat/barley based diets supplemented with MET or MHA-FA. At 24 d of age, after an overnight fast, pigs were fed experimental diet supplemented with 107 Bq of either 3H-L-MET or 3H-L-MHA-FA per kg of feed and chromic oxide (0.5% wt/wt). Pigs were killed 3 h after consuming the meal to collect digesta and tissue samples from the stomach and along the small intestinal (SI) length. Conventional pigs fed a wheat/barley-based diet had increased (P < 0.05) total aerobes, whereas supplementation with MHA-FA increased (P < 0.05) total aerobes and lactobacilli populations in proximal SI. Among the gnotobiotic pigs, 8 pigs (2 isolators) were monoassociated with a bacteria closely related to <i>Providencia</i> spp. and 16 pigs (4 isolators) were monoassociated with <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> (EF). Species of bacterial contaminant and diet composition did not affect residual MET or MHA-FA in digesta. Decreased (P < 0.05) apparent residual MET in digesta compared with MHA-FA in CON but not monoasscoiated pigs, along with significantly higher (P<0.05) MET associated radioactivity at 5% SI tissue suggested that microbial metabolism of MHA-FA increases its retention in small intestinal digesta and contributes in part to the lower bioefficacy of MHA-FA compared to MET. A comparison of CON and EF pigs showed that wheat/barley diets increased digesta viscosity (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and tended to decrease (<i>P</i> < 0.07) aminopeptidase N (APN) activity. Monoassociation decreased (<i>P</i> < 0.01) body weight, relative spleen weight, crypt depth, PCNA expression, caspase-3 activity, sucrase expression, total goblet cells in crypts and mucin gene expression and increased (<i>P</i> < 0.01) relative SI length, digesta viscosity, villus height, APN and sucrase activity. Interactive effects between cereal grain type and microbial status were observed only as trends (<i>P</i> < 0.1) for PCNA, Muc2, APN and sucrase suggesting these effects were mediated indirectly through microbial changes. Decreased % retained chromic oxide in digesta at all SI locations and no chromic oxide at 95% SI length in monoassociated pigs indicated slower small intestinal transit of digesta in monoassociated pigs. We successfully developed the chromic oxide microassay for estimating chromic oxide in 1/20th of original sample size (2.0 g). Results of this study indicate that microbial metabolism of MHA-FA contributes in part to the lower bioefficacy of MHA-FA compared to MET. Monoassociation had major effects on intestinal physiology whereas limited indirectly mediated effects of cereal type were observed suggesting no major influences of cereal grain type during the short early post-weaning phase.

In vitro assays were developed using small intestinal contents from broilers fed maltodextrin in preparation for shipping. This was done to establish an effective bactericidal dose of allicin or lysozyme as ingredients in maltodextrin-based feed. The antimicrobials were added to overnight cultures of gut material bacteria from maltodextrin fed broilers and a pure culture of Salmonella. Following this, lysozyme was incorporated into maltodextrin feed at 0, 10 and 20 g.kg-1 of feed and offered for 9 h to 4 pens of 20 birds per treatment. Bacterial numbers were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS. Allicin and lysozyme inhibited Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium perfringens, respectively, in vitro. Lysozyme showed the most promise; it reduced bacterial numbers in nutrient broth. Feeding lysozyme-enriched maltodextrin for 9 h inhibited bacilli growth (P<0.05) when evaluated using next generation sequencing. Lysozyme was effective in reducing specific bacterial numbers in the gut of market-aged broilers / The project focused on ways to ensure poultry meat safety by controlling bacteria population in the gastrointestinal tract of market-aged broilers prior to shipping.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Eduardo Rodrigues de Carvalho.pdf: 276759 bytes, checksum: 879a1b345512b60d2419d0ddf7f618bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-01 / Objetivou-se avaliar no Experimento 1 o efeito do aumento do pH da silagem de sorgo pela adição de bicarbonato de sódio sobre a produção e composição do leite de vacas mestiças primíparas F1 (½ Holandesa ½ Jersey). O Experimento teve 30 dias de duração, divididos em dois períodos de 15 dias. Utilizaram-se dois tratamentos, silagem de sorgo com adição de bicarbonato de sódio na proporção de 1,3% (base na MS) e silagem de sorgo sem aditivo. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema de reversão simples. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas agrupadas em dois grupos experimentais de seis animais cada um, que ao início do experimento apresentavam média de 15,7 litros de leite/dia ± 2,4 e DEL médio de 122 dias ± 60. A produção e composição do leite foram avaliadas do 13º ao 15º dia dos dois períodos experimentais, em quatro ordenhas consecutivas. No Experimento 2, objetivou-se estudar a adição do bicarbonato de sódio, (2,2% da MS), leveduras (20 g/vaca/dia ou 0,2% da MS) e sua associação a uma mesma dieta (silagem de sorgo + concentrados) oferecida a vacas não lactantes fistuladas no rúmen. Foram avaliados o CMS, CMO, CFDN, DRMS e DRFDN (ambas a 30 horas), pH ruminal, Kd e Kt da MS, MO e FDN da digesta ruminal e frações sólida, líquida e total da digesta ruminal. O Experimento teve duração de 56 dias, divididos em quatro períodos de 14 dias. Os tratamentos utilizados foram os seguintes: T1 = silagem de sorgo + concentrados; T2 = silagem de sorgo + concentrados + bicarbonato de sódio (2,2% da MS); T3 = silagem de sorgo + concentrados + leveduras (20 g/animal/dia ou 0,2% da MS) e T4 = silagem de sorgo + concentrados + bicarbonato de sódio (2,2% da MS) + leveduras (20 g/animal/dia ou 0,2% da MS). O delineamento experimental empregado foi o Quadrado Latino 4x4. Foram usadas quatro vacas não lactantes fistuladas no rúmen, sem padrão racial definido. No Experimento 1, não houve diferença (P>0,05) para produção de leite, produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura, teor e produção de gordura, teor e produção de proteína, teor e produção de lactose e teor e produção de extrato seco total. Concluiu-se que a adição de 1,3% de bicarbonato de sódio à silagem de sorgo (base na MS) não contribuiu para melhorar a produção e composição de leite de vacas mestiças com produção média de 15,7 litros de leite/dia ± 2,4 e DEL médio de 122 dias ± 60. No Experimento 2, não houve efeito da adição de bicarbonato de sódio (2,2% xi da MS) ou de leveduras (20 g/vaca/dia ou 0,2% da MS), comparado à dieta controle, sobre o CMS, CMO, CFDN, DRMS e DRFDN (30 horas), Kd e Kt da MS, MO e FDN da digesta ruminal, pH do fluido ruminal e frações sólida, líquida e total da digesta ruminal (P>0,05). Da mesma forma, a adição conjunta de bicarbonato de sódio (2,2% da MS) + leveduras (20 g/vaca/dia ou 0,2% da MS) não proporcionou diferença sobre o CFDN, DRMS e DRFDN (30 horas), Kd e Kt de FDN da digesta ruminal, pH do fluido ruminal e frações sólida, líquida e total da digesta ruminal (P>0,05), comparado às dietas com adição de bicarbonato de sódio ou leveduras separadamente. Por outro lado, houve diferença significativa dessa associação (bicarbonato de sódio + leveduras) sobre o CMS, CMO, Kd e Kt da MS e MO da digesta ruminal (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que a associação do bicarbonato de sódio (2,2% da MS) e leveduras (20 g/vaca/dia ou 0,2% da MS) foi superior a esses dois aditivos, principalmente pelo aumento do CMS.

Realizaram-se dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a inclusão dos ingredientes alternativos farelo de girassol e sorgo na alimentação de frangos de corte adicionando-se enzimas. Os experimentos foram divididos em três ensaios independentes, os quais corresponderam a cada fase de criação: fase inicial (1 a 21 dias), onde foram avaliadas as características de desempenho; fase de crescimento (22 a 42 dias), onde foram avaliadas as características de desempenho e as características da carcaça e fase final (43 a 49 dias), onde foram avaliadas as características de desempenho e as características da carcaça. Para cada ensaio foram utilizadas 1.280 aves de ambos os sexos avaliando-se: desempenho (consumo, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça e rendimento dos cortes comerciais (peito, coxa + sobrecoxa, asa e dorso)), umidade da cama, viscosidade da digesta. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância utilizandose o procedimento do programa SAS (Statistic Analisys System, 2001) e como teste de comparação de médias foi utilizado o Teste de Tukey. No primeiro experimento, com farelo de girassol, o delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 8 tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 2 X 2 X 2 (2 critérios de formulação aminoácidos digestíveis e totais; 2 níveis de inclusão do farelo de girassol 0% e 15%; 2 formas de utilização das enzimas: com adição e sem adição), com 4 repetições de 40 aves cada. Concluiu-se que a utilização de 15% do farelo de girassol na dieta de frangos de corte prejudicou o desempenho dos animais, não afetando o rendimento de carcaça. Nas fases de crescimento e final, o melhor desempenho foi encontrado quando as dietas foram formuladas com base em aminoácidos digestíveis e com adição de enzimas; não influenciando a umidade do material da cama, aumentando a viscosidade da digesta. No segundo experimento com sorgo utilizou-se o mesmo delineamento com 8 tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 2 X 2 X 2 (2 critérios de formulação aminoácidos digestíveis e totais; 2 níveis de substituição do milho pelo sorgo 0% e 100%; 2 formas de utilização das enzimas: com adição e sem adição), com 4 repetições de 40 aves cada. O sorgo demonstrou ser um grande substituto do milho nas dietas, pelo fato de não alterar o desempenho das aves, umidade da cama e viscosidade da digesta. Com os dois ensaios realizados concluiu-se que ingredientes alternativos são viáveis na alimentação das aves, não restringindo a criação das mesmas somente no milho e na soja. / Two experiments were conduced to evaluate the inclusion of alternative ingredients, sunflower meal and sorghum, in diet of broilers with the addition of enzymes. The experiments were divided into three independent trials, which corresponded to each phase of raising: initial phase (1 21 days), where the performance characteristics were evaluated; growing phase (22 42 days), where the performance and the carcass characteristics were evaluated, and the final phase (43 49 days), where the performance and the carcass characteristics were also evaluated. For each trial 1,280 birds of both sexes were used to evaluate: performance (feed intake, wheight gain, feed conversion, carcass yield, and comercial cuts yield (breast, thigh, thigh + thigh of any fowl, wings and back)), litter humidity, digest viscosity. The data were submitted to variance analisys using the procedure of the program SAS (Statistc Analisys System, 2001) and the Tukey Test. In the first experiment, with sunflower meal, with 8 treatments,in factorial study, 2 x 2 x 2 ( 2 formulation digestible and total aminoacids; 2 levels of sunflower meal inclusion 0% and 15%; and enzyme use: with and without addition), with 4 repetitions of 40 poultries each. It was concluded that the use of 15% of the sunflower meal in the broiler´s diet harmed the animals´ performance, not affecting the carcass yield. In the growing and final phases, the best performance was found when the diets were made based on digestible aminoacids and with addition of enzymes; not influencing the humidity of the litter, increasing the digest viscosity. In the second experiment with sorghum 8 treatments were also used, in factorial study 2 x 2 x 2 (2 formulation digestible and total aminoacids; 2 levels of substitution from the corn to the sorghum 0 % and 100%; and enzyme use: with and without addition), with 4 repetitions of 40 poultries each. The sorghum has shown to be a great replacement of the corn in the diets, because it does not alter the poultry performance, bed humidity and digest viscosity. With both experiments performed, it was concluded that the alternative ingredients are feasible in the poultry feeding, not restricting their raising solely on corn and soybeans.

Realizaram-se dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a inclusão dos ingredientes alternativos farelo de girassol e sorgo na alimentação de frangos de corte adicionando-se enzimas. Os experimentos foram divididos em três ensaios independentes, os quais corresponderam a cada fase de criação: fase inicial (1 a 21 dias), onde foram avaliadas as características de desempenho; fase de crescimento (22 a 42 dias), onde foram avaliadas as características de desempenho e as características da carcaça e fase final (43 a 49 dias), onde foram avaliadas as características de desempenho e as características da carcaça. Para cada ensaio foram utilizadas 1.280 aves de ambos os sexos avaliando-se: desempenho (consumo, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça e rendimento dos cortes comerciais (peito, coxa + sobrecoxa, asa e dorso)), umidade da cama, viscosidade da digesta. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância utilizandose o procedimento do programa SAS (Statistic Analisys System, 2001) e como teste de comparação de médias foi utilizado o Teste de Tukey. No primeiro experimento, com farelo de girassol, o delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 8 tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 2 X 2 X 2 (2 critérios de formulação aminoácidos digestíveis e totais; 2 níveis de inclusão do farelo de girassol 0% e 15%; 2 formas de utilização das enzimas: com adição e sem adição), com 4 repetições de 40 aves cada. Concluiu-se que a utilização de 15% do farelo de girassol na dieta de frangos de corte prejudicou o desempenho dos animais, não afetando o rendimento de carcaça. Nas fases de crescimento e final, o melhor desempenho foi encontrado quando as dietas foram formuladas com base em aminoácidos digestíveis e com adição de enzimas; não influenciando a umidade do material da cama, aumentando a viscosidade da digesta. No segundo experimento com sorgo utilizou-se o mesmo delineamento com 8 tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 2 X 2 X 2 (2 critérios de formulação aminoácidos digestíveis e totais; 2 níveis de substituição do milho pelo sorgo 0% e 100%; 2 formas de utilização das enzimas: com adição e sem adição), com 4 repetições de 40 aves cada. O sorgo demonstrou ser um grande substituto do milho nas dietas, pelo fato de não alterar o desempenho das aves, umidade da cama e viscosidade da digesta. Com os dois ensaios realizados concluiu-se que ingredientes alternativos são viáveis na alimentação das aves, não restringindo a criação das mesmas somente no milho e na soja. / Two experiments were conduced to evaluate the inclusion of alternative ingredients, sunflower meal and sorghum, in diet of broilers with the addition of enzymes. The experiments were divided into three independent trials, which corresponded to each phase of raising: initial phase (1 21 days), where the performance characteristics were evaluated; growing phase (22 42 days), where the performance and the carcass characteristics were evaluated, and the final phase (43 49 days), where the performance and the carcass characteristics were also evaluated. For each trial 1,280 birds of both sexes were used to evaluate: performance (feed intake, wheight gain, feed conversion, carcass yield, and comercial cuts yield (breast, thigh, thigh + thigh of any fowl, wings and back)), litter humidity, digest viscosity. The data were submitted to variance analisys using the procedure of the program SAS (Statistc Analisys System, 2001) and the Tukey Test. In the first experiment, with sunflower meal, with 8 treatments,in factorial study, 2 x 2 x 2 ( 2 formulation digestible and total aminoacids; 2 levels of sunflower meal inclusion 0% and 15%; and enzyme use: with and without addition), with 4 repetitions of 40 poultries each. It was concluded that the use of 15% of the sunflower meal in the broiler´s diet harmed the animals´ performance, not affecting the carcass yield. In the growing and final phases, the best performance was found when the diets were made based on digestible aminoacids and with addition of enzymes; not influencing the humidity of the litter, increasing the digest viscosity. In the second experiment with sorghum 8 treatments were also used, in factorial study 2 x 2 x 2 (2 formulation digestible and total aminoacids; 2 levels of substitution from the corn to the sorghum 0 % and 100%; and enzyme use: with and without addition), with 4 repetitions of 40 poultries each. The sorghum has shown to be a great replacement of the corn in the diets, because it does not alter the poultry performance, bed humidity and digest viscosity. With both experiments performed, it was concluded that the alternative ingredients are feasible in the poultry feeding, not restricting their raising solely on corn and soybeans.

The use of ADF as internal Marker of duodenal digesta flow was evaluated, for this the intestinal degradability of fiber was studied. Four Holstein calves (156± 33 kg), fitted with duodenal cannula T simple, and one calve fitted on the rumen, fed diet base with black oat and supplement, was used. Seven feeds were weighted on the polyester bags (7x5,5cm; 25μm) and treated at different ruminal incubation times (12, 24, 36 and 48 hours). After the respective incubations times, the bags were introduced in the duodenum of animals, recovered on the faeces and analyzed. The means of fiber fraction obtained posruminally and on the samples recovered on the faeces, were significantly different (P<0,05). The percent difference was 6,44, 2,07 e 0,90% on DM basis, for NDF, ADF and ADL, respectively. The disappearance of ADL indicated loss of particles through the pores of the bags, thereby the means were corrected for the loss of ADL, improving the regression coefficients and intercept of the regression equations, demonstrating the potential of using the ADF as an internal marker of digesta flow in ruminants. Additionally, was evaluated the duodenal digesta flow on cattle, with different markers. The means obtained from the ADF and ADL were similar, 2,025 and 2,135 kgDM/day, respectively. The n-alkanes presented low fecal recovery (C31= 63,3%; C32=46,7% e C33=75,6%), this may have contributed to the high variability of the results obtained from the n-alkanes. The n-alkane C32 overestimated the duodenal flow of DM, 3,855 kgDM/day. The ADF was useful for to measure the duodenal digesta flow, even small loss was detected, this did not prejudice the assessment. The ADF was efficient for measure digesta flow of DM, differently of the n-alkanes that overestimated (C32) and presented high variability (C31, C32 and C33). / Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial do uso de componentes da fibra como marcadores internos e alcanos na estimativa do fluxo duodenal em bovinos. Para tanto foi avaliada a degradabilidade intestinal das frações fibrosas de diferentes alimentos. Foram utilizados quatro bovinos da raça holandesa dotados de cânula tipo T simples no duodeno e um bovino dotado de fistula ruminal, com dieta a base de Aveia Preta e concentrados (60:40). Foram conduzidos ensaios com sete diferentes alimentos, estes sendo submetidos a diferentes tempos de incubação ruminal, (12, 24, 36 e 48 horas). Por meio da técnica dos saquinhos móveis, foi avaliada a degradação intestinal dos alimentos. As médias das frações fibrosas obtidas pós-ruminalmente e recuperadas nas fezes diferiram significativamente de FDN, FDA e LDA (P<0,05). O desaparecimento em percentual da MS foi de 6,44, 2,07 e 0,90%, para FDN, FDA e LDA, respectivamente. No entanto a análise de regressão linear indicou altos coeficientes de determinação para todos os tempos de incubação. O desaparecimento em proporção de FDA e LDA foram estatisticamente iguais em todos os tempos de incubação (P>0,05), indicando perda de partículas pelos poros dos saquinhos. A correção dos teores de FDA, pela perda de LDA não afetou os coeficientes de determinação que permaneceram elevados. A estimativa do fluxo de duodenal de MS com a FDA e a LDA foram similares, 2,025 e 2,135 kgMS/dia, respectivamente. Os n-alcanos apresentaram baixa recuperação fecal (C31= 63,3%; C32=46,7% e C33=75,6%),o que pode ter contribuído para alta variabilidade dos resultados. O C32 superestimou os valores de fluxo duodenal de MS, sendo que fluxo médio obtido pelo C32, corrigido pela excreção fecal do alcano, foi de 3,855 kgMS/dia, enquanto o observado com o FDA foi de 2,065kgMS/dia e 2,135 kgMS/dia com base no LDA. O FDA foi eficiente para medir o fluxo duodenal de MS, , diferentemente do n-alcano dosado, o C32, que superestimou este parâmetro e, como C31 e C33, apresentou resultados com alta variabilidade.