Thesis advisor: S Anukriti / Thesis advisor: Robert Murphy / It is widely believed that natural disasters increase human trafficking from the affected region or country; however, credible analyses of the causal relationship are lacking. This paper estimates the causal effect of natural disaster occurrence on economic factors and the probability of human trafficking. I find that there is a significant, positive effect of disasters—as measured by an indicator for occurrence as well as disaster intensity—on human trafficking. Moreover, disasters negatively impact economic outcomes, suggesting a potential mechanism through which disasters indirectly affect trafficking. These findings are policy-relevant for anti-human trafficking and disaster relief organizations as they provide empirical evidence for a previously hypothesized relationship and may help prioritize the underemphasized rise in trafficking during times of inevitable chaos. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Arts and Sciences Honors Program. / Discipline: Economics.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:37:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviane Cristina Torlai.pdf: 989422 bytes, checksum: c48a7831a806b249184c91debe035aa8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Natural disasters cause disruption in the lives of those involved, leaving the suddenly bereaved, there are both material and psychological losses to the population. Affect patterns of community and their network of psychosocial support, placing at risk the ability of individual and collective coping. This study aimed to examine the experience of mourning for people who have suffered losses from disasters, specifically floods in the city of Blumenau, SC, in December 2008. Was held in the city of Blumenau, in Santa Catarina, housing the participants. Five people participated in this survey, over 21 years, who attended the calamity of 2008 and currently reside in temporary housing or receive rental income and presenting award interdiction of residence, making it impossible to return to her family. A semistructured interview was conducted with minimal pre-structuring from a semi-structured. Through content analysis, the information was discussed with the mourning process characterized by the experience of traumatic events. In the narrative of the participants were able to identify the impact on the disaster and the fall in world presumed because the unpredictability of life, forecasts of future control of events and vulnerability, leading to loss of sense of security and protection. The disaster led to a succession of losses, since the material loss to the loss of the psychological identity of individuals and the community. It was observed that mourning for disasters is a continuous process of development of losses that requires the mourner's internal and external resources to cope with the traumatic situation. The coping resources found to support the traumas and losses was social support, faith and religion. Complete this study is to pave the way for new thoughts and questions about the losses resulting from disaster, trying to broaden the look at the quality of care for survivors, developing activities that promote the development of the mourning process by disasters / Os desastres naturais provocam uma ruptura na vida das pessoas envolvidas, deixando-as subitamente enlutadas; há perdas tanto materiais quanto psíquicas para a população. Eles afetam padrões da comunidade e suas redes de apoio psicossocial, colocando em risco a capacidade de enfrentamento individual e coletivo. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a vivência do luto de pessoas que passaram por perdas decorrentes de desastres, especificamente, as inundações na cidade de Blumenau, SC, em dezembro de 2008. Foi realizada no Município de Blumenau, em Santa Catarina, na moradia dos participantes. Participaram desta pesquisa cinco pessoas, maiores de 21 anos, que estiveram presentes na calamidade de 2008 e atualmente residem em moradia provisória ou recebem a renda aluguel e que apresentam laudo de interdição de residência, impossibilitando a família de retornar a ela. Foi realizada uma entrevista semidirigida com pré-estruturação mínima a partir de um roteiro semi-estruturado. Por meio da análise de conteúdo as informações foram discutidas e o processo de luto caracterizado a partir da vivência de evento traumático. Na narrativa dos participantes foi possível identificar o impacto sofrido pelo desastre, a quebra do mundo presumido, a imprevisibilidade da vida, as previsões de futuro, o controle dos acontecimentos e a vulnerabilidade, levando a perda do senso de segurança e proteção. O desastre provocou uma sucessão de perdas, desde as perdas materiais até a perda da identidade psicológica dos indivíduos e da comunidade. Observou-se que luto por desastres é um processo contínuo de elaboração de perdas que exige do enlutado recursos internos e externos para enfrentar a situação traumática. Os recursos de enfrentamento encontrados para suportar os traumas e perdas foi o apoio social, a fé e a religiosidade. Concluir este estudo é abrir caminho para novas reflexões e questionamentos acerca das perdas decorrentes dos desastres, buscando ampliar o olhar para a qualidade da assistência aos sobreviventes, desenvolvendo ações que propiciam a elaboração do processo de luto por desastres

This dissertation considers the interconnections between trade and transportation. Through various theoretical and empirical analyses, I provide novel evidence of the simultaneity of trade and transportation, of spillover effects across integrated transport markets, and of the influence of the international transport sector on trade policy effectiveness and natural disaster induced trade disruptions. In the first substantive chapter, I develop a model of international trade and transportation. Accounting for the joint-production present in the international container shipping industry, I illustrate that freight rates adjust to differences in the international demands for transport and can result in balanced or imbalanced equilibrium trade in the presence of asymmetric freight rates. The empirical results exhibit the simultaneity of international trade and transportation costs and show that the dependence of transport costs on the trade imbalance can lead to spillover effects across bilateral export and import markets. In the second substantive chapter, I investigate the effects of maritime trade policy on bilateral trade in the presence of trade imbalances. Using the previously developed model, I show that the trade elasticities with respect to carrier costs vary systematically across transport markets, bilateral trade imbalances and differentiated products. Empirically, I estimate the varying effects of an EU environmental policy on U.S.-EU trade and provide strong evidence in support of the theoretical results. In the third substantive chapter, I analyze the dynamics and spatial distribution of the trade effects induced by natural disasters. I develop a spatial gravity model of international trade and apply the model to monthly US port level trade data. Empirically, I estimate the dynamic evolution of trade effects caused by Hurricane Katrina differentiating trade disruptions at the local port level. The estimates point to the static and dynamic resilience of international trade. While ports closest to Katrina's epicenter experience significant short-run reductions that can be of permanent nature, international trade handled by nearby ports rises in response to this disaster, both in the short- and in the long-run. Overall, the analysis underlines the significance of local infrastructure networks to reduce the devastation inflicted by natural disasters. This dissertation includes previously unpublished co-authored material.

Natural disasters such as flooding often affect vast areas and create infinite demands that need to be addressed in the same time. The wide scopes and severe impacts of such catastrophes often exceed, if not overwhelm, capacity of the national government to handle. In such a situation, communities such as cities and neighborhoods need to rely on their own capacity (resources, strategies, and expertise) to respond to disaster impacts at least until external assistance can be reached. Thus, studying how communities can be resilient to the impacts of natural disasters is important because this would enhance their ability to respond to the next disaster better. Within the context of great flooding in Thailand in 2011, this dissertation investigated the factors that generated or enhanced resilience of flood stricken-communities in Thailand. Nakhonswan City Municipality was selected as the research site. Qualitative research methods were employed in this study. Data were collected using in-depth interview and focus group. Thirty-six participants (28 for in-depth interview and 8 for focus group interview) from various organizations were recruited using snowball and purposive sampling strategies. Interview data from the field research were transcribed, translated from Thai language to English, and then analyzed using open coding and focused coding strategies. Analyses of in-depth interview data revealed eight conceptual themes representing factors that constituted resilience of Nakhonsawan City Municipality, as the leading organization responded to the flood. These factors are: availability of resources for resilience; managerial adaptability; crisis leadership; quality workforce; knowledge sharing and learning; organizational preparedness; organizational integration; and sectoral integration. In addition, findings from the focus group interview with members of three strong neighborhoods found eight factors that helped these neighborhoods respond effectively to the flood crisis. They included: self-reliance; cooperation; local wisdom; preparedness; internal support; external support; crisis adaptability; and pre-disaster social cohesion. This dissertation ended with the discussion of implications, limitations and suggestions for future research.

O mapeamento de áreas com predisposição à ocorrência de eventos adversos, que resultam em ameaça e danos a sociedade, é uma demanda de elevada importância, principalmente pelo papel que exerce em ações de planejamento, gestão ambiental, territorial e de riscos. Diante disso, este trabalho busca contribuir na qualificação de metodologias e parâmetros morfométricos para mapeamento de suscetibilidade a movimentos de massa através de SIG e Sensoriamento Remoto, um dos objetivos é aplicar e comparar metodologias de suscetibilidade a movimentos de massa, entre elas o Shalstab, e a Árvore de Decisão que ainda é pouco utilizada nessa área. Buscando um consenso acerca da literatura, fez-se necessário organizar as informações referentes aos eventos adversos através de classificação, para isso foram revisados os conceitos relacionados com desastres, tais como suscetibilidade, vulnerabilidade, perigo e risco. Também foi realizado um estudo no município de Três Coroas – RS, onde foram relacionadas as ocorrências de movimentos de massa e as zonas de risco da CPRM. A partir de parâmetros morfométricos, foram identificados padrões de ocorrência de deslizamentos, e a contribuição de fatores como uso, ocupação e declividade. Por fim, foram comparados dois métodos de mapeamento de suscetibilidade, o modelo Shalstab e a Árvore de Decisão. Como dado de entrada dos modelos foram utilizados parâmetros morfométricos, extraídos de imagens SRTM, e amostras de deslizamentos, identificadas por meio de imagens de satélite de alta resolução espacial. A comparação das metodologias e a análise da acurácia obteve uma resposta melhor para a Árvore de Decisão. A diferença, entretanto, foi pouco significativa e ambos podem representar de forma satisfatória o mapa de suscetibilidade. No entanto, o Shalstab apresentou mais limitações, devido à necessidade de dados de maior resolução espacial. A aplicação de metodologias utilizando SIG e Sensoriamento Remoto contribuíram com uma maior qualificação em relação à prevenção de danos ocasionados por movimentos de massa. Ressalta-se, entretanto, a necessidade de inventários consistentes, para obter uma maior confiabilidade na aplicação dos modelos. / The mapping of areas with predisposition to adverse events, which result in threat and damage to society, is a demand of great importance, mainly for the role it plays in planning, environmental, territorial and risk management actions. Therefore, this work seeks to contribute to the qualification of methodologies and morphometric parameters for mapping susceptibility to mass movements through GIS and Remote Sensing, one of the objectives is to apply and compare methodologies of susceptibility to mass movements, among them Shalstab, and the Decision Tree that is still little used in this area. Seeking a consensus about the literature, it was necessary to organize the information regarding the adverse events through classification, for this the concepts related to disasters such as susceptibility, vulnerability, danger and risk were reviewed. A study was also carried out in the city of Três Coroas - RS, where the occurrence of mass movements and the risk zones of CPRM were related. From morphometric parameters, patterns of occurrence of landslides were identified, and the contribution of factors such as use, occupation and declivity. Finally, two methods of susceptibility mapping, the Shalstab model and the Decision Tree, were compared. Morphometric parameters, extracted from SRTM images, and sliding samples, identified by means of high spatial resolution satellite images, were used as input data. The comparison of the methodologies and the analysis of the accuracy obtained a better answer for the Decision Tree. The difference, however, was insignificant and both can represent satisfactorily the map of susceptibility. However, Shalstab presented more limitations due to the need for higher spatial resolution data. The application of methodologies using GIS and Remote Sensing contributed with a higher qualification in relation to the prevention of damages caused by mass movements. However, the need for consistent inventories to obtain greater reliability in the application of the models is emphasized.

Thesis. 1978. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Louis E. Slesin. / Ph.D.

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<p>Abstract</p><p>This dissertation is a case study of processes of inequality in disaster response in neighborhoods recently devastated by natural disaster. The context is New York City beginning from the immediate aftermath of Superstorm Sandy on October 29, 2012. Specifically, this is a multilevel, multi-process comparative examination of emergent racial and class inequality (1) between two storm-impacted neighborhoods on the Rockaway peninsula and Brooklyn, and (2) two adjacent neighborhoods within The Rockaways. The fulcrum of the study is to understand a cumulative process by which racial minority and urban poor residents residing in cities fare worse after a disaster relative to their white and non-poor neighbors. To examine this question, over the course of two years this study collected data through interviews with 120 respondents who are residents, community leaders, field-site managers, workers and volunteers from various disaster relief entities (FEMA, New York State agencies, a large NGO, and local NPOs including small and Large Churches) working and living in these post-disaster contexts. </p><p>The first part of the analysis traces how the spatial organization, practice and culture of federal and state institutional actors privilege white and middle class residents over minorities and the poor. For this analysis, I comparatively analyze the process of response building through agency and organizational ties across Canarsie in Brooklyn and Westville and Eastville in "The Rockaways." The aspects of response that I compare primarily focus on decisions, actions, beliefs and expectations of management of these relief centers run by FEMA, Churches and local state governmental agencies in the respective neighborhoods. These managers are "on the ground" field site managers for the various centers.</p><p>Drilling down from the institutional to the social network environment, a significant part of this research focuses on relational-level comparisons of resident-responder interactions and informational and resource exchanges in and around warming and distributional centers of one central large NGO and one central local NPO located in Westville and Eastville, on the Rockaway Peninsula. This part of the study uses the setting of a natural disaster to examine how and why poor and minority residents living in proximity to affluent and white residents are less inclined to convert social network opportunities into social capital. Although these neighborhoods receive similar types of aid through a large NGO and FEMA, the combination of racial and class characteristics of these neighborhoods and their residents influence the relational dynamics of response, with race and class consequences in receiving disaster assistance. </p><p>The main conclusions from this research are (1) at the institutional network level, organizational social capital through organization agglomeration, hosting and coalition building led to a "nucleus of relief" in communities endowed with spatial privilege and the presence of large churches. (2) At the social network level, while all residents generate and benefit from crisis capital, which has short term benefits, whites are better positioned to create social capital which has long-term benefits, despite desegregation of interactional space. </p><p>Together these findings challenge current explanations of minority network disadvantage which emphasize macro-level segregation and deficient networks. The findings of this research in fact suggest that despite opportunities for "mixing," inequalities emerge through racialized interactions that inhibit translation and development of new social ties into lasting resources among low-income minorities who are living and surviving in the same areas as whites. The findings also contribute to the disaster literature by showing how race infiltrates institutional and spatial aspects of response that are different from arguments of prejudicial discrimination or merely poor coordination. The emphasis on structural racialization processes is also a much needed consideration in disaster research which tends to focus on quantifying disaster outcomes by racial characteristics of individuals or community demographic composition.</p> / Dissertation

No Brasil, os desastres relacionados às chuvas são recorrentes visto que estes compõem, aproximadamente, um quarto dos eventos oficialmente registrados (VALENCIO; VALENCIO, 2010). A ineficácia em torno das atuações para mitigação dos desastres torna este cenário preocupante, visto que no período de janeiro de 2003 a dezembro de 2013, foram decretadas 20.766 portarias de reconhecimento de Situação de Emergência e Estado de Calamidade Pública no país. Na perspectiva das Ciências Sociais, o desastre consiste em um acontecimento multidimensional, que possui caráter social, ambiental, cultural, político, econômico, físico ou tecnológico (OLIVER-SMITH, 1998), e que não pode ser compreendido, portanto, como evento pontual, por deflagrar uma crise instaurada no corpo social (VALENCIO, 2012a). Em vista de compreender as dimensões materiais e simbólicas do desastre, o presente trabalho analisou a memória social de idosos em relação ao desastre deflagrado no município de São Luiz do Paraitinga/SP em janeiro de 2010, sob uma perspectiva do desastre vivenciado (MARTINS, 1992, 2000). Este estudo se caracterizou como pesquisa sociológica de base qualitativa, consistindo em três partes, a saber: a revisão bibliográfica, a pesquisa documental, e a pesquisa de campo. A pesquisa bibliográfica, consistiu na análise dos principais autores no tema de desastres, vida cotidiana, memória social e idosos. Já a pesquisa documental, caracterizou-se pela preparação e fundamentação para a pesquisa de campo, por meio da análise do discurso institucional sobre o desastre no município de São Luiz do Paraitinga/SP. E, a pesquisa de campo, foi realizada a partir da observação direta e participante, da coleta de relatos orais (QUEIROZ, 1987) e da fotodocumentação (MARTINS, 2008). A partir dos resultados analisados, após quatro anos do chamado dia do desastre, percebeu-se que este ainda permanece na vida dos que o vivenciaram (VALENCIO, 2012a). Além da reconstrução no plano material, no plano simbólico, os medos e anseios ressurgem ao relembrar aspectos essenciais de um modo de vida que foi perturbado. Com isso, as pessoas já não se reconhecem no território, caracterizando-se, portanto como um processo de desrritualização, o qual desfaz diversos significados dentro da estrutura simbólica (THORNBURG; KNOTTNERUS; WEBB, 2007). E, de modo geral, a memória do desastre vivenciado se configura, por meio da conciliação entre as memórias oficiais e as individuais (POLLAK, 1992). Sendo assim, são pelos desencontros, pelas constantes rupturas, construções e reelaborações do passado, forjados pelos diferentes sujeitos, que a memória social acontece. Tal memória não permanece intacta nem coesa, pois é uma constante representação de algo já vivido e reacomodado. / In Brazil, the rain related disasters are recurrent since these represent, approximately, one-fourth of events officially registered (VALENCIO; VALENCIO, 2010). The ineffectiveness around the work for mitigation of disasters makes this a troubling scenario, since in the southeast of Brazil, from January 2003 to December 2013, were enacted 20.766 administrative rules in the Recognition of Emergency and State of Public Calamity. From the perspective of the social sciences, disaster consists of a multidimensional event that has social, environmental, cultural, political, economic, physical or technological (OLIVER-SMITH, 1998) aspects, and cannot be understood as a punctual event by triggering a crisis into the social structure (VALENCIO, 2012a).In order to understand the material and symbolic dimensions of disaster, this dissertation analyzed the social memory of the elderly regarding the disaster happened in São Luiz do Paraitinga / SP in January 2010, from the perspective of experienced disaster (MARTINS, 1992 , 2000).This study was characterized as a qualitative sociological research base, consisting of three parts, namely: literature review, desk research and field research. The bibliographic research consisted in the analysis of the main authors on the topic of disaster, everyday life, social memory and the elderly people. The desk research was characterized by the preparation and justification for field research, by analyzing the institutional speech about the disaster in São Luiz do Paraitinga / SP. And the fieldwork was done from direct and participant observation, the collection of oral histories (QUEIROZ, 1987) and photo documentation (MARTINS, 2008). From the analyzed results, after four years since the day of the disaster, it was noticed that this still remains in the lives of those who experienced it (VALENCIO, 2012a).Besides the material reconstitution, on the symbolic level, the fears and anxieties rise in recalling key aspects of a way of life that has been disturbed. Therefore, people no longer recognizes themselves in the territory, characterized, thus, as a process of deritualization, which undoes many meanings within the symbolic structure (THORNBURG; KNOTTNERUS; WEBB, 2007). And, generally, the memory of experienced disaster is configured by means of conciliation between official and individual memories (POLLAK, 1992). Thus, due to divergence, constant disruptions, constructions and reworkings of the past, constructed by different individuals, that social memory happens. Such memory does not remain intact nor cohesive as it is a constant representation of something already lived and resettled.

The death of a child spectator at the implosion of the Royal Canberra Hospital on 13 July 1997 was an accident that had a profound impact on the local community, prompting a significant cursive response. Promoted as a public spectacle, the implosion was planned as an orchestrated collision between past and future that would enable an instantaneous obliteration of past in order to create a site of future opportunities. When it resulted instead in a failed demolition and the death of a child, the reversal of popular expectation precipitated not only shock, grief and guilt, but also a widespread state of ontological instability. If a certain fascination with death and disaster had contributed to the event’s popular appeal before the implosion, it was compounded by feelings of guilt and shame in the event’s tragic aftermath. Those feelings, shared by public and journalists alike, were given expression in the mediated discursive space of the Canberra Times and other media outlets, resulting in an extensive rhetorical performance of witness, therapy and argument. In this thesis, I use the diversity of voices that are held together in the discursive web that forms the textual fabric of this study’s empirical data, not to create a historical, single perspective narrative, but to go some way in re-creating the event, and the immediate response to it, by allowing that discourse to be re-voiced. As the product of extensive cultural labour on the parts of those who produced it, the implosion discourse, of which this thesis is now a part, stands as a significant corpus of commemorative work. This discourse is evidence of an engaged polity – one that transcended the passive role prescribed for it of an audience as consumers of entertainment to become, through its own labour, agents, creators and performers of meaning. My central thesis is that it is in this cultural performance that the true practice of ‘community’ can be discerned. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)