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Estudo da dinâmica funcional dos domínios regulatórios do trocador de Na+/Ca2+ de Drosophila melanogaster por ressonância magnética nuclear em solução / Functional dynamics of the regulatory domains from the Drosophila melanogaster\'s Na+/Ca2+ exchanger by nuclear magnetic resonance in solution.Layara Akemi Abiko 20 March 2015 (has links)
O trocador de Na+/Ca2+ (NCX) constitui um dos principais mecanismos de extrusão de Ca2+ intracelular em células excitáveis. Foi demonstrado que alterações no funcionamento do NCX estão relacionadas a diversas situações patológicas. Por este motivo, o entendimento do mecanismo molecular da manutenção da concentração de Ca2+ intracelular via NCX é importante para a compreensão do funcionamento do trocador, bem como para o desenvolvimento de fármacos. Além de transportar Na+/Ca2+, o NCX também é regulado por esses íons. Este trocador é composto por dois domínios transmembranares, cada um deles contendo 5 α-hélices (TM), e uma grande alça intracelular que conecta as hélices TM5 e TM6. O domínio transmembranar é responsável por catalisar o transporte de Na+/Ca2+ através da bicamada lipídica, enquanto que a alça citoplasmática está envolvida com a regulação do trocador. Esta alça contém dois domínios sensores de Ca2+ adjacentes, denominados CBD1 e CBD2. Apesar da importância fisiológica do NCX, o mecanismo de regulação alostérica do trocador por Ca2+ intracelular permanece desconhecido. Neste trabalho, a espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de alta resolução foi utilizada para investigar a conformação e a dinâmica de CBD1 e CBD2 do trocador de Na+/Ca2+ de Drosophila melanogaster (CALX), isolados ou conectados covalentemente em uma construção denominada CBD12. Um total de 98% das ressonâncias da cadeia principal de CBD1 isolado na presença de Ca2+ foi assinalado, enquanto que na ausência de Ca2+, assinalamentos para apenas uma parte da cadeia principal puderam ser obtidos. Os assinalamentos adquiridos para CBD12 foram baseados na análise de um conjunto de espectros de RMN tridimensional heteronuclear e por comparação com os espectros dos domínios isolados. Uma análise preliminar dos deslocamentos químicos e dos parâmetros de relaxação de 15N obtidos para CBD1 indicou que este domínio é flexível na ausência de Ca2+, mas torna-se rígido após a adição deste íon. As medidas das velocidades de relaxação de 15N e de acoplamentos dipolares residuais (RDCs) de 1H-15N realizadas para CBD12 nas formas apo e holo indicaram que a ligação de Ca2+ em CBD1 estabiliza uma orientação rígida entre os domínios. A análise dos RDCs de 1H-15N mostrou ainda que a orientação média entre CBD1 e CBD2 é praticamente linear na ausência de Ca2+, enquanto que um ângulo menor é assumido após a adição deste íon. Os dados descritos nesta tese suportam um modelo de regulação alostérica em que a modulação da plasticidade de CBD12 pela ligação de Ca2+ no domínio CBD1 controla a abertura e o fechamento do trocador. / The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) is a major mechanism for the extrusion of intracellular Ca2+ in excitable cells. It was demonstrated that altered functioning of this protein is related to various pathological situations. Therefore, the understanding of the molecular mechanism for maintaining the intracellular Ca2+ concentration by means of the NCX is important to understand the functioning of the exchanger and to develop drug-based therapies. Besides transporting Na+/Ca2+, the exchanger is also regulated by these ions. The NCX is composed of two transmembrane domains, each of them containing 5 transmembrane alpha-helices (TM), and a very large cytosolic loop that connects TM5 to TM6. The transmembrane domains are responsible for catalyzing the transport of Na+ and Ca2+ ions across the lipid bilayer, while the cytosolic loop is involved in regulation of the exchanger activity. It contains two regulatory Ca2+- binding domains, called CBD1 and CBD2, that appear in tandem. Despite the physiological importance of the NCX, the mechanism of allosteric regulation of the exchanger by intracellular calcium remains unclear. In this work we used high-resolution NMR spectroscopy to study the conformation and the dynamics of the two Ca2+-binding regulatory domains of Drosophila\'s Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (CALX), CBD1 and CBD2, in isolation as well as in a covalent construct called CBD12. Complete backbone NMR resonance assignments were obtained for the isolated CBD1 domain in the Ca2+-bound state, while partial assignments were obtained for CBD1 in the free state. Partial backbone NMR resonance assignments were obtained for the CBD12 construct through the analysis of a standard set of triple resonance NMR spectra. Additional assignments were obtained by comparison with the isolated CBD1 and CBD2 domains. A preliminary analysis of NMR chemical shifts and 15N relaxation data obtained for CBD1 indicates that this domain displays considerable amount of flexibility in the free state, but becomes more rigid upon Ca2+-binding. NMR 15N relaxation rates and 1H-15N residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) obtained for the Apo and Ca2+-bound states of the CBD12 domain indicate that calcium binding stabilizes a rigid inter-domain orientation. Analysis of 1H-15N RDCs further shows that Drosophila\'s CBD12 domain assumes an almost linear inter-domain orientation in the absence of Ca2+, while a smaller inter-domain angle was found in its presence. These findings support a model in which modulation of CBD12 plasticity by the binding of Ca2+ to the CBD1 domain controls the opening and closing of the exchanger.
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Metallic Nanorod Arrays: Linear Optical Properties and BeyondKullock, René 29 June 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Arrays of free-standing metallic nanorods are promising candidates for sensors, switches and spectroscopy. They have structure sizes much smaller than the wavelength of visible light, feature a long-axis surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) and show metamaterial-like properties. This thesis provides a detailed investigation of their linear optical properties and highlights some nonlinear optical aspects.
By means of graded structures having a tunable LSPR and three different theoretical models -- a numerical multiple-multipole method (MMP) model, a semi-analytic collective surface plasmon (CSP) model and an analytic dipolar interaction model (DIM) -- the optical properties were analyzed. Using the DIM, the experimentally observed blueshift of the LSPR in comparison to a single nanorod is confirmed and a physical explanation is provided. The LSPR strongly depends on the angle of incidence and the rod diameter. However, for a varying length the changes are small with the long-axis mode showing a lower energy limit. The detailed arrangement of the nanorods and the azimuthal angle of the incoming light plays only a minor role for small nanorod separations. Similarly, the dependence on the metal is the same as for single particles, whereas the sensitivity to the surrounding dielectric is much stronger than in the single-particle case.
For longer nanorods made of silver, angle-dependent higher-order modes are observed and reproduced using MMP. The CSP model is applied and Fabry-Pérot-like oscillations of the CSPs are found. The propagating nature of these modes leads to the discovery that the p component of the transmitted light experiences a phase jump and to the observation of polarization conversion inside the structures.
Negative refraction is found in nanorod arrays; it is revealed that a negative energy flux occurs only within a bandwidth given by the LSPR of a single nanorod and the array resonance. For smaller wavelengths, the in-plane component of the Poynting vector reverses, leading to an (extraordinary) positive flux. At the LSPR itself, the flux parallel to the surface is found to be zero. The negative refraction is also exploited to mimic a nanolens with structure parameters that are infact technical realizable. In the visible regime the nanolens shows a NA of 1.06 and superlens-like features such as identical rotation and linear translation of image and object.
The nonlinear measurements on graded structures are conducted using femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy resulting in kinetics showing either an increased transmission or absorption with signal changes of up to 40%. By converting them to transient spectra and by comparison with the literature, electron distribution changes at the Fermi edge and hot electrons/phonons are identified as the main reasons for the changes. Probing at the inflection points of the LSPR reveals ultrafast signals. Using transient spectra they are traced back to a short blueshift of the LSPR. / Strukturen aus frei stehenden metallischen Nanostäbchen versprechen interessante Anwendungen als Sensoren, Schalter und in der Spektroskopie. Da ihre Strukturgrößen kleiner als die Wellenlänge des sichtbaren Lichtes sind, besitzen sie eine langachsige Oberflächenplasmonenresonanz (LSPR) und weisen metamaterialartige Eigenschaften auf. In dieser Dissertation werden die linearen und nichtlinearen optischen Eigenschaften solcher Strukturen im Detail untersucht.
Mit Hilfe von Gradientenstrukturen, die eine durchstimmbare LSPR besitzen, und dreier theoretischer Modelle – eines numerischen Modells basierend auf der Methode der multiplen Multipole (MMP), eines semianalytischen Modells kollektiver Oberflächenplasmonen (CSP) sowie eines analytischen dipolaren Interaktionsmodells (DIMs) – werden die optischen Eigenschaften analysiert.
Unter Verwendung des DIMs wird die experimentell beobachtete Blauverschiebung der LSPR im Vergleich zur Resonanz eines Einzelstäbchens bestätigt und eine physikalische Erklärung dafür geliefert. Die LSPR ist stark vom Einfallswinkel und vom Stäbchendurchmesser abhängig. Im Unterschied dazu sind die Änderungen bei einer Längenvariation klein, wobei die langachsige Mode ein unteres Energielimit aufweist. Weiterhin haben die genaue Anordnung der Stäbchen und der azimutale Winkel des einfallenden Lichtes nur einen untergeordneten Einfluss. Die Abhängigkeit vom verwendeten Metall ist analog zu einem Einzelstäbchen, während die Empfindlichkeit in Bezug auf das Umgebungsmedium wesentlich stärker ist.
Längere Nanostäbchen aus Silber zeigen winkelabhängige Moden höherer Ordnung, welche mittels MMP reproduziert werden können. Das CSP-Modell wird ebenfalls darauf angewendet, wobei Fabry-Pérot-artige Oszillationen der CSPs entdeckt werden. Die propagierende Natur der CSPs führt zur Entdeckung eines Phasensprungs der p‑Komponente des transmittierten Lichtes sowie zur Beobachtung von Polarisationskonversion in den Strukturen.
Nanostäbchen-Arrays weisen außerdem negative Brechung auf. Es wird gezeigt, dass ein negativer Energiefluss nur in dem Wellenlängenbereich zwischen der LSPR der Einzelstäbchen und der Arrayresonanz auftritt. Für kleinere Wellenlängen kehrt sich die in der Ebene befindende Poynting-Vektor-Komponente um, was zu einer (außerordentlichen) positiven Brechung führt. An der LSPR selbst ist der zur Strukturebene parallele Fluss Null. Die negative Brechung wird ferner ausgenutzt, um eine Nanolinse mit realistischen Strukturparametern zu simulieren. Im sichtbaren Bereich zeigt sie eine NA von 1,06 und superlinsenartige Eigenschaften, wie eine identische Rotation und eine lineare Translation von Bild und Objekt.
Die nichtlinearen Messungen an Gradientenstrukturen werden mittels Femtosekunden-Pump-Probe-Spektroskopie durchgeführt und liefern Kinetiken, welche entweder eine verstärkte Transmission oder eine verstärkte Absorption mit Signalstärken von bis zu 40% aufweisen. Durch Konvertierung in transiente Spektren und Vergleich mit der Literatur werden eine veränderte Elektronverteilung an der Fermi-Kante und heiße Elektronen/Phononen als Ursache für die Änderungen gefunden. Das Abtasten mit dem Probe-Puls an den Wendepunkten der Resonanz offenbart ultraschnelle Signale. Mit Hilfe der transienten Spektren wird dies auf eine kurzzeitige Blauverschiebung der LSPR zurückgeführt.
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Metallic Nanorod Arrays: Linear Optical Properties and BeyondKullock, René 19 April 2011 (has links)
Arrays of free-standing metallic nanorods are promising candidates for sensors, switches and spectroscopy. They have structure sizes much smaller than the wavelength of visible light, feature a long-axis surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) and show metamaterial-like properties. This thesis provides a detailed investigation of their linear optical properties and highlights some nonlinear optical aspects.
By means of graded structures having a tunable LSPR and three different theoretical models -- a numerical multiple-multipole method (MMP) model, a semi-analytic collective surface plasmon (CSP) model and an analytic dipolar interaction model (DIM) -- the optical properties were analyzed. Using the DIM, the experimentally observed blueshift of the LSPR in comparison to a single nanorod is confirmed and a physical explanation is provided. The LSPR strongly depends on the angle of incidence and the rod diameter. However, for a varying length the changes are small with the long-axis mode showing a lower energy limit. The detailed arrangement of the nanorods and the azimuthal angle of the incoming light plays only a minor role for small nanorod separations. Similarly, the dependence on the metal is the same as for single particles, whereas the sensitivity to the surrounding dielectric is much stronger than in the single-particle case.
For longer nanorods made of silver, angle-dependent higher-order modes are observed and reproduced using MMP. The CSP model is applied and Fabry-Pérot-like oscillations of the CSPs are found. The propagating nature of these modes leads to the discovery that the p component of the transmitted light experiences a phase jump and to the observation of polarization conversion inside the structures.
Negative refraction is found in nanorod arrays; it is revealed that a negative energy flux occurs only within a bandwidth given by the LSPR of a single nanorod and the array resonance. For smaller wavelengths, the in-plane component of the Poynting vector reverses, leading to an (extraordinary) positive flux. At the LSPR itself, the flux parallel to the surface is found to be zero. The negative refraction is also exploited to mimic a nanolens with structure parameters that are infact technical realizable. In the visible regime the nanolens shows a NA of 1.06 and superlens-like features such as identical rotation and linear translation of image and object.
The nonlinear measurements on graded structures are conducted using femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy resulting in kinetics showing either an increased transmission or absorption with signal changes of up to 40%. By converting them to transient spectra and by comparison with the literature, electron distribution changes at the Fermi edge and hot electrons/phonons are identified as the main reasons for the changes. Probing at the inflection points of the LSPR reveals ultrafast signals. Using transient spectra they are traced back to a short blueshift of the LSPR. / Strukturen aus frei stehenden metallischen Nanostäbchen versprechen interessante Anwendungen als Sensoren, Schalter und in der Spektroskopie. Da ihre Strukturgrößen kleiner als die Wellenlänge des sichtbaren Lichtes sind, besitzen sie eine langachsige Oberflächenplasmonenresonanz (LSPR) und weisen metamaterialartige Eigenschaften auf. In dieser Dissertation werden die linearen und nichtlinearen optischen Eigenschaften solcher Strukturen im Detail untersucht.
Mit Hilfe von Gradientenstrukturen, die eine durchstimmbare LSPR besitzen, und dreier theoretischer Modelle – eines numerischen Modells basierend auf der Methode der multiplen Multipole (MMP), eines semianalytischen Modells kollektiver Oberflächenplasmonen (CSP) sowie eines analytischen dipolaren Interaktionsmodells (DIMs) – werden die optischen Eigenschaften analysiert.
Unter Verwendung des DIMs wird die experimentell beobachtete Blauverschiebung der LSPR im Vergleich zur Resonanz eines Einzelstäbchens bestätigt und eine physikalische Erklärung dafür geliefert. Die LSPR ist stark vom Einfallswinkel und vom Stäbchendurchmesser abhängig. Im Unterschied dazu sind die Änderungen bei einer Längenvariation klein, wobei die langachsige Mode ein unteres Energielimit aufweist. Weiterhin haben die genaue Anordnung der Stäbchen und der azimutale Winkel des einfallenden Lichtes nur einen untergeordneten Einfluss. Die Abhängigkeit vom verwendeten Metall ist analog zu einem Einzelstäbchen, während die Empfindlichkeit in Bezug auf das Umgebungsmedium wesentlich stärker ist.
Längere Nanostäbchen aus Silber zeigen winkelabhängige Moden höherer Ordnung, welche mittels MMP reproduziert werden können. Das CSP-Modell wird ebenfalls darauf angewendet, wobei Fabry-Pérot-artige Oszillationen der CSPs entdeckt werden. Die propagierende Natur der CSPs führt zur Entdeckung eines Phasensprungs der p‑Komponente des transmittierten Lichtes sowie zur Beobachtung von Polarisationskonversion in den Strukturen.
Nanostäbchen-Arrays weisen außerdem negative Brechung auf. Es wird gezeigt, dass ein negativer Energiefluss nur in dem Wellenlängenbereich zwischen der LSPR der Einzelstäbchen und der Arrayresonanz auftritt. Für kleinere Wellenlängen kehrt sich die in der Ebene befindende Poynting-Vektor-Komponente um, was zu einer (außerordentlichen) positiven Brechung führt. An der LSPR selbst ist der zur Strukturebene parallele Fluss Null. Die negative Brechung wird ferner ausgenutzt, um eine Nanolinse mit realistischen Strukturparametern zu simulieren. Im sichtbaren Bereich zeigt sie eine NA von 1,06 und superlinsenartige Eigenschaften, wie eine identische Rotation und eine lineare Translation von Bild und Objekt.
Die nichtlinearen Messungen an Gradientenstrukturen werden mittels Femtosekunden-Pump-Probe-Spektroskopie durchgeführt und liefern Kinetiken, welche entweder eine verstärkte Transmission oder eine verstärkte Absorption mit Signalstärken von bis zu 40% aufweisen. Durch Konvertierung in transiente Spektren und Vergleich mit der Literatur werden eine veränderte Elektronverteilung an der Fermi-Kante und heiße Elektronen/Phononen als Ursache für die Änderungen gefunden. Das Abtasten mit dem Probe-Puls an den Wendepunkten der Resonanz offenbart ultraschnelle Signale. Mit Hilfe der transienten Spektren wird dies auf eine kurzzeitige Blauverschiebung der LSPR zurückgeführt.
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Estudo de compostos LiMePO4 (Me=Mg, Co, Ni) através de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear / Studies of LiMePO4 (Me = Mg, Co, Ni) compounds through Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceSilva, Marcos Antonio da 06 October 2000 (has links)
Nesta dissertação é apresentado um estudo dos compostos Li1-3xMgFexPO4 através de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (7Li e 31P), no intervalo de temperatura de 150 a 410 K. Estudos desses compostos através de técnicas de difração de elétrons e efeito Mossbauer confirmam que os íons Fe entram na rede cristalina na forma Fe3+, substituindo os íons Li+. O comportamento dos espectros de RMN, dos tempos de relaxação spin-rede e da susceptibilidade magnética dos núcleos 7Li e 31P em função da temperatura, em conjunto com medidas de condutividade iônica, indicam que, mesmo com a adição de impurezas Fe3+ na rede, os íons Li+ pouca mobilidade dentro do intervalo de temperatura utilizado. / This work reports a 7Li and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study in the Li1-3xMgFexPO4 phases between 150 and 410 K. This study, complementary to those made using Mössbauer and magnetic neutron diffraction experiments, confirms that the Fe3+ ions enter as in the lattice, and that they enter substituting Li ions. The behavior of the 7Li e 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, together with ionic conductivity measurements, show that no Li mobility occurs in temperature range studied even with the addition of the Fe impurity.
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Estudo de compostos LiMePO4 (Me=Mg, Co, Ni) através de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear / Studies of LiMePO4 (Me = Mg, Co, Ni) compounds through Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceMarcos Antonio da Silva 06 October 2000 (has links)
Nesta dissertação é apresentado um estudo dos compostos Li1-3xMgFexPO4 através de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (7Li e 31P), no intervalo de temperatura de 150 a 410 K. Estudos desses compostos através de técnicas de difração de elétrons e efeito Mossbauer confirmam que os íons Fe entram na rede cristalina na forma Fe3+, substituindo os íons Li+. O comportamento dos espectros de RMN, dos tempos de relaxação spin-rede e da susceptibilidade magnética dos núcleos 7Li e 31P em função da temperatura, em conjunto com medidas de condutividade iônica, indicam que, mesmo com a adição de impurezas Fe3+ na rede, os íons Li+ pouca mobilidade dentro do intervalo de temperatura utilizado. / This work reports a 7Li and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study in the Li1-3xMgFexPO4 phases between 150 and 410 K. This study, complementary to those made using Mössbauer and magnetic neutron diffraction experiments, confirms that the Fe3+ ions enter as in the lattice, and that they enter substituting Li ions. The behavior of the 7Li e 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, together with ionic conductivity measurements, show that no Li mobility occurs in temperature range studied even with the addition of the Fe impurity.
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