Introdução: O padrão de distribuição da lesão pulmonar na síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA) tem sido alvo de interesse de estudos com tomografia computadorizada. Entretanto, pouca informação é disponível quanto a distribuição e progressão histológica da lesão pulmonar na SDRA. Objetivos: Caracterizar a distribuição e progressão histológica da lesão pulmonar em modelo experimental de SDRA em suínos pela quantificação de parâmetros estruturais, inflamatórios e de remodelamento da matriz extracelular (MEC) e correlacioná-los com variáveis funcionais e de tomografia de impedância elétrica (TIE). Métodos: Vinte e três porcas da raça Landrace foram divididos em três grupos: 1) Sham (n=5): animais submetidos ao preparo e monitorização; 2) Lesão (n=9): animais submetidos ao protocolo de lesão e eutanasiados após 3 horas; 3) Lesão+MV: animais submetidos ao protocolo de lesão e eutanasiados após 40 horas de ventilação mecânica (VM) segundo a \"estratégia ARDSnet\". Os parâmetros histológicos foram mensurados por análise de imagem e incluíam: área alveolar, índice de espessamento septal, densidade neutrofílica, membrana hialina, hemorragia, edema intraalveolar e proporção de fibras colágenas. As medidas de cada parâmetro foram normalizadas pela mediana do grupo Sham. Expressão gênica de proteínas da MEC (colágeno tipo I e tipo III, versican, biglican e decorin) foram quantificados por PCR em tempo real. A ventilação regional foi mensurada por TIE. Foram analisadas regiões anteriores e posteriores do pulmão para cada variável. Resultados: A densidade neutrofílica foi menor no grupo Lesão+VM (p=0,02). A análise da área alveolar no grupo Lesão+VM mostrou que as regiões posteriores apresentaram menor área que as regiões anteriores (p=0,012). Entretanto, o espessamento septal foi maior no grupo Lesão+VM, especialmente nas regiões anteriores, quando comparado ao grupo Lesão (p <= 0,01). Em consonância com esses achados, as regiões anteriores exibiram maior índice de membrana hialina e de edema intraalveolar que as regiões posteriores em ambos os grupos (p < 0,03) e a expressão de colágeno tipo I foi maior na região anterior comparada à região posterior do grupo Lesão+VM (p=0,001). A análise da TIE mostrou que as regiões anteriores receberam maior volume corrente que as regiões posteriores no grupo Lesão (p < 0,001). Nestes animais, a ventilação regional foi correlacionada à densidade neutrofílica (r=0,48; p=0,04), ao índice de hemorragia (r=0,74; p=0,001) e ao índice de membrana hialina (r=0,56; p=0,016). No grupo Lesão+VM, a ventilação regional foi correlacionada à expressão de colágeno tipo I (r=0,494; p=0,05), colágeno tipo III (r=0,656; p=0,006) e versican (r=0,732; p=0,001). Conclusão: Esse estudo mostra a progressão histopatológica e apresentação regional da lesão pulmonar em um modelo de SDRA em suínos. Nesse modelo, o suporte com ventilação mecânica protetora foi eficiente para reduzir a inflamação parenquimatosa, mas não inibiu a progressão da lesão e a sinalização para o processo fibroproliferativo. No curso da lesão, após 40 horas, as regiões anteriores sofreram progressiva redução do lúmen alveolar associada à deposição de membrana hialina e espessamento septal. A lesão progrediu com sinalização difusa para o reparo tecidual, mas com predomínio de expressão de colágeno tipo I nas regiões anteriores. Contudo, a deposição de colágeno parece ser um evento mais tardio / Introduction: The pattern of lesion distribution in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been addressed in computed tomography studies. However, there is little information concerning the progression and distribution of histological lung injury in ARDS. Objectives: To characterize the histological progression and distribution of lung injury in a pig ARDS model by the quantification of structural, inflammatory and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling parameters and to correlate them with functional and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) variables . Methods: Twenty-three healthy female Landrace pigs were divided into three groups: 1) Sham (n=5): animals subjected to preparation and monitoring; 2) Injury (n=9): animals subjected to the injury protocol and euthanized after 3 hours. 3) Injury+MV (n=9): animals subjected to the injury protocol and euthanized after 40 hours of ARDSnet mechanical ventilation. Histological parameters measured by image analysis included: alveolar area, septal thickening index, neutrophils density, hyaline membrane, hemorrhage, alveolar edema and collagen fibers content. The parameters values were normalized by Sham group median values. Gene expression of ECM proteins (collagen type I and type III, versican, biglycan and decorin) was quantified by Real Time-PCR. Regional ventilation was measured by EIT. For each variable the anterior and posterior regions of the lung were analyzed. Results: Density neutrophil was lesser in the Injury+MV group (p=0.02). Alveolar area in the posterior regions of the Injury+MV group was lesser than the anterior regions (p=0.012). However, the septal thickening was higher in Injury+MV group, especially in the anterior regions, when compared to the Injury group (p <= 0.01). In consonance with such findings, the hyaline membrane and alveolar edema index in the anterior region was higher than the posterior region in both groups (p < 0.03) and the expression of collagen type I was significantly higher in the anterior region compared to the posterior region in lungs of Injury+MV (p=0.001). The EIT showed that the non-dependent regions (anterior) received more ventilator influx than the dependent regions (p<0.001) in the Injury group. In these animals, the regional ventilation was correlated to neutrophil density (r=0.48; p=0,04), hemorrhage index (r=0.74; p=0.001) and hyaline membrane index (r=0.56; p=0.016). In Injury+MV group, the regional ventilation was correlated to collagen type I (r=0.494; p=0.05), collagen type III (r=0.656; p=0.006) and versican (r=0.732; p=0.001) expressions. Conclusion: This study shows the histopathological progression and the regional presentation of the pulmonary lesion in the ARDS pig model. In our model, the support with protective ventilation was efficient to reduce parenchymal inflammation, but did not inhibit the injury progression and signaling to the fibroproliferative process. Animals ventilated for 40 hours, the anterior regions underwent a progressive reduction in the alveolar lumen associated with alveolar walls thickening and hyaline membrane deposition. The injury progressed with diffuse activation of tissue repair pathway, but with the predominance of collagen type I expression in anterior regions. However, in our study, the deposition of collagen rich matrix is a later event

Os modelos experimentais reproduzem doenças que acometem seres humanos, sendo de extrema importância porque possibilitam o estudo da patogênese e abordagem terapêutica dessas enfermidades. Nesse grupo inclui-se o modelo experimental de esclerodermia induzida pela imunização de coelhos com colágeno V humano provocando alterações histológicas (pele, pulmão e rim) similares àquelas observadas em humanos. As doenças auto-imunes têm sua etiologia desconhecida e são particularmente caracterizadas pela presença de auto-anticorpos no soro. Nesse aspecto, 90 a 95% dos pacientes com esclerodermia apresentam algum auto-anticorpo contra antígenos intracelulares (proteínas nucleolares RNA polimerase I, II e III, Scl-70, centriolares ou golginas) ou da matriz extracelular (colágeno). O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a resposta imunológica nos animais do modelo experimental de esclerodermia. Para tanto, o soro dos animais foram testados quanto à presença de auto-anticorpos e de outros fatores imunológicos séricos que indicassem um processo imunológico ativo paralelo às lesões teciduais em desenvolvimento e incluiu: pesquisa de anticorpos anticolágenos V, III e I, imunocomplexos circulantes, fator reumatóide, níveis de complemento, fatores antinucleares (FAN) por imunofluorescência indireta em células HEp-2 e caracterização dos antígenos alvos por immunoblot. A análise da resposta imune revelou que as alterações histológicas do pulmão, rim e pele se desenvolviam com o aumento dos níveis séricos de anticorpos anti-colágeno V. Além disso, todos os animais imunizados com Col V apresentavam anticorpos para outros tipos de colágeno. Esses animais desenvolveram uma marcante resposta imunológica a antígenos intracelulares com 100% de positividade para o FAN e presença de imunocomplexos nos soros obtidos 30, 75 e 120 dias pós-imunização quando comparados a dois grupos controles (albumina e adjuvante completo de Freud). Todos os animais do grupo Col V apresentaram na IFI padrão citoplasmático Golgi símile e, em 10% deles, reatividade adicional aos centríolos. Ambos auto-anticorpos são raros, mas já descritos em pacientes com esclerodermia. A pré-absorção dos soros desses animais com Col V não interferiu no resultado do FAN. A caracterização dos antígenos alvos mostrou uma reatividade uniforme a proteínas de alto peso molecular de células epiteliais humanas (maior ou igual 175 kDa) que progredia com o tempo de imunização. Eluatos ácidos contendo os anticorpos anti-fração 175 kDa reproduziram o padrão de IFI igual ao soro original. As análises demonstram que a imunização com Col V humano em coelhos resulta numa resposta imunológica exuberante e que se caracteriza pela presença de auto-anticorpos a componentes intracelulares. / Experimental models for human diseases are of utmost importance, since they allow the study of their pathogenesis and therapeutic approach. In this group we can include the experimental model of collagen V-induced scleroderma, in rabbits, with histological alterations (skin, lung and kidney) similar to those observed in humans. Auto-immune diseases have an unknown etiology, and are characterized by the presence of auto-antibodies in serum. In this aspect, 90%-95% of the patients with scleroderma present some kind of auto-antibody against intracellular antigens (RNA polymerase I, II and III nucleoproteins, Scl-70, centriolar or golgins) or to components of the extracellular matrix (collagen). This study aims to assess the immune response of the animal subjects in a scleroderma experimental model. The animals sera were tested for auto-antibodies and other serum immunological factors that would point to an active immunological process, parallel to the developing tissue lesions, including anti-collagen V, III and I antibodies, circulating immune complexes, rheumatoid factor, complement levels, antinuclear antibodies (ANA) by indirect immunofluorescence in HEp-2 (IFI) cells, and characterization of target antigens with an immunoblot. The analysis of the immune response in the studied animals revealed that histological alterations in lungs, kidneys and skin developed with an increase of the serum levels of anti-collagen V antibodies. Furthermore, all the Col Vimmunized animals presented antibodies against other types of collagen as well. These animals also developed a strong immune response against intracellular antigens, being 100% positive for ANA, showing also immune complexes in sera obtained 30, 75 and 120 days after immunization with Col V, when compared to the control groups (albumin and Freunds complete adjuvant). All the animals from the Col V group showed a cytoplasmic pattern at the IFI, Golgi simile and, in 10% of the cases, additional reactivity to the centrioles. Both auto-antibodies are rare, yet were already described in patients with scleroderma. The pre-absorption of these animals sera with Col V did not interfere with the ANA reactivity. The characterization of the target antigens showed a uniform reactivity to high molecular weight proteins of human epithelial cells (> or = 175 kDa), which progressed with the immunization time. Acid eluats containing antibodies against the 175 kDa fraction reproduced the same IFI reactivity pattern of the original serum. The results demonstrate that immunization of rabbits with human Col V results in an exuberant immune response, characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against intracellular components.

O mecônio é um potente inativador da função do surfactante pulmonar, porém a reposição de surfactante exógeno para tratamento da síndrome de aspiração de mecônio em recém-nascidos tem efeito limitado e não diminui a mortalidade. Estudos mostram que a adição de polímeros como o polietilenoglicol (PEG) ao surfactante melhora sua atividade \"in vitro\" mantendo baixa tensão superficial. No presente estudo, avaliamos os efeitos da adição de PEG ao surfactante exógeno sobre a mecânica pulmonar e sobre a regularidade da expansão do parênquima pulmonar em coelhos recém-nascidos. Coelhos da raça New-Zealand-White, nascidos de parto cesáreo aos 30 dias de gestação, foram submetidos a traqueostomia e randomizados em 3 grupos de estudo de acordo com o tipo de tratamento administrado no décimo minuto de ventilação: grupo com aspiração de mecônio, sem tratamento com surfactante exógeno (MEC); grupo com aspiração de mecônio e tratamento com surfactante -100 mg/kg (S100); e grupo com aspiração de mecônio e tratamento com surfactante - 100 mg/kg adicionado de PEG -5% / 15 kDa (PEG). Mecônio humano foi administrado via traqueostomia na dose de 6 ml/kg e concentração de 65 mg/ml. Os animais dos três grupos foram submetidos à ventilação mecânica com pressão positiva no final da expiração de 3 cmH2O; freqüência respiratória de 60 incursões por minuto, fração inspiratória de O2 de 1,0 e pico de pressão inspiratória necessário para se manter volume-corrente fixo de 8 ml/kg. Os valores de complacência dinâmica, pressão ventilatória e volume-corrente foram obtidos a cada 5 minutos até o sacrifício com 20 minutos, com auxílio de um transdutor de pressão associado a um pneumotacógrafo, sendo analisados por um \"software\" específico. O surfactante foi produzido pelo Instituto Butantan (São Paulo, Brasil). Após a ventilação, foi realizada a curva pressão-volume e os pulmões foram fixados com formalina a 10%. A análise histológica foi feita calculando o diâmetro alveolar médio (Lm) e o índice de distorção através do desvio padrão do Lm. Análise estatística foi feita pela ANOVA One Way, com nível de significância de 0,05. Após 20 minutos de ventilação, os valores de complacência dinâmica (ml/cm H2O.kg) foram: 0,44±0,05 (MEC*); 0,68±0,12 (S100) e 0,59± 0,05 (PEG) e de pressão ventilatória (cm H2O): 18,40±2,02 (MEC*); 11,84±1,82 (S100) e 13,60±1,39 (PEG). Ambos os grupos tratados apresentaram padrão de expansão do parênquima mais homogêneo em relação aos animais não tratados: índice de distorção de 18,53±4,71 (MEC*); 8,41±2,35 (S100) e 11,73±4,28 (PEG) (*p < 0,05 vs outros grupos). Concluímos que os animais tratados com surfactante mostraram melhora significativa da mecânica pulmonar, com melhora da complacência pulmonar, menores valores de pressão ventilatória necessários para se manter o volume-corrente pré-estabelecido, maior volume pulmonar máximo e maior homogeneidade do padrão de expansão pulmonar, comparados ao grupo sem tratamento. Não houve influência da adição de polietilenoglicol ao surfactante com relação aos parâmetros avaliados. / Meconium is known to be a potent inactivator of pulmonary surfactant, and exogenous surfactant treatment for meconium aspiration syndrome failed to decrease mortality. A number of studies have shown, in vitro, that the addition of polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the surfactant maintains good surface activity in the presence of meconium. In the present study we evaluated the effects of the (PEG) addition to the exogenous surfactant in the pulmonary mechanics and in the regularity of pulmonary parenchyma inflation in newborn rabbits. New-Zealeand-White rabbits born by c-section were submitted to tracheotomy and soon after human meconium (6 ml/kg - 65 mg/ml) was administrated through tracheotomy. A randomization was done after 10 minutes ventilation, into 3 study groups according to the surfactant treatment used: MEC (no treatment), S100 (100 mg/kg) and PEG (100 mg/kg added with PEG 5% / 15kDa). The animals were ventilated with 100 % oxygen, respiratory rate of 60 / minute and positive end-expiratory pressure of 3 cm H2O. Peak inspiratory pressure was adjusted to keep a steady tidal volume of 8 ml/kg. A ventilator-plethysmograph system was used and values of dynamic compliance, ventilatory pressure and tidal volume were recorded every 5 minutes, using specific software, within a period of 20 minutes. The surfactant was produced by Butantan Institute (Sao Paulo, Brazil). After the ventilation period, a PV-curve was performed and the lungs were fixed in 10% formalin. Histological analysis was assessed calculating the mean linear intercept (Lm) and lung tissue distortion (SDI) by the standard deviation of the Lm. Statistical analysis was made by ANOVA One Way, significance was set at 0.05. After 20 minutes of ventilation, dynamic compliance (ml/kg.cmH2O) was 0.44±0.05 (MEC*); 0.68±0.12 (S100) and 0.59±0.05 (PEG) and ventilatory pressure (cmH2O) was 18.40±2.02 (MEC*); 11.84±1.82 (S100) and 13.60±1.39 (PEG). Both groups receiving surfactant had lower mean linear intercept and more homogeneity in the lung parenchyma when compared with MEC group: SDI = 18.53±4.71 (MEC*), 8.41±2.35 (S100) and 11.73±4.28 (PEG) (*p < 0,05 vs all the other groups). We concluded that animals treated with surfactant showed significant improvement in pulmonary mechanics and more regularity of the lung parenchyma compared with non-treated animals. This improvement was found in both studied groups (independently of the PEG addition) without differences between them.

A atresia das vias biliares é afecção hepática da infância. A etiologia é desconhecida, e o diagnóstico baseia-se na biópsia hepática, cujo achado é a proliferação ductular. A ligadura do ducto biliar comum em ratos é modelo utilizado para estudo das doenças colestáticas. A proposta do trabalho foi estudar, em modelo experimental de obstrução biliar, as alterações histológicas hepáticas em ratos jovens e compará-las com o animal adulto. Avaliou-se a semiquantificação da proliferação ductular e inflamação pelo HE; quantificação da fibrose portal e periportal pelo picrosírius; semiquantificação da expressão de desmina e a-actina de músculo liso pelas células estreladas e miofibroblastos. Apesar das respostas de proliferação ductular e inflamação mais lentas no rato jovem, a fibrose e a expressão de desmina foram mais intensas neste grupo / Biliary atresia is an hepatic disease of infancy. Etiology is unknown, and diagnosis is made by liver biopsy, with ductular proliferation being the main histological feature. Bile duct ligation in rats is an useful experimental model of biliary obstruction. The aim of this study of extra-hepatic cholestasis was analyse hepatic histological alterations in young rats compared to adult animals. The responses were studied by semiquantification of ductular proliferation and inflammatory infiltrated by HE stain; quantification of portal and periportal fibrosis with the sirius-red stain; semiquantification of the expression of desmin and a-smooth muscle actin by the hepatic stellated cells and myofibroblasts. In young animals, despite the very slow response of ductular proliferation and inflammation observed with HE, there were significantly more fibrosis and expression of desmin than in adult group

Analisamos as alterações cardíacas pós-indução de enfisema por instilação de papaína. Foram avaliados 75 ratos (grupos papaína e controle), sacrificados 30, 60, 90, 120 ou 180 dias pós-instilação. Foram realizados: gasometria do sangue arterial, avaliação morfométrica cardíaca e pulmonar. A papaína produziu destruição alveolar compatível com enfisema, sem repercussão nas trocas gasosas. Ventrículo direito e septo interventricular não apresentaram alterações significativas. Houve redução da área do ventrículo esquerdo, 90 dias pós-indução, e discreto espessamento de sua parede. / Cardiac alterations post-induction emphysema by instillation of papain were analyzed. Seventy-five rats (groups papain and control), sacrificed 30, 60, 90, 120 or 180 days post-instillation were evaluated. Arterial blood gases, cardiac and pulmonary morphometrical analysis were performed. Papain administration produced alveolar destruction compatible with emphysema, without arterial blood gases changes. Right ventricle and interventricular septum didn't show alterations. There were left ventricular area decrease (90 days post-induction) and light thickness increase of its wall.

INTRODUÇÃO: As proteínas desacopladoras de prótons (UCPs: uncoupling proteins) pertencem à família dos transportadores mitocondriais H+/ácidos graxos e têm distribuição diferenciada nos tecidos. Sabe-se que a UCP1 é responsável pela termogênese, mas o exato papel fisiológico da UCP2 e UCP3 ainda não está completamente estabelecido. Os hormônios tireoideanos (T3 e T4) estimulam a expressão da UCP3 em músculo cardíaco e esquelético, no entanto o mecanismo pelo qual exercem esse efeito não é conhecido. Este projeto visa avaliar se as alterações na expressão gênica da UCP3 são relacionadas a efeito primário do T3 ou são secundárias à estimulação do sistema renina-angiotensina ou do sistema ?-adrenérgico. MÉTODOS: Para a realização do estudo, criou-se um modelo animal de hipertireodismo, em ratos machos Sprague-Dawley, através da 3 administrações de 100 ?g/100 g peso corpóreo de LT3, em dias alternados, associado ou não à captopril (1 mg/100 g de peso corpóreo), ?-bloqueador propranolol (1 mg/100g de peso corpóreo) ou ?2-agonista clenbuterol (0,04 mg/100 g de peso corpóreo). A expressão do mRNA da UCP3 foi semi-quantitativamente determinada por Northern blot em amostras de músculo ventricular cardíaco e músculo esquelético (gastrocnemius e soleus). A expressão da proteína UCP3 foi avaliada por Western blot em músculo esquelético (quadríceps). Os resultados foram expressos em unidades arbitrárias de densitometria óptica. RESULTADOS: O tratamento com LT3 resultou em aumento estatisticamente significativo do conteúdo de mRNA da UCP3 em miocárdio (~3 vezes) e músculo esquelético (~8 vezes) (p<0,05) e esse efeito não foi alterado por nenhuma das medicações usadas concomitantemente. Não houve efeito sinergístico ou aditivo sobre a expressão do mRNA da UCP3 quando o LT3 foi administrado conjuntamente ao ?2-agonista. O aumento na quantidade de mRNA da UCP3, em músculo esquelético, foi associado à aumento na expressão da proteína UCP3. CONCLUSÃO: O efeito do LT3 sobre a expressão da UCP3, nos tecidos analisados, não são dependentes da angiotensina II, nem do sistema ?-adrenérgico, provavelmente refletindo uma ação direta do LT3 sobre a expressão do gene UCP3 / Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) stimulate UCP-3 expression in skeletal muscle. Here, we examined whether thyroid hormone-induced changes in UCP-3 mRNA expression are related to directs effects of T3 or reflect secondary effects of the hormone through stimulation of renin-angiotensin or ?-adrenergic systems. Hyperthyroidism was produced by three injections of 100 ?g T3/100 g body weight on alternate days with or without concomitant treatment with either captopril (an ACE inhibitor), propranolol (a ?-blocker) or clenbuterol (a ?2-agonist). The relative abundance of UCP-3 mRNA was measured in ventricular myocardium and skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius and soleus). T3 resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of UCP-3 in heart and skeletal muscle (P < 0.05), and the effect was not altered by captopril or propanolol; the inhibitors alone had no effect of UCP-3 mRNA content. There was no synergistic or additive effect of T3 and clenbuterol on UCP-3 mRNA expression in skeletal muscle. Increased UCP-3 mRNA levels were associated with increased UCP-3 protein expression in skeletal muscle. We conclude that the effect of T3 on UCP-3 expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle is not dependent on either angiotensin II or the ?-adrenergic system and probably reflects a direct action of the hormone on UCP-3 gene expression

For glutamate and the developing optic pathway, glutamate and its ionotropic receptor subunits are expressed widely in retina and ventral diencephalon, and in cells that are related to the chiasm formation. These studies indicate that glutamate may act as a communicator or attractor to coordinate with other factors to affect the retinal axon pathfinding in the prenatal optic pathway. / Furthermore, for the function of glutamate, AMPARs and KARs in the optic chiasm formation, we did retinal explant culture experiment at E14 in vitro, with application of different concentration of L-glutamate (500muM -1mM), AMPAR antagonists: CP465022 hydrochloride (2-20muM) and GYK15466 dihydrochloride (25-150muM), and KAR antagonists: CNQX (50-500muM) and UBP301 (5-25muM). The results show that L-glutamate promotes retinal axon outgrowth; AMPA receptor antagonists inhibit that; and KAR antagonists have no effect on that. In the presence of different combinations of ionotropic receptor antagonists (including NMDAR antagonist), they suggest that the blockage of glutamate iontroptic receptors displays an obvious effect of inhibiting neurite outgrowth in E14 retinal explants. However, inhibiting kainate receptors show little effect on retinal neurite outgrowth which is different from that of blocking AMPARs. We also did E13 and E15 brain slice culture experiments, and found that blocking of glutamate ionotropic receptors affects crossed axon projection in the midline at early stage, but has no effect to the uncrossed one. / Glutamate is the dominant amino acid neurotransmitter in the central nervous system naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamate ionotropic receptors can be further a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methy1-4-isoxazole-propionate divided into three types by their ligand (AMPA, specificities: GluR1-4), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, NR1-3) and kainate (KA, GluR5-7 and KA1-2) receptors, which function as ligand-gated ion channels. In this study, we focus on the AMPARs and KARs which are expressed in the developing brain. / Here, we used semi-quantitative RT-PCR to analyze mRNA expression levels of AMPAR and KAR subunits in the mouse retina and ventral diencephalons at different developmental stages, and in adult retina. The results show that both AMPAR and KAR subunits can be detected in retina and ventral diencephalon at as early as E13. We also used specific antibodies to investigate glutamate, AMPAR and KAR subunit expression in the mouse retinofugal pathway. We found that: 1) Glutamate is expressed at as early as E13. In retina, it tends to localize in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons; in ventral diencephalon, it is most intense in optic stalk, optic chiasm and optic tract. It is also localized with chiasmatic neurons, which are related to the formation of optic chiasm. 2) For the individual AMPAR and KAR subunits, all of them are expressed at as early as E13. The immunoreactive GluRl and GluR5/6/7 are distributed preferentially in the RGCs and their axons; the staining of GluR2/3 and GluR4 are largely found in RGCs and the supporting cells around the pathway, but for GluR4, its staining is weakly detected in optic fibers and strongly in the midline of chiasm. Although the staining patterns of these specific subunits are different, they are all localized in chiasmatic neurons in diencephalon. / Cheng, Xiaojing. / "November 2010." / Adviser: Sun On Chan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-152). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

By observing these warning criteria, surgery can be safely carried out if changes of signal amplitudes are within the threshold boundary. Future studies should aim to validate and refine the "warning criteria" for intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring in different surgery. / During stable anesthesia, experiments were completed in 31 pigs. A decrease in SEP amplitude > 25% and / or TceMEP amplitude > 65% was associated with substantial risk of postoperative motor deficit. In addition, rapid deterioration of signal within 5 min of an event, and / or a lack of signal recovery within 30 min after the initial deterioration were also predictors of postoperative paraplegia or weakness. These findings also correlated well with radiological changes in the spinal cord. The sensitivity and specificity for TceMEP to predict adverse neurologic outcome were 100% and 90.5%, respectively. / In a porcine model of direct compression and distraction of the exposed spinal cord, we measured the perioperative changes in SEP and TceMEP. This was correlated with postoperative motor function using the modified Tarlov scale. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging of the spinal cord was also performed to assess the anatomical extent of injury three days after surgery. / The spinal cord is at risk of injury during complex operations of the spine or aorta, and may result in catastrophic long term disability. Intraoperative monitoring with somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) and transcranial electric motor evoked potential (TceMEP) are commonly performed to assess the integrity of the sensory and motor pathways, respectively. The purpose of this study was to identify the minimum changes in signal amplitudes, beyond which postoperative neurologic deficit may occur. / Liu, Quanmeng. / Adviser: Matthew Tu Chan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-02, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-103). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Background. The kidney is one of the major organs involved in whole-body homeostasis and it is well understood that chronic renal impairment is further complicated with deranged carbohydrate metabolism, dyslipidemia, altered abdominal fat distribution and the activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Recently, RAS blockades of angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) have been noticed for their potential effects on improve glucose and lipid metabolisms and lowering the risk of new-onset diabetes. However, underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are not fully established. / Conclusions. (1) UNX induces progressive renal impairment and dysregulation of pancreatic and renal RAS in rats. (2) Pancreatic RAS activation leads to intra-islet fibrosis, insulin-secreting beta-cell deficit and insulin secretory deficiency. (3) Renal cortex RAS dysregulation induces ectopic adipocyte differentiation and lipid infiltration, in combination with lipodystrophy and lipid peroxidation, results to insulin resistance. (4) Pancreatic insulin-secretion deficit and insulin resistance contribute to the development of glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. (5) Kidney impacting on glucose and lipid metabolism by affecting pancreatic islet and adipocyte, suggesting an essential role of the kidney in maintaining the whole-body homeostasis. (6) RAS blockade with ACEI or ARB may prevent the development of chronic renal impairment and glucose and lipid dysmetabolisms in UNX rats. (7) Common pathways modulating blood pressure, glucose and lipid metabolism warrant future studies for the better management of the global epidemic of metabolic syndrome. / Materials and methods. Chronic renal impairment and RAS disturbance were induced by unilateral nephrectomy (UNX) in adult Sprague-Dawley rats undergoing as long as 10 months of observation. Three-month old male rats were randomized into 4 groups: (1) sham operated control rats (n=10), (2) untreated UNX model rats (n=10), (3) ACEI---lisinopril treated UNX rats (n=10), and (4) ARB-olmesartan treated UNX rats (n=10). Blood glucose levels during fasting and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) conditions, lipids, insulin and renal function were measured at 3, 6, 8 and 10 months after operation. Histological changes of kidney, pancreas, liver, and adipose tissue were examined at 10 months post-operation. / Objectives. (1) To set up a rat model with persistent chronic renal impairment and RAS activation. (2) To examine changes of fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, blood lipids and insulin sensitivity. (3) To examine changes of pancreatic islets and the factors contributing to pancreatic islet damage such as RAS, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA). (4) To examine changes of systemic and renal adipose tissue and the factors contributing to adipopathy such as RAS, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) and hydroxy-3-methylglutary coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR). (5) To investigate preventive effect of RAS blockades by the ACEI-lisinopril (4 mg/kg body weight) and ARB-olmesartan (4 mg/kg body weight) on the rat model of progressive renal deficiency. / Results. (1) UNX rats developed time-dependent progressive renal functional impairment and marked glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial lesions. (2) UNX rats showed fasting hyperglycemia, progressive glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. (3) UNX rats demonstrated insulin secretory deficiency in parallel to pancreatic islet fibrosis, beta-cell deficit, and overexpression of RAS components, TGF-beta, and alpha-SMA. (4) UNX rats displayed adipopathy evidenced by shifts the subcutaneous and visceral fats to the ectopic fat with lipid accumulation, lipofuscin pigmentation and adipocytes transformation. The adipopathy associated with down-regulation of AT1R and over-expression of angiotensin, AT2R, PPAR-gamma and HMGCR in the remnant kidney. (5) Treatment with lisinopril and olmesartan significantly attenuated the development of chronic renal impairment, RAS dysregulation and aberrant proteins expression, islet damage, adipose redistribution, and glucose and lipid dysmetabolism. / Sui, Yi. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3422. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 195-220). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

O domínio da técnica de microanastomose vascular é um pré-requisito essencial para a realização de procedimentos microcirúrgicos reconstrutivos, como reimplantes e transferência livre de tecidos. Até hoje, a técnica de sutura convencional é a mais aceita na prática clínica, por sua segurança e versatilidade. Apesar disso, ela apresenta alguns problemas por ser tecnicamente difícil, consumir tempo considerável e causar traumatismo adicional à parede do vaso. O objetivo deste estudo, foi testar um método alternativo de microanastomose arterial, reduzindo o número de pontos de sutura com aplicação do adesivo de fibrina. Sessenta ratos da raça Wistar foram submetidos a microanastomose vascular nas artérias femorais ou carótidas. Os animais foram divididos em quatro subgrupos de acordo com a artéria operada e a técnica de sutura empregada: FSC (femoral - sutura convencional), FAF (femoral - sutura mínima com adesivo de fibrina), CSC (carótida - sutura convencional) e CAF (carótida - sutura mínima com adesivo de fibrina). As duas técnicas de anastomose foram comparadas através de análise estatística dos parâmetros clínicos e histopatológicos. A média de pontos de sutura por anastomose nos subgrupos FSC e CSC foi de 7,7 e 9,5, respectivamente. No subgrupo FAF, as anastomoses foram realizadas com apenas quatro pontos de sutura e no subgrupo CAF, com apenas seis. O tempo de anastomose foi, em média: 15,81 minutos no subgrupo FSC, 13,62 minutos no subgrupo FAF, 18,87 minutos no subgrupo CSC e 17,33 minutos no subgrupo CAF. A aplicação do adesivo de fibrina reduziu, significativamente, o número de pontos e o tempo necessário para realização das anastomoses, nos subgrupos FAF e CAF. A intensidade do sangramento anastomótico também foi reduzida de maneira significativa nestes subgrupos. A freqüência da permeabilidade imediata e tardia foi de 100% em todos os subgrupos, exceto no subgrupo FAF, onde a permeabilidade tardia foi de 93,33%. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as duas técnicas, em relação aos parâmetros histopatológicos avaliados (processo inflamatório, fibrose da camada média e hiperplasia subintimal). O autor concluiu que a técnica de sutura mínima com aplicação do adesivo de fibrina foi mais fácil e rápida que a técnica de sutura convencional, sem aumento da trombogenicidade das anastomoses, no modelo experimental utilizado. / Mastering of the microvascular anastomosis technique is an essencial requirement to perform reconstructive microsurgical procedures, such as replantation surgery and free tissue transfers. Until now, the conventional suture technique is the most widely accepted in the clinical setting, for its safety and versatility. However, this technique presents some problems for being technically difficult, time consuming and causes additional trauma to the vessel wall. The aim of this study was to test an alternative method of microvascular arterial anastomosis, by reducing the number of sutures with application of fibrin adhesive. Sixty Wistar rats underwent to microvascular anastomosis at the femoral or carotid arteries. The animals were divided into four subgroups, according to the operated artery and the employed suture technique: FCS (femoral - conventional suture), FFA (femoral - minimal suture with fibrin adhesive), CCS (carotid - conventional suture) and CFA (carotid - minimal suture with fibrin adhesive). Both anastomosis techniques were compared by means of statistical analisys of the clinical and histopathological parameters. The mean number of sutures required to complete the anastomosis was 7,7 in subgroup FCS and 9,5 in subgroup CCS. In subgroup FFA, the anastomosis was performed with only four sutures and in subgroup CFA, with only six. The mean anastomotic time was 15,81 minutes in subgroup FCS, 13,62 minutes in subgroup FFA, 18,87 minutes in subgroup CCS and 17,33 minutes in subgroup CCS. The application of fibrin adhesive, significantly reduced the number of sutures and the time taken to perform the anastomosis, in subgroups FFA and CFA. The amount of anastomotic bleeding was also significantly reduced in these subgroups. The immediate and late patency rates were 100% in all subgroups, except in subgroup FFA where it was 93,33%. No significant differences were observed among the two techniques, concerning the evaluated histopathological parameters (inflammatory process, medial fibrosis and subintimal hyperplasia). The author concluded that, the fibrin adhesive application with minimal suture technique was faster and easier than the conventional suture technique, without increasing the trombogenicity of the anastomosis, in this experimental model.