京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第22710号 / 地環博第200号 / 新制||地環||39(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 星野 敏, 教授 西前 出, 教授 寶 馨 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Gender inequality greatly affects the vulnerability of women in many areas of societal development. Gender mainstreaming is used as a strategy to include a gender perspective in policy and practice to decrease vulnerability. In regular development there is a discrepancy between policy and practice, but especially so in contexts of disaster. This thesis aims to examine how gender mainstreaming strategies are implemented in disaster risk reduction. The main purpose is to create an understanding of how such processes translate into practice both in relief efforts and resilience-building projects. A case-study of the Swedish Red Cross is the foundation of this thesis, looking at how these processes flow from theory to policy to practice. Semi-structured interviews with professionals from the field serve as the main method. A content analysis of IFRC policies regulating gender action will supplement the interviews. The results illustrate a discrepancy between the gender-focused policy and a women-centric implementation, and further highlight the role of donors and ‘the Tyranny of Urgency’. These results, and consequently this thesis, contributes to recognizing the feminization of responsibility in the field of development in general, but especially in the context of disaster.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction calls for collaboration across sectors in society as an effective way to reduce disaster risk in order to safeguard lives, human wellbeing, and development gains from potential disasters. However, the effectiveness of these cross-sector collaboration approaches has most often been studied in the context of rapid onset disasters such as floods, with less focus on slow-onset disasters such as multiple year droughts. There is also limited research on the contributions of cross-sector collaborations towards Disaster Risk Reduction in African cities. For this study, I set out to investigate cross-sector collaboration efforts contributing to drought response in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe; and how these collaborations were contributing towards fulfilling the four priority areas of the Sendai Framework. These include i) understanding disaster risk, ii) strengthening disaster risk governance, iii) investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience, and iv) enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response. In this qualitative study, I made use of purposive and snowball sampling methods to select 14 key informants from national and local government, non-governmental organisations, and civil society organisations who were directly involved in eight drought related cross-sector collaborations. I conducted in depth semi-structured interviews with these key informants between 2018 and 2019. For the analysis, I followed prior developed themes based on Bryson et al. (2006) theoretical framework to understand cross-sector collaborations. I also applied a typology of barriers and enablers developed from the literature in the analysis, and interpreted emergent themes using NVivo software. I then assessed the contributions of the identified cross-sector collaborations to the activities listed under each of the four priority areas in the Sendai Framework. The findings highlighted the socio-political and economic context of the city of Harare had seeped through and influenced the cross-sector collaborations responding to drought. They shed light on how taking advantage of widely accessible social media platforms serve to enhance collaborations. Additionally, the results highlight the importance of existing networks and relationships in enabling cross-sector collaborations to occur effectively. Most of the cross-sector collaborations occurring in response to drought were originally formed for other reasons and included drought response during the peak of the drought disaster. Collaborations were effective at contributing towards engaging communities in risk assessment and reporting at the local level (Priority 1) and ensuring continual provisioning of services (water) during and after disasters (Priority 4). I make suggestions for collaborations to consider issues of power and how these affect the effectiveness of collaborations on the ground with regards to ensuring social justice and reducing inequality. Finally, I conclude that cross-sector collaborations would be more effective in response to slow-onset disasters when they are formed and applied before the disaster is at its peak. I also suggest that the design and implementation of the cross-sector collaborations be tailor made to consider the socio-political and economic aspects of the city in their design for effective response.

This thesis aims to display how disastrous events in the cyber domain can be understood to have root causes attributed to non-technical vulnerabilities. The goal is to show the accelerating importance in understanding the cyber domain as any other societal arena. Further, the European Union and reports about the threat landscape from the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity will be analysed. Theoretical assumption from the field of disaster risk reduction about vulnerabilities will be used to understand how vulnerabilities are understood in the empirical material. The first report which was released in the year of 2012 and the most current one from the year of 2022 will be compared to understand patterns and correlations in the development during the last decade. The results shows that the reports have multiple features that can be interpreted as understanding of how events offline relate to threats online. Further the comparison shows that even if superficial factors and their appearance have changed, the underlying vulnerabilities have much in common.

The international community has been working on reducing disaster risks for decades, investing millions of dollars and implementing hundreds of projects in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). There is a broad consensus nowadays between academia and practitioners of how disasters result from exposure and vulnerabilities, where it’s essential to reduce these vulnerabilities. However, regardless of all efforts made, vulnerabilities seem to persist and local knowledge is often limited due to the top-down approach of DRR-projects. Based on a field study in Huila, Colombia, this thesis examines why vulnerabilities persist by studying the local sense-making of disaster risks and DRR of the practitioners and consumers of these projects. A discourse analysis, grounded in a Foucauldian and post-structuralist approach, identifies and further analyzes discourses, considering power dynamics. The thesis findings highlight three different understandings of DRR among the participants: the Colombian Red Cross (CRC), the city's recipients and the indigenous community of Nasa Çxhaçxha. The dominant discourse of the CRC, focusing on DRR measures of self-reliance, generates knowledge that overlooks the contextual risks of the recipients, which strengthens what previous research has already concluded. The thesis can contribute to existing research by emphasizing how educational programmes for improving risk awareness have been too generalized and overlooked the contextual vulnerabilities and risks, which in turn has reproduced the dominant knowledge of DRR, generating a cyclic process that enganger to reproduce the risks and thereby also making the vulnerabilities persist.

In 2020, the world and foremost vulnerable groups are facing “new” challenges. Dual crises of coexisting hazards like natural hazards occurring amid the COVID-19 pandemic has become more than a prediction. Hence, this thesis is a case study of dual crises and of how organisations and actors act upon those crises. With the aim to examine how the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) includes vulnerable groups in disaster risk reduction related matters amid the COVID-19 pandemic, a qualitative text analysis has been performed on the selection of five of UNDRR’s publications. Developed from the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction’s four ‘Priorities for Action’ guidelines, four analytical questions were asked to the material. The findings suggest that UNDRR does include vulnerable groups by mainly addressing the lack of resilience among vulnerable groups. However, a lack of concrete suggestions on how to strengthen vulnerable groups resilience and effective responses in the long term was noted. Due to the short time frame in which COVID-19 has existed, the research on vulnerable groups in dual crises of various hazards are still scarce, but nevertheless very much needed as to develop responses adapted towards both biological hazard and natural hazard impacts.

This paper brings insight into the international regime on Disaster Risk Reduction and its responsiveness to gendered dimensions. More specifically, it investigates the translation from theoretical prescriptions to policy practices in the internationally operating United Nations Office for DRR (UNDRR). The aim of this paper is to study to what extent the central challenges and solutions in making DRR gender-responsive, as defined by scientific literature, are brought up in UNDRR policymaking. The extent to which they were mentioned in each unit of analysis (33 UNDRR publications) is systematically documented and all quotes are listed and used as a qualitative complementary element. Results show that there are substantially more mentions of solutions than challenges. Further, while some aspects such as women’s exclusion from decision-making and promoting their leadership receive substantial attention throughout the publications, the homogenization of women and men’s exclusion do not. In conclusion, the UNDRR has, to a varying extent, integrated the central challenges and solutions into gender-responsive DRR policymaking. In identifying these gaps, the study offers practical recommendations. It also provides a theoretical framework and a descriptive foundation of trends and patterns for future research.

Disasters have increased in frequency and their impact has been intensely felt on the continent. This frequently results in damage to the resources and infrastructure on which humans rely on for survival and quality of life. When disasters strike, large segments of the population are faced with devastating consequences, which include food shortages, limited shelter and inadequate health services. Disasters are a result of a complex mix of natural and other hazards, including human actions and vulnerabilities. They consist of a combination of factors that determine the potential for people to be exposed to particular types of hazards. The frequency and impact of disasters in South Africa has increased significantly, the most common type of disaster being drought. Droughts are the result of reduced amounts of rain received over a long period of time, but it includes delays at the beginning of the precipitation season that affects crops that depend on the rain. For the purpose of this study, agricultural and socioeconomic drought received attention. Agricultural drought is when the humidity in the soil is not sufficient to assist crop production and growth in the area. Socio-economic drought arises when economic activities aligned with other elements do not meet the population demand. Agricultural droughts often have the latent effect of reducing agricultural production to such an extent that the livelihoods of the communal farmers are threatened. Drought effects often result in shrivelling crops, loss of water resources, vegetation and a decrease in livestock forage for communal farmers. This, in turn, leads to a decreased availability of food and the overall loss of livelihoods. In addition, activities such as crop growing and grazing conditions for livestock remain vulnerable, yet rural communities rely on these to generate income. The most severe impact of droughts do not simply include the absence of food supply for the community, but rather correlates directly with the severity and the duration of droughts. This often increases the community’s vulnerability. The empirical findings were concluded from focus groups interviews and semistructured interviews as data collection for the study. The data collected from the field was compared to the Sustainable Livelihood Framework. The analysis revealed that drought mitigation in South Africa only exists in governmental policy documents. Moreover, the lack of a disaster management plan for Setlagole makes it difficult to prepare for drought. An inadequate relationship between farmers and the government also makes it difficult to create a sense of shared vision and mission for drought alleviation. One prominent issue that makes the effects of drought so severe is the process of relief; it takes too long for the government to give assistance to the farmers. This shows that mitigation measures are needed to prepare both the farmers and the government for drought. / M Development and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Disasters have increased in frequency and their impact has been intensely felt on the continent. This frequently results in damage to the resources and infrastructure on which humans rely on for survival and quality of life. When disasters strike, large segments of the population are faced with devastating consequences, which include food shortages, limited shelter and inadequate health services. Disasters are a result of a complex mix of natural and other hazards, including human actions and vulnerabilities. They consist of a combination of factors that determine the potential for people to be exposed to particular types of hazards. The frequency and impact of disasters in South Africa has increased significantly, the most common type of disaster being drought. Droughts are the result of reduced amounts of rain received over a long period of time, but it includes delays at the beginning of the precipitation season that affects crops that depend on the rain. For the purpose of this study, agricultural and socioeconomic drought received attention. Agricultural drought is when the humidity in the soil is not sufficient to assist crop production and growth in the area. Socio-economic drought arises when economic activities aligned with other elements do not meet the population demand. Agricultural droughts often have the latent effect of reducing agricultural production to such an extent that the livelihoods of the communal farmers are threatened. Drought effects often result in shrivelling crops, loss of water resources, vegetation and a decrease in livestock forage for communal farmers. This, in turn, leads to a decreased availability of food and the overall loss of livelihoods. In addition, activities such as crop growing and grazing conditions for livestock remain vulnerable, yet rural communities rely on these to generate income. The most severe impact of droughts do not simply include the absence of food supply for the community, but rather correlates directly with the severity and the duration of droughts. This often increases the community’s vulnerability. The empirical findings were concluded from focus groups interviews and semistructured interviews as data collection for the study. The data collected from the field was compared to the Sustainable Livelihood Framework. The analysis revealed that drought mitigation in South Africa only exists in governmental policy documents. Moreover, the lack of a disaster management plan for Setlagole makes it difficult to prepare for drought. An inadequate relationship between farmers and the government also makes it difficult to create a sense of shared vision and mission for drought alleviation. One prominent issue that makes the effects of drought so severe is the process of relief; it takes too long for the government to give assistance to the farmers. This shows that mitigation measures are needed to prepare both the farmers and the government for drought. / M Development and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The Jamaican hurricane history goes back a long time. The country has an average ratio of getting hit or brushed every 3.84 years and it is estimated to be hit directly every 9.47 years. This underscores the relevance of this paper since it seeks to investigate the construction, social structure and policy response of Jamaica. The impressions of the author combined with the interviews and literature study resulted in the conclusion of the constructions and social structure not being the main issue, but the policy response.