Dans l'optique de leur valorisation en carburants alternatifs, il s'avère important d'acquérir une connaissance plus étendue des liquéfiats de charbon et des huiles de biomasse, notamment d'élucider la composition chimique des oxygénés présents en relativement forte concentration. L'objectif de cette thèse est donc de développer des systèmes analytiques résolutifs permettant de séparer les molécules oxygénées présentes dans ces produits. L'analyse des liquéfiats de charbon (0,5-5%m/m O) a été permise par la chromatographie en phase gazeuse bidimensionnelle et a mené à une quantification inédite des alcools et des phénols. Les autres familles chimiques oxygénées ont été quantifiées par une approche analytique multi-technique faisant appel à la spectrométrie de masse très haute résolution (FT-ICR/MS), à la spectroscopie RMN et à la spectroscopie UV-visible. Au total, 70%m/m et 86%m/m de l'oxygène élémentaire a été quantifié. L'optimisation des conditions en GC×GC a aussi permis de quantifier 60%m/m de l'oxygène élémentaire présent dans les bio-huiles upgradées (10-20%m/m O), mais cette technique reste tout de même limitée en termes de résolution face à la complexité de ces huiles. Une troisième dimension de séparation par chromatographie en fluide supercritique a été couplée en ligne, en amont de l'analyse par GCxGC (SFC-GCxGC). Ce système permet une analyse quantitative détaillée des phénols, benzènediols, guaiacols et naphthols dans ce type de matrice. A travers l'analyse de ces deux produits, des considérations théoriques sur les notions d'orthogonalité et sur les mécanismes de rétention régissant les séparations ont été déduites

Nous présentons des procédés de fonctionnalisation de surface par assemblage dirigé de colloïdes en suspension. La motivation de ce projet est de montrer que des techniques simples fondées sur des phénomènes de démouillage de suspensions colloïdales permettent de diriger le dépôt de particules sur des surfaces structurées, de façon déterministe avec une résolution micrométrique. L'objectif de ces travaux est de développer une technique de structuration simple, polyvalente et utilisable en routine. Deux verrous technologiques majeurs ont été levés : d'une part l'optimisation des paramètres d'assemblage a permis d'étendre considérablement les vitesses d'assemblage et d'autre part, l'optimisation des structures de capture à rendu possible le multiplexage des dépôts et la création de réseaux imbriqués de particules de types différents. Ce processus a été appliqué avec succès à des particules magnétiques. Ces particules fixées à la surface peuvent servir de points d'ancrage pour des colonnes magnétiques. Plusieurs exemples d'applications telles que la capture de cellules au sein de liquides biologiques, la fabrication de micro-flagelles artificielles, ou de micro-capteurs de force ont été développées. Ces techniques ont également été adaptées pour l'assemblage de cellules, de levures et de bactéries sur des surfaces. Cela a conduit au développement de substrats de capture et de mise en culture permettant la création de réseaux constitués de plusieurs types de cellules précisément localisées.

Throughout the ages, countless shipwrecks have left behind a rich historical and technological legacy. In this context, nautical archaeologists study the remains of these boats and ships and the cultures that created and used them. Ship reconstruction can be seen as an incomplete jigsaw reconstruction problem. Therefore, I hypothesize that a computational approach based on digital libraries can enhance the reconstruction of a composite object (ship) from fragmented, incomplete, and damaged pieces (timbers and ship remains). This dissertation describes a framework for enabling the integration of textual and visual information pertaining to wooden vessels from sources in multiple languages. Linking related pieces of information relies on query expansion and improving relevance. This is accomplished with the implementation of an algorithm that derives relationships from terms in a specialized glossary, combining them with properties and concepts expressed in an ontology. The main archaeological sources used in this dissertation are data generated from a 17th-century Portuguese ship, the Pepper Wreck, complemented with information obtained from other documented and studied shipwrecks. Shipbuilding treatises spanning from the late 16th- to the 19th-centuries provide textual sources along with various illustrations. Additional visual materials come from a repository of photographs and drawings documenting numerous underwater excavations and surveys. The ontology is based on a rich database of archaeological information compiled by Mr. Richard Steffy. The original database was analyzed and transformed into an ontological representation in RDF-OWL. Its creation followed an iterative methodology which included numerous revisions by nautical archaeologists. Although this ontology does not pretend to be a final version, it provides a robust conceptualization. The proposed approach is evaluated by measuring the usefulness of the glossary and the ontology. Evaluation results show improvements in query expansion across languages based on Blind Relevance Feedback using the glossary as query expansion collection. Similarly, contextualization was also improved by using the ontology for categorizing query results. These results suggest that related external sources can be exploited to better contextualize information in a particular domain. Given the characteristics of the materials in nautical archaeology, the framework proposed in this dissertation can be adapted and extended to other domains.

Thesis (PhD) -- University of Canberra, 2008. / Includes bibliographic references (p. 276-293)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of South Florida, 2002. / Title from PDF of title page. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2003. / Title from title page screen (viewed Nov. 11, 2003). Thesis advisor: Edward L. Counts. Document formatted into pages (viii, 132 p. : col. ill.). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-103).

The purpose of this survey is to describe how selected United States Government agencies provide information to the public via Internet services. With more than 2,000 Federal library and information centers located throughout the world this effort, of necessity, is selective and findings neither represent all libraries nor do they identify all approaches currently used to present information via the Web. An effort has been made to describe services without attributing values to particular site characteristics. This report provides a brief snapshot in time of a complex and rapidly evolving world. While not definitive in scope, it is hoped that this report will provide a baseline for anyone who may wish to revisit some of these sites in the future to determine how services may have been expanded, reduced, or refined.

This item is not the definitive copy. Please use the following citation when referencing this material: McKnight, C., Dillon, A. and Shackel, B. (1996) The electronic journal and its implications for the digital library. In T. Harrison and T. Stephens (eds.) Computer Networking and Scholarly Communication in the 21st Century. NY: SUNY Press, 351-368. 1. INTRODUCTION: It is now over ten years since the first electronic journal experiments (e.g., EIES, BLEND) and the intervening years have not seen researchers being idle in this field. Indeed, while experiments have continued apace in an attempt to answer various questions such as the appropriateness of particular interfaces, electronic journals have continued to appear. The third edition of the ARL list (Okerson, 1993) contains 45 electronic journals while the first edition, only two years earlier (Okerson, 1991), listed only 27. This might suggest reasonably rapid growth but in actual fact represents a high rate of turnover also -- 16 of the original 27 do not appear in the latest list. We therefore start this chapter from the assumption that electronic journals will continue to be a feature of the scholarly communication process, although not all will survive. Our second assumption arises from our experiences in the design, implementation and evaluation of information technology based systems in general, not just electronic journals. That is, we assume that in order to be acceptable, any system attempting to replace an existing technology must enable users to perform their necessary tasks in a way which is at least as easy as the existing system. The new system must offer at least as much (and preferably more) than the existing system, otherwise motivation to move from the old to the new is not high. In the present context, this means that the successful electronic journals will be those which not only support the scholarly communication process and all the other user requirements satisfied by paper based journals, but also support additional, enhanced facilities such as tailorable presentation formats, integrated interactive discussion about articles, flexible indexing and retrieval, hypertext linking and so forth.

This is a submission to the "Interrogating the social realities of information and communications systems pre-conference workshop, ASIST AM 2006.

Recent research projects in North America that have advanced the integration of formal mathematical georeferencing and informal placename georeferencing in knowledge organization systems are described and related to visualization applications.