L'insuffisance pancréatique se définit comme un déficit de production d'enzymes pancréatiques par le pancréas. Ceci entraîne une mauvaise digestion des aliments et des vitamines liposolubles, mais peut rarement entraîner la mort. Plusieurs affections du pancréas peuvent entraîner un tel déficit, mais il est généralement engendré par la pancréatite chronique et la mucoviscidose. L'insuffisance elle-même peut être contrée en donnant aux malades un produit pharmaceutique composé d'extraits pancréatiques. Généralement issu de pancréas porcin, cet extrait pancréatique doit être apte à résister à l'environnement gastrique pour pouvoir se répandre promptement dans le duodénum en gardant des hauts taux d'activité enzymatique. Plusieurs méthodes de dosage existent pour permettre d'évaluer l'activité enzymatique des enzymes pancréatiques comme agents actifs, dont celles recommandées par la Pharmacopée américaine. Vu les désavantages reliés à l'utilisation de ces méthodes (longues et laborieuses), ce projet a été mené pour déterminer si des méthodes alternatives pourraient être équivalentes tout en éliminant ces désavantages. Suite à des recherches préliminaires, des méthodes chromogéniques en fluorescence ont été sélectionnées pour évaluer leur potentiel d'utilisation pour le dosage de l'activité de la pancrélipase vu leurs avantages comme la rapidité et la sensibilité. L'objectif de ce projet a donc été de développer et d'optimiser des méthodes chromogéniques en fluorescence pour l'évaluation des enzymes pancréatiques en formulation pharmaceutique. Les paramètres réactionnels furent étudiés, optimisés et harmonisés. Le type et la concentration du tampon, le pH, la température et les cofacteurs enzymatiques ont été déterminés, car ce sont des paramètres pouvant fortement influencer l'activité enzymatique de la lipase, de l'amylase et des protéases. Les paramètres cinétiques ont également été déterminés et les valeurs trouvées ont été respectivement 2,63, 11,56 et 15,46 µg/mL pour les Km et de 666,67, 138,89 et de 135,14 RFU/min pour les Vmax de la lipase, de l'alpha-amylase et des protéases. Les plages de concentration des enzymes ainsi que le temps de réaction permettant une évaluation précise ont été déterminés: 0,01 à 1 mU et 10 min de réaction cinétique de la lipase, 0,04 mU à 6 mU et 20 min de cinétique pour l'alpha-amylase et de 4 à 24 mU et 40 min de cinétique pour les protéases. Les enzymes pancréatiques des deux principes actifs « Pancreactic Enzymes Concentrate », PEC A et B, ont été dosées en présence et en absence des excipients de leur formulation respective. La précision et l'exactitude des méthodes chromogéniques ont été évaluées et comparées aux valeurs trouvées par les méthodes USP de la Pharmacopée américaine. Elles ont été trouvées équivalentes pour les deux méthodes et aucune interférence significative n'a été trouvée entre l'enzyme et les divers excipients (désintégrants, lubrifiants, liants, enrobant, etc.). En conclusion, ces méthodes chromogéniques en fluorescence peuvent être considérées adéquates pour l'évaluation de la pancréatine et de la pancrélipase. Leurs avantages pour les analyses de formulations pharmaceutiques justifient l'intérêt à les prendre en considération comme méthodes rapides de dosages enzymatiques. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Méthode chromogénique fluorescente, Méthode USP, Lipase, Alpha-amylase, Protéases, Pancrelipase.

No description available.

Calf diarrhea or scours is one of the most significant and costly problems dairy producers face on a daily basis. A study was designed and conducted to evaluate the effects of direct-fed microbials on the performance and digestive tract morphology of neo-natal/transition Holstein bull calves. Treatments consisted of a control (n = 21) and a treatment (n = 22) of direct-fed microbial (5 x 108 cfu) supplemented daily. Samples of the rumen, duodenum, and ileum were harvested at the time of slaughter and examined for differences in morphology. Although the direct-fed microbial did not effect performance, it positively effected the ruminal papillae as well as the ileal villi. These data indicate that direct-fed microbials may increase the nutrient absorptive surface area of the rumen and ileum, resulting in a healthier digestive tract.

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a major cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastric cancer, yet the infection remains asymptomatic in most people. One factor that influences the outcome of Hp infection is the host immune response. Expression of the immune-stimulating cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17) is increased in the human Hp-infected gastric mucosa, but its cellular source and role in pathology are unclear. In this study dendritic cell cytokine responses to Hp stimulation were studied, and relative IL-12p70 and IL-23 concentrations compared, to assess the potential of Hp to promote differentiation of IL-17-secreting T-helper cells (Th17). The effect of Hp virulence factors on cytokine secretion was assessed and monocyte-derived DC (MoDCs) and CD1c+ myeloid DC (MyDC) responses compared. MoDCs produced high concentrations of IL-12p70 upon Hp stimulation. There was also an~ IL-23 MoDCs response, but this was >10-fold lower than the IL-12p70 response. Both IL-12p70 and IL-23 responses were significantly reduced when Hp isogenic mutants for the virulence factor dupA were used, although the effect on MoDC IL-12p70 and IL-23 secretion was less marked than previously reported for monocytes. MyDCs produced lower concentrations of IL-23 than MoDCs, and no detectable IL-12p70. It is known that Hp infection can have systemic effects, so next peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 21 Hp+ and 13 uninfected patients were stimulated with Hp or control antigen and Th17 and Th1 cell frequencies analyzed by flow cytometry. A systemic Hp-specific Th17 response was identified with higher Th17 cell frequencies in the Hp+ patients compared to the uninfected controls (2.0-fold, p=0.027). A variable proportion of these cells also secreted IFNgamma (median 33%, n=21), but there was no significant correlation between Th17 and Th1 cell frequencies. Peripheral blood Th1 cells were also increased in Hp+ patients (2.1-fold, p=0.018). No significant difference was found between peripheral blood Th17 and Th1 frequencies in the Hp+ patients. The concentrations of Th17, Th1, Th2 and Treg cytokines in the gastric mucosa of Hp+ patients and uninfected controls were investigated using luminex and real-time PCR. High levels of Il-17 expression in the infected compared to uninfected gastric mucosa were confirmed at both the mRNA and protein level (mRNA: 42.6-fold, p<0.0001; protein 3.5-fold, p<0.0001). Il-17 concentrations correlated with the levels of Il-17F (p=0.80, p<0.0001) and the chemokines CCl20 (p=0.59, p<0.0001) and Il-8 (p=0.49, p=0.0004). Concentrations of the Th17-differentiating cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-21 and IL-23 were not increased in the Hp+ gastric biopsies, although IL-23 was present at high concentrations in all samples regardless of Hp infection status. IL-17 was present at higher concentrations than IFNgamma (3.9-fold, p<0.0001), IL-4 (3.0-fold, p<0.0001) and IL-10 (6.8-fold, p<0.0001) in Hp+ gastric biopsies. IFNG mRNA was also more highly expressed than IL17 mRNA (3.3-fold, p=0.016). To identify the cellular source of the IL-17 mononuclear cells were extracted from gastric biopsies, stimulated with PMA/ionomycin and analyzed by flow cytometry. Amongst biopsy CD3+ T cells from 10 Hp+ patients, IL-17 was produced mainly by CD4+ Th17 cells (68.5%), although CD8+/l-17+ (24.7%) and CD4-CD8- (18.2%) cells also made a significant contribution. High IL-17 concentrations were associated with increased inflammation (2.4-fold, p=0.024) and neutrophil infiltration (2.4-fold, p=0.031). RORC2 mRNA expression was weakly associated with PUD (p=0.046, 1.4-fold) but, surprisingly, no association was found between the IL-17 response and incidence of PUD or precancerous changes. In conclusion Hp can stimulate DCs to produce IL-23 in vitro, and high levels of this Th17-differentiating cytokine were found in gastric mucosal biopsies. Stimulation with dupA null Hp strains led to reduced IL-12p70 and IL-23 secretion, suggesting a possible mechanism of action for this recently discovered virulence factor. Culturing Hp with MoDCs and MyDCs yielded quite different results, and it remains unknown whether either model closely reflects gastric mucosal DC responses. Hp-specific Th17 responses were identified in the peripheral blood of patients with active Hp infection for the first time. Th17 cells were identified as the main cellular source of IL-17 in the Hp-infected gastric mucosa but there were also significant numbers of CDS+IL-17+ and CD4-CDS-IL-17+ T cells, which have not previously been described in this context. High mucosal concentrations of IL-17 and association of this cytokine with infiltration of immune cells indicate that it is an important component of the human immune response to Hp. However, no association between IL-17 and risk of disease was detected in this study, although RORC2 expression was weakly associated with PUD. The role of I L-17/Th 17 in Hp related disease warrants further investigation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of whole tissue, cytosolic, and mitochondrial glutathione in the tissue zones of the rat kidney. Reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were measured spectrophotometrically in tissue homogenates. Differential centrifugation was used to isolate the cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions. Cortical GSH and GSSG levels accounted for 51% and 60%, respectively, of the GSH and GSSG levels in the whole kidney. Cytosolic GSH levels were similar in the cortex and medulla but lower in the papilla. Cytosolic GSSG levels were highest in the cortex and lowest in the medulla. Mitochondrial GSH and GSSG levels did not follow a pattern similar to that of the cytosol or whole tissue. The mitochondrial redox ratio (GSH/GSH + GSSG X 100) was significantly higher in the cortex (ie., 67%) than the medulla (ie., 39%). The cytosolic redox ratio showed an opposite relationship with the cortex (ie., 57%) being lower than the medulla (ie., 78%). This study demonstrates that there are differences in GSH levels, GSSG levels, and the redox ratio in the tissue zones of the rat kidney. / Department of Physiology and Health Science

Darbo tema : Lesalų, papildytų nesmulkintais kvietrugiais, įtaka viščiukų broilerių produktyvumui, virškinimo trakto išsivystymui bei virškinimo procesams Darbo tikslas: įvertinti viščiukų broilerių produktyvumą, virškinimo trakto išsivystymą bei virškinimo procesus, lesalus papildžius nesmulkintais kvietrugiais. Darbo uždaviniai: 1) ištirti lesalų papildytų nesmulkintais kvietrugiais įtaką viščiukų broilerių produktyvumui, lesalų sąnaudoms 1 kg priesvorio gauti ir išsaugojimui; 2) ištirti lesalų papildytų nesmulkintais kvietrugiais įtaką viščiukų broilerių virškinimo trakto išsivystymui; 3) ištirti lesalų papildytų nesmulkintais kvietrugiais įtaką viščiukų broilerių virškinimo procesams (žarnų turinio pH, SM, amoniakiniam azotui ir kt.). Tyrimu rezultatai ir išvados: Tiriamųjų grupių kombinuotasis lesalas 1–7 amžiaus dienomis buvo papildytas skirtingais nesmulkintų kvietrugių kiekiais: I-osios tiriamosios grupės lesaluose neskaldyti kvietrugiai sudarė 4 %, II-osios – 6 %. Nuo 8 iki 35 amžiaus dienos viščiukai broileriai buvo lesinami tarpiniu lesalu. Nuo 8 iki 21 amžiaus dienos viščiukų broilerių lesalai buvo papildyti skirtingais nemulkintų kvietrugių kiekiais – pirmos tiriamosios grupės lesaluose nemulkinti kvietrugiai sudarė 8 %, antros tiriamosios – 12 %, o nuo 22 iki 35 amžiaus dienos – pirmos tiriamosios grupės lesaluose nesmulkinti kvietrugiai sudarė 15 %, antros tiriamosios – 20 %. Nuo 36 iki 40 amžiaus dienos viščiukai broileriai buvo lesinami lesalu, kuriame... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The topic: The effect of having hole triticale grains complemented feed on chicken broilers productivity, the development of digestine system and digestine processes. The objective of the research – to investigate broiler chicken productivity, gastrointestinal development and digestive processes by adding whole triticale supplement into the feed. Tasks of the research: 1) To investigate the effect of having whole triticale supplemented feed for broiler chickens productivity, aiming to gain and maintain 1kg broiler weight. 2) To investigate the effect of having whole triticale supplemented feed on broiler chickens digestive tract occurrence. 3) To investigate the whole triticale supplemented feed influence on broiler chickens digestive processes (intestinal pH, DM, ammonia nitrogen and etc.). Results and conclusions: Two different groups of chickens were given whole triticale supplemented feed of various proportions during the first seven days of nestling. The third group received a normal diet. The first group of broiler chickens was fed with the feed containing 4% of whole triticale, while the second received 6%. During days 8 to 21 of broilers age, the supplements of whole triticale in the first group grown up to 8%, while in the second group by 12%. During days 22 to 35 of broilers age, the first test group was fed a diet of whole triticale going up to 15% and the second group - 20%. From 36th to 40th day of chickens age, broilers were fed a diet that contained none... [to full text]

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 8 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Medicine, 1999. / Additional appendix (5 p.) is pasted onto back end-paper. Bibliography: leaves 219-244.