The present master's thesis with the title "Rise and Development of a Historical Event - Historico-Anthropological View of the History of Overseas Discoveries" discusses the rise and development of a historical event through the sociocultural point of view. It discusses how the sociocultural peculiarities of the society at that time influenced the shaping of events that later became an important historical account from the historians' perspective. One of the substantial methodological resources for the present study is the approach developed by Michele de Certeau and his theoretical elaboration of the process called "writing of history". The first chapter deals with the historical anthropology as the methodological approach in the historical investigation. The second chapter focuses on Michele de Certeau and his studies in the field of historiography. In the third chapter there is a historical overview called "The Century of Overseas Discoveries" focusing on the century when the crucial historical events took place - great discovery voyages. The fourth and fifth chapters are based on the previous theoretical texts on historical anthropology and Michele de Certeau. The aim of this master's thesis is to relate these new approaches of historical investigation to the presented topic of the history of...

The aim of this interdisciplinary study is to reconstruct the evolution of our changing conceptions of time in the light of scientific discoveries. It will adopt a new perspective and organize the material around three central themes, which run through our history of time reckoning: cosmology and regularity; stasis and flux; symmetry and asymmetry. It is the physical criteria that humans choose ¿ relativistic effects and time-symmetric equations or dynamic-kinematic effects and asymmetric conditions ¿ that establish our views on the nature of time. This book will defend a dynamic rather than a static view of time.

The Klondike District of Central Yukon Territory around Dawson City is particularly advantageous for the study of the sequence of the Pleistocene epoch because it was never glaciated and therefore has never lost its fossiliferous superficial deposits. This paper presents a pollen diagram from a Sphagnum peat bed, which was the youngest deposit discovered, and pollen floras from different ages back to the Pliocene. The peat bed flora shows fairly steady climatic conditions little different from the present; the Pliocene flora shows a distinctly warmer climate; and all the others appear to show colder climates. The paper also presents a theory of correlation of geological events in the district with world-wide climatic variations: cutting of very broad creek valleys; climate warm - Earlier Tertiary - deposition of the oldest gravels; climate warm - Pliocene - deposition of oldest unweathered gravels; climate cold - Nebraskan Glaciation - rapid cutting of narrow lower creek valleys - Three Major Interglacial Ages - major interruptions of valley cutting; climate cold - Kansan and Illinoian Glaciation - deposition of thick valley - bottom muck; climate cold - Wisconsin Glaciation - erosion of valley - bottom muck; climate warmer than the present - Post-Glacial Climatic Optimum - deposition of Sphagnum peat bed; climate same as today - Recent Time [...]

Publicly available datasets in health science are often large and observational, in contrast to experimental datasets where a small number of data are collected in controlled experiments. Variables' causal relationships in the observational dataset are yet to be determined. However, there is a significant interest in health science to discover and analyze causal relationships from health data since identified causal relationships will greatly facilitate medical professionals to prevent diseases or to mitigate the negative effects of the disease. Recent advances in Computer Science, particularly in Bayesian networks, has initiated a renewed interest for causality research. Causal relationships can be possibly discovered through learning the network structures from data. However, the number of candidate graphs grows in a more than exponential rate with the increase of variables. Exact learning for obtaining the optimal structure is thus computationally infeasible in practice. As a result, heuristic approaches are imperative to alleviate the difficulty of computations. This research provides effective and efficient learning tools for local causal discoveries and novel methods of learning causal structures with a combination of background knowledge. Specifically in the direction of constraint based structural learning, polynomial-time algorithms for constructing causal structures are designed with first-order conditional independence. Algorithms of efficiently discovering non-causal factors are developed and proved. In addition, when the background knowledge is partially known, methods of graph decomposition are provided so as to reduce the number of conditioned variables. Experiments on both synthetic data and real epidemiological data indicate the provided methods are applicable to large-scale datasets and scalable for causal analysis in health data. Followed by the research methods and experiments, this dissertation gives thoughtful discussions on the reliability of causal discoveries computational health science research, complexity, and implications in health science research.

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Orientador: Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça Figueiroa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T00:33:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alvim_MarciaHelena_D.pdf: 3691961 bytes, checksum: 179194dce27b8dccae8415e26823eefc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Nesta pesquisa de doutorado nos dedicamos à análise do dialógo entre as fontes documentais Historia de los índios de la Nueva España, do frei Toríbio de Motolinia, Historia General de las cosas de la Nueva España, do frei Bernardino de Sahagún, e Historia Eclesiástica Indiana do frei Gerónimo de Mendieta, e a ciência natural do século XVI, em relação aos dois conjuntos temáticos propostos: a narrativa sobre o conhecimento dos corpos e fenômenos celestes e sobre o espaço e elementos naturais da superfície terrestre. Este também se apresenta como sendo nosso objetivo principal. Deste modo, em relação à hipótese principal desta pesquisa, acreditamos que o relato contido nas Historias missionárias reflete concepções estruturadas no panorama epistemológico europeu, com nítida herança conceitual medieval. O conhecimento deste período era formado por questões do mundo natural que se entrelaçavam aos elementos da religião cristã e às práticas reverenciadas pela tradição mágico-adivinhatória. Assim, ao apresentar o sistema cognitivo do século XVI, acreditamos esclarecer posições e atitudes dos relatos missionários aqui analisados que tradicionalmente são abordados por uma história que prioriza seus aspectos religiosos. Outra hipótese deste trabalho propõe que estas narrativas atenderam, ainda, aos objetivos pré-estabelecidos por seus autores, sendo estes fundamentados em seus respectivos projetos evangelizadores em relação às comunidades indígenas da Nova Espanha. Dentre as conclusões mais importantes quanto à análise das fontes documentais acerca do conhecimento sobre os corpos e fenômenos celestes e o cômputo temporal nahua, destacamos nestas narrativas a valorização do calendário sazonal em relação ao ciclo adivinhatório. A condenação ao Tonalpohualli se relacionou ao fato de este ter sido considerado uma arte adivinhatória, sendo apresentado pelos missionários como astrologia judiciária. A valorização do calendário sazonal indígena ainda se ateve a outros objetivos evangelizadores. O interesse na identificação das permanências idolátricas poderia encontrar um valioso instrumento, se as datas exatas das festividades pagãs fossem conhecidas pelos religiosos. Assim, o conhecimento deste cômputo teria a finalidade de estipular os dias das cerimônias religiosas indígenas com a intenção em averiguar sua permanência no período colonial. A partir da análise das Historias missionárias em relação à descrição da paisagem natural do Vale do México e dos elementos da superfície terrestre, averiguamos que os religiosos se interessaram por temas que se interligavam aos problemas cotidianos, como as inundações e o vulcanismo. O mundo natural foi apresentado a partir de concepções de cunho utilitário, providencial e organicista. Outro importante objetivo destas narrativas foi a busca por práticas que indicassem a permanência idolátrica nestas localidades. Quanto à descrição sobre os metais, pedras e fósseis notamos uma preocupação em apresentar suas propriedades terapêuticas, concepção esta pautada pelo universo mágico-adivinhatório europeu. O interesse pelo poder destes elementos em curar algumas enfermidades se conecta ao panorama histórico daquele período, pois muitas epidemias devastavam as populações americanas, atingindo também os espanhóis / Abstract: The main purpose of this doctorate research is to analyze the dialogue between the texts Historia de los indios de la Nueva España, by Friar Toríbio de Motolinia, Historia General de las cosas de Nueva España, by Friar Bernardino de Sahagún, and Historia Eclesiastica Indiana, by Friar Gerónimo de Mendieta, and natural science of XVI century, regarding the two subjects: the knowledge about the bodies and celestial phenomenal, included the nahua system calendar, and the analysis of the space and natural elements of the terrestrial surface. In this way, relation to the main hypothesis of this research, we believe that these Histories reflect conceptions based on the European knowledge of XVI century. This was formed for by elements of Christian religion and to the practical by the tradition magical-astrological. Thus, when presenting the knowledge of XVI century, we believe to clarify position and attitudes of the Histories missionaries which traditionally were studied and its religious aspects were prioritized. Another hypothesis of this work considers that these narratives are based on its respective evangelical project of these missionaries / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciências

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This dissertation examines intersections of the development of maps from the Native American-European encounter to the establishment of the New Republic and transatlantic British and American narratives of women’s travel of the long eighteenth century. Early European and American maps that depict the Americas analyzed as parallel “texts” to canonical and lesser-known women’s narratives ranging from 1688 to 1801 reveal further insights into both maps and these narratives otherwise not apparent. I argue that as mapping of the New World developed, this mapping influenced representations of women’s geographic and social mobility and emergent “American” identity in transatlantic narratives. These narratives, like maps of the New World, reveal disjunctures in representation that disseminate deceptive portrayals of the New World. Such discrepancies open a rhetorical gap, or a thirdspace, of inquiry to analyze the gaze at work within these cartographic and women’s narratives. The representations of women’s geographic and social mobility remain constricted within the selected narratives of women’s travel. While the heroines do travel, in most cases they travel as captives or in some form of escape. These narratives include Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko (1688), Unca Eliza Winkfield’s The Female American (1767), Susanna Rowson’s Charlotte Temple (1794), and Tabitha Tenney’s Female Quixotism (1801), among others. However, these narratives do highlight similarities of an emergent “American” identity as Native American, hybrid, and fluid as represented in contemporaneous maps. Literary Landscapes also addresses the narrativity of maps as auto/biographical and even satirical expressions as related to the women’s narratives analyzed in this study. For, J. B. Harley discusses how a map conveys his own life and contains his memories in his essay “The Map as Biography,” while Roland Barthes argues that mapping is a sensorial experience in his brief essay “No Address.” Furthermore, allegorical maps like Jean de Gourmont’s The Fool’s Cap Map of the World (ca. 1590) and Madeleine de Scudéry’s Carte de tendre (1678) reflect aspects of the human condition such as folly and friendship.

La présente thèse propose une étude de la genèse de la théorie de la concurrence monopolistique d’Edward H. Chamberlin (1899-1967). L’originalité de notre travail repose sur un récit détaillé et se démarquant de l’approche habituelle consistant à placer notre auteur et son œuvre aux côtés de la concurrence imparfaite de Joan V. Robinson, sans nécessairement s’interroger sur leurs divergences. En particulier, la thèse étaye la version donnée par E. H. Chamberlin dans laquelle l’auteur insiste sur l’importance du duopole et de la différenciation du produit, ainsi que son indépendance par rapport au débat post-marshallien anglais dans l’élaboration de sa théorie. À partir d’une étude détaillée de sa thèse de doctorat, qui constitue la première version de la concurrence monopolistique, d’archives rassemblant essais et correspondances jusqu’ici non publiées et de ses écrits de manière générale, nous apportons des éléments, tantôt confirmant cette version des faits, tantôt nuançant leur portée. Une attention toute particulière est accordée à la question du duopole et à sa place dans la concurrence monopolistique. / This thesis studies the genesis of Edward H. Chamberlin’s monopolistic competition theory. The originality of our work is based on a detailed story, emancipating itself from the usual approach which considers our author’s work and J. Robinson’s imperfect competition as alike without questioning their differences. The thesis develops the version given by Chamberlin in which he insists on the importance of duopoly and product differentiation along with the independence between his theory and the English post-Marshallian debate. Thanks to the study of his Ph. D thesis, which embodies the first version of monopolistic competition, the study of unpublished essays and correspondence and his published writings, we provide new elements sometimes attesting Chamberlin’s version and sometimes moderating its relevance. Specific attention has been given to the duopoly question and its role in monopolistic competition theory.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo registrar os empréstimos da língua portuguesa na literatura dos viajantes italianos que tiveram contato com os portugueses. Zolli (1995), Zaccaria (1905, 1927) e DAgostino (1994) consideram que o léxico dos viajantes italianos é uma fonte de empréstimos casuals, ou seja, neologismos que não tiveram a oportunidade momentânea de fazer parte da língua italiana ou o foram introduzidos mais tarde. Muitos casuals são utilizados para descrever as coisas novas que os viajantes encontravam e que não existiam ainda na língua italiana. Podemos comparar os casuais aos cometas, que permanecem nos céus por um curto período de tempo, iluminando e imprimindo a sua beleza, mas que logo em seguida desaparecem. A língua portuguesa tem um importante papel na constituição desse conjunto de empréstimos ocasionais, pois, ao registrar os novos elementos encontrados, os viajantes o faziam através da língua portuguesa, em fenômenos de interferência linguística, caracterizando uma aquisição inconsciente ou outras vezes, conscientemente. Para compor os corpora desta pesquisa escolhemos treze viajantes, dos séculos XVI e XVII, que estiveram em colônias e cidades existentes nas possessões ultramarinas. A seguir, selecionamos as ocorrências dos empréstimos e as analisamos à luz das teorias de Alves e Klajn. Portanto, esta pesquisa de doutorado tem por objetivo fazer um levantamento do registro do léxico casual do português na literatura dos viajantes italianos e examinar como esse léxico servia muitas vezes para dar uma cor local (GUSMANI, 1983; ALVES, 1990; APRILE, 2005) ao texto, subjugando a imaginação do leitor e expressando o desejo do viajante de tornar a sua obra imorredoura, eterna. / This research aims to record the loans of the Portuguese language in the literature of Italian travelers who had contact with the Portuguese. Zolli (1995), Zaccaria (1905, 1927) and D\'Agostino (1994) consider that the lexicon of Italian travelers is a source of loans called casuals. Or: Neologisms that have not had the opportunity to be part of the Italian language, but are used to describe the new things that travelers find - and still do not exist in their own language. We can compare the casuals to comets, which remain in the heavens for a short time, lighting up and printing-up its beauty in the skies and then disappearing. So these loans appear momentarily, but do not vanish: get eternally printed, fulfilling their function: to illuminate and give color to the text. The researchs corpora will comprise the Italian travelers, especially those of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who were in colonies and overseas possessions. Soon after, we selected occurrences of loans and analyzed in the light of theories of Alves and Klajn. Therefore, this PhD research aims to survey the record of the casual lexicon of Portuguese literature by Italian travelers and examine how this lexicon often served to give a local color (GUSMANI, 1983; ALVES, 1990; APRILE, 2005) to the text, overwhelming the reader\'s imagination and expressing the desire of the traveler make his work undying, and eternal.