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[pt] O trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar como se apresentam e como se desenvolvem as formas de proteção e/ou desproteção (internacional e nacional) às pessoas e famílias que vivem o deslocamento interno e forçado em função da violência urbana e dos conflitos armados no município do Rio de Janeiro. Em relação aos objetivos específicos, destacam-se: a) conhecer as causas e determinantes que motivam o deslocamento interno e forçado em função da violência urbana e os conflitos armados no município do Rio de Janeiro; b) identificar como se apresentam as percepções das pessoas e grupos de pessoas que vivenciam e/ou percebem essa problemática; c) examinar como se efetivam os elementos que se configuram como respostas (de resistência, organização e mobilização) das pessoas e famílias que vivenciam e/ou percebem essa problemática; d) tipificar de forma qualitativa o público deslocado interno e forçado no Rio de Janeiro a partir das particularidades dos conflitos armados. Optou-se pela análise do discurso, constituindo a tese através de variados exercícios analíticos, por fontes de várias ordens, por meio: do levantamento de estudos bibliográficos; do resgate e apoio em um corpus material (estrofes de músicas e matérias/reportagens); e da análise do corpus de discursos orais/institucionais (entrevistas semiestruturadas). Constituiu-se um modelo metodológico próprio (singular) de acordo com os objetivos estabelecidos, a particularidade do objeto de estudo e a organização para a coleta de dados. Partiu-se da abordagem intencional e/ou de conveniência, com grupos específicos que estiveram dispostos a dar sua opinião. Os deslocamentos internos e forçados estão imersos no movimento determinado pela natureza centralizadora das classes dominantes, e as particularidades do conflito armado não-internacional no Rio de Janeiro determinam o fenômeno em questão (níveis de violências, hostilidades, lógica da guerra e da militarização do cotidiano etc.). Se debate a situação dos deslocamentos internos e forçados no plano internacional, e leva-se em conta os sistemas de proteção de direitos humanos e a proteção aos refugiados como gênese à proteção dos deslocados internos. Após resgatar a construção da proteção internacional aos deslocados internos forçados, se discute a violência como processo constitutivo no cenário brasileiro, o que remete ao tema do capitalismo dependente e a generalização dos mecanismos coercitivos. Ao adentrar a violência urbana e os conflitos armados no Rio de Janeiro destacam-se a (para)militarização e a metáfora da guerra como condições que se retroalimentam na representação da favela como indissociável da violência e na militarização ampliada em meio às disputas por controle econômico-territorial, entre atores que despontam como os grupos que fomentam o fenômeno do deslocamento interno e forçado (milícias, facções e o Estado). Evidencia-se o público deslocado interno como segmento da superpopulação relativa, precarizados nas condições de vida, de trabalho e de privações, categorizados a partir dos deslocamentos: a) direto; b) indireto por decisão; c) indireto por circunstância. O fenômeno apresenta-se em situações de elevado risco de vida e insegurança em que predomina o silêncio. Esse público tipifica-se na situação do deslocamento intramunicipal e nos deslocamentos em função da desconformidade dos padrões estabelecidos pelos grupos/atores armados; se efetiva em meio a constituição de fronteiras físicas e simbólicas “visíveis” (no faccionamento dos territórios). Sobre a proteção social, à defesa dos direitos humanos em programas de proteção do Estado adquire centralidade tendo em vista o público-alvo acompanhado. A assistência social, através de seus equipamentos territorializados, tem relevância sobre o tema nos territórios de favelas frente a influência das ações dos grupos armados (como porta de entrada da população e como instrumento de respostas, assim como colhendo os desafios da viabilização do encaminhamento e atendimento pela via do trabalho coletivo e dos processos de trabalho em rede em meio as violências físicas e verbais e a produção de regras pelos grupos armados que impactam essas atuações). A questão da habitação emerge para ser pensada ao se entender a desigualdade e a manutenção da segregação socioespacial, da favela como lugar que colhe os efeitos negativos da violência urbana e os conflitos armados, e o PMCMV como lócus de experiência dessa problemática. O tema da produção de dados para a construção de marcos legais e as políticas de proteção e assistência ganha relevância no tocante ao objeto de estudo que é marcado pela invisibilidade (vazio cartográfico), em função da inexistência de dados e a complexidade do fenômeno no que tange ao elevado risco e insegurança e, portanto, tem-se a necessidade de publicizar esse tema. A demanda da assistência em saúde aos deslocados internos e forçados no Rio de Janeiro se apresenta como uma necessidade intrínseca frente às experiências do elevado risco de vida e insegurança, que despontam de forma negativa na saúde física e mental dos grupos de pessoas que sofrem com os conflitos armados, onde urge a necessidade de pensar espaços e políticas voltados aos cuidados e à assistência. / [en] The general objective of the work was to analyze how to present and how to develop forms of protection and/or lack of protection (international and national) to people and families who experience internal displacement and force due to urban violence and armed conflicts in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. In relation to the specific objectives, the following stand out: a) to know the causes and determinants that motivate internal displacement and force due to urban violence and armed conflicts in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro; b) identify how it presents itself as a symbol of people and groups of people who experience and/or perceive this problem; c) monitor how the elements that are configured as responses (resistance, organization and support) of people and families who experience and/or perceive this problem are implemented; d) qualitatively typify the internally displaced and forced public in Rio de Janeiro based on the particularities of armed conflicts. We opted for discourse analysis, constituting the thesis through varied analytical exercises, from sources of various orders, through: the survey of bibliographic studies; rescuing and supporting a material corpus (songs and articles/reports); and the analysis of the corpus of oral/institutional discourses (semi-structured interviews). A unique methodological model was constituted according to the objectives achieved, the particularity of the object of study and the organization for data collection. The starting point was an intentional and/or preferred approach, with specific groups that were willing to give their opinion, and to undergo theoretical saturation therapy. Internal and forced displacements are immersed in the movement determined by the centralizing nature of the dominant classes, and the particularities of the non-international armed conflict in Rio de Janeiro determine the phenomenon in question (levels of violence, hostilities, logic of war and the militarization of everyday life etc). The situation of internal and forced displacements at the international level is discussed, and human rights protection systems and refugee protection are taken into account as a genesis for the protection of internally displaced persons. After rescuing the construction of international protection for forced internally displaced people, violence is discussed as a constitutive process in the Brazilian scenario, which refers to the theme of dependent capitalism and the generalization of coercive mechanisms. When entering urban violence and armed conflicts in Rio de Janeiro, the (para)militarization and the metaphor of war stand out as conditions that feed back into the representation of the favela as inseparable from violence and in the expanded militarization in the midst of disputes for economic control -territorial, between actors who emerge as groups that foment the phenomenon of internal and forced displacement (militias, factions and the State). The internally displaced public is evidenced as a segment of the relative overpopulation, precarious in terms of life, work and deprivation, categorized from the displacements: a) direct; b) "indirect" by decision; c) indirect by circumstance. The phenomenon appears in situations of high risk to life and insecurity in which "silence" predominates. function of non-compliance with the standards established by armed groups/actors; it is effective amid the constitution of "visible" physical and symbolic borders (in the "factionalization of territories"). On social protection, the defense of human rights in programs for the protection of the The State acquires centrality in view of the target audience followed. Social assistance, through its territorialized equipment, has relevance on the subject in the territories of favelas in view of the influence of the actions of armed groups (as a gateway for the population and as an instrument of answers, as well as picking up the challenges of facilitating the referral and assistance through collective work and networking processes in the midst of physical and verbal violence and the production of rules by armed groups that impact these actions). The issue of housing emerges to be considered when understanding inequality and the maintenance of socio-spatial segregation, the favela as a place that reaps the negative effects of urban violence and armed conflicts, and the PMCMV as the locus of experience of this problem. The issue of data production for the construction of legal frameworks and protection and assistance policies gains relevance with regard to the object of study that is marked by invisibility (cartographic emptiness ), due to the lack of data and the complexity of the phenomenon with regard to the high risk and insecurity and, therefore, there is a need to publicize this theme. The demand for health care for the internally displaced and forced in Rio de Janeiro is an intrinsic need in the face of the high risk of life and insecurity, which negatively affect the physical and mental health of the groups of people who suffer from the armed conflicts, where there is an urgent need to think about spaces and policies aimed at care and assistance.

Dieses Buch gibt durch eine Zusammenstellung von Interviews Einblicke in die Erzählungen von Menschen, die als Binnenmigranten in die afghanische Stadt Mazar-i Sharif gekommen sind. Mazar-i Sharif ist eine wichtige Metropole im Norden Afghanistans. Die Stadt ist ein wichtiges Handelszentrum. Es gibt dort mehrere private und staatliche Universitäten. Mazar-i Sharif wurde durch die vergleichsweise gute Sicherheitslage zur Zeit dieser Forschung Sitz vieler internationaler Organisationen und NGOs und war ein attraktives Reiseziel mit viele Restaurants, Hotels, Freizeit- und Sporteinrichtungen. Gleichzeitig ist Mazar-i Sharif der Anlaufpunkt für viele arme Binnenmigranten. Die Migration in die Stadt wird durch die schlechten wirtschaftlichen Perspektiven in den ländlichen Regionen Afghanistans aber auch durch die Flucht vor Gewalt, Bedrohung und Unsicherheit verursacht. Doch auch in der Stadt sind viele der meist armen Migranten mit prekären Lebensverhältnissen, Arbeitslosigkeit und Rechtsunsicherheit, Armut und fehlender Unterstützung konfrontiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund zeigen die in diesem Buch vereinten Interviews was die Menschen über ihre Umsiedlung in die Stadt erzählen und wie sie dies tun. Es wird herausgestellt, dass auch das Erzählen selbst eine wichtige Funktion hat und ein Teil der verschiedenen Lebenssicherungsstrategien der Menschen in diesem schwierigen Umfeld wird. / As a compilation of interviews this book provides insight into the narrations of internal migrants who have come to the Afghan city Mazar-e Sharif, a metropolis located in the north of the country. Mazar-e Sharif is an important commercial center with lively bazaars. It is home to both private and state universities and, due to a comparatively good security situation, Mazar-e Sharif became the seat of many international organizations and NGOs in the time of research. It was also an attractive travel destination with many restaurants, hotels, and recreational and athletic facilities. At the same time, it is a destination for large numbers of poor internal migrants and returning refugees. Migration to the city is provoked by poor economic prospects in many rural areas of Afghanistan which also suffer from violence, threats, and insecurity. Once they reach this city, however, many of the mostly poor migrants face precarious living conditions, unemployment and legal insecurity, poverty, and a lack of support. Against this background, the interviews in this book show what people say about their relocation to town and how they say it, emphasizing the important function of narrating as one of several livelihood strategies in difficult surroundings.

<p> The base and shaft resistance of steel pipe piles installed in silica sand is affected by several factors; these include but are not limited to: shaft resistance degradation, shaft surface roughness, installation method, pile geometry, soil density and particle size, and setup.  This thesis focuses on the first four factors, while also considering the effect of soil density within each factor. Several of the pile design formulas available do not consider the effects of shaft resistance degradation due to load cycles during installation of jacked and driven closed-ended pipe piles, plug formation and evolution during driving of open-ended pipe piles, the degree of corrosion or pitting corrosion on the shaft surface of a pile and its potential impact on setup, and the geometry of the tip of the pile. To assess the impact on pile capacity of some of these factors, a series of static compression load tests were performed in a controlled environment in a calibration chamber with a scaled down instrumented model pile. The air-pluviation technique with different combination of sieves assembled in a large-scale pluviator was used to prepare F-55 sand samples of different density in the calibration chamber. Slight changes were made to the experimental setup to study each factor: sand sample density, driving energy, mode of installation, and geometry and shaft roughness of the model pile.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The results from the experiments confirmed that each of these factors affects the pile resistance. Some of the important conclusions were:</p> <p><br></p> <p>i. The shaft resistance of the model pile is about 2.4 times greater for jacked piles than for driven piles in dense sand, due to the greater shaft resistance degradation in driven piles. </p> <p>ii. Despite the effect of degradation, the shaft resistance of the non-displacement model pile which had no loading cycles was a ratio of 0.37 to that of the driven model pile in medium dense sand and 0.60 in dense sand, due to the absence of displacement.</p> <p>iii. An increase in the surface roughness of the jacked model piles from smooth to medium-rough resulted in an increase of the shaft resistance, which had a ratio of 7.75 to the smooth pile in dense sand and 3.05 in medium dense sand. An increase from smooth to rough resulted in an increase of the shaft resistance, which had a ratio of 8.00 to the smooth pile in dense sand and 4.26 in medium dense sand.</p> <p>iv. Although rougher interfaces produce greater interface friction angles than smooth interfaces with sand, once a limiting value of surface roughness is reached, shearing occurs in a narrow band in the sand in the immediate vicinity of the model pile, with the shaft resistance depending on the critical-state friction angle of the sand. This means the shaft resistance will not increase further with changes in pile surface roughness, due to the fact that the internal critical-state friction angle of the sand has been reached in the shear band during loading.  </p> <p>v. During installation, the conical-based pile had a higher penetration per blow compared to the flat based pile from 0 to 25.6<em>B</em> in medium dense sand and 0 to 20<em>B</em> in dense sand (<em>B</em> = base diameter). After the pile was installed beyond 25.6<em>B</em> in medium dense and 20<em>B</em> in dense sand, the penetration per blow was identical. </p> <p>vi. The base resistance of a conical-based model pile was about 0.76 times that of a flat-based model pile in dense sand and 0.56 in medium dense sand. </p> <p>vii. Jacked piles had similar base resistance ratio of about 0.93 to 0.95 of driven piles in dense sand and 0.98 to 1.05 in medium dense sand. However, they had a much higher shaft resistance ratio of about 1.67 to 2.07 in dense sand and 1.44 to 1.50 in medium dense sand. </p>

A series of lateral load tests were performed on a full-scale pile cap with three different backfill conditions, namely: with no backfill present, with densely compacted clean sand in place, and with loosely compacted clean sand in place. In addition to being displaced under a static loading, the pile cap was subjected to low frequency, small displacement loading cycles from load actuators and higher frequency, small displacement, dynamic loading cycles from an eccentric mass shaker. The passive earth pressure from the backfill was found to significantly increase the load capacity of the pile cap. At a displacement of about 46 mm, the loosely and densely compacted backfills increased the total resistance of the pile cap otherwise without backfill by 50% and 245%, respectively. The maximum passive earth pressure for the densely compacted backfill occurred at a displacement of approximately 50 mm, which corresponds to a displacement to pile cap height ratio of 0.03. Contrastingly passive earth pressure for the loosely compacted backfill occurred at a displacement of approximately 40 mm. Under low and high frequency cyclic loadings, the stiffness of the pile cap system increased with the presence of the backfill material. The loosely compacted backfill generally provided double the stiffness of the no backfill case. The densely compacted backfill generally provided double the stiffness of the loosely compacted sand, thus quadrupling the stiffness of the pile cap relative to the case with no backfill present. Under low frequency cyclic loadings, the damping ratio of the pile cap system decreased with cap displacement and with increasing stiffness of backfill material. After about 20 mm of pile cap displacement, the average damping ratio was about 18% with the looser backfill and about 24% for the denser backfill. Under higher frequency cyclic loadings, the damping ratio of the pile cap system was quite variable and appeared to vary with frequency. Damping ratios appear to peak in the vicinity of the natural frequency of the pile cap system for each backfill condition. On the whole, damping ratios tend to range between 10 and 30%, with an average of about 20% for the range of frequencies and displacement amplitudes occurring during the tests. The similar amount of damping for different ranges of frequency suggests that dynamic loadings do not appreciably increase the apparent resistance of the pile cap relative to slowly applied cyclic loadings.

The following is a meta-commentary of the article, “Marriage and the City: Fatal Displacement in La Maison du chat-qui-pelote,” co-authored by Dr. Anca Mitroi Sprenger and myself, Laurel Cummins. The article will soon be submitted for publication, and this commentary contains an annotated bibliography of all our primary and secondary sources as well as an account of the origin of the argument and the process of writing the article. Our article is based upon an analysis of La Maison du chat-qui-pelote, a story authored by Honoré de Balzac within his seminal collection La Comédie humaine. In the article, we analyze the theme of fatal displacement in La Maison du chat-qui-pelote as an allegory of the repressions of nineteenth-century modernity. The theme is presented through the tumultuous marriage of the bourgeois protagonist, Augustine Guillaume, to the aristocrat artist, Théodore de Sommervieux, and through Augustine's literal movement within the city of Paris that ensues after their marriage (from her home, the Chat-qui-Pelote, to her husband's home, her attempted return to the Chat-qui-Pelote, and her visit to her husband's mistress). We demonstrate that these displacements are not only the source of Augustine's premature death but are emblematic of the perishing past in a post-revolutionary, modern Paris. Our development of this conclusion comes through a close analysis of the principal text itself as well as of the literal and figurative displacements that occur throughout to the main character, Augustine. In studying these displacements, we consider not only the social structures and institutions at the time of the novel but the detailed images of the past that anchor Augustine in traditions that do not let her transition into modernity. We examine the portrayal of marriage in La Maison du chat-qui-pelote as it coincides to the ideals of marriage in pre and post-Revolution periods. We likewise consider the various geographical areas (as pinpointed by specific roads provided by the author) as a way of understanding the historical background and the effect of displacement from various areas of Paris to others. The title of the story (which references the sign outside of the protagonist's house), the Chat-qui-Pelote, also offers rich symbolism that, when deciphered, substantiates our claim that this story goes far beyond an unfortunate marriage caused by class disparity. Instead, Augustine's trajectory in the story, she being the human embodiment and relic of ancient French traditions, alludes to a foundational inability for past ways of French life to survive in modernity.

ABSTRACT Fabrication and Characterization of Torsional Micro-Hinge Structures Mike Marrujo There are many electronic devices that operate on the micrometer-scale such as Digital Micro-Mirror Devices (DMD). Micro actuators are a common type of DMD that employ a diaphragm supported by torsional hinges, which deform during actuation and are critical for the devices to have high stability and reliability. The stress developed within the hinge during actuation controls how the actuator will respond to the actuating force. Electrostatically driven micro actuators observe to have a fully recoverable non-linear viscoelastic response. The device consists of a micro-hinge which is suspended by two hinges that sits inside a micro machined well. To achieve a specific angle of rotation when actuated, the mechanical forces need to be characterized with a range of different forces applied to the edge of the micro-hinge. This research investigates the mechanical properties and the amount of force needed to rotate to specific angles by comparing theoretical performance to experimentally measured values. Characterizing the mechanical forces on the micro-hinge will further the understanding of how the device operates under a specific applied force. The material response to the amount of stress within the hinges will control the amount of actuation that is achieved by that force. The test devices were fabricated using common semiconductor fabrication techniques. The micro-hinge device was created on a 500µm, double-sided polished, single crystal (100) silicon wafer. In order to create this device, both wet etching and dry etching techniques were employed to produce an 8µm thick plate structure. The bulk etching of 480µm was achieved by wet etching down into the silicon (Si) to create the wells. Dry etching was used for its high precision to release the micro-hinge structure. Once fabricated, the micro-hinge actuators were tested using a Technics turntable arm with a built in micrometer that applied a constant force while measuring the displacement of the actuator. The rotation of the hinge was measured by reflecting a Helium-Neon (HeNe) laser beam off a mirror, which is attached to the pivot of the arm that’s applying the force, and any type of displacement was recorded with a Photo Sensitive Device (PSD). The test stand applied a small force which replicated the amount of electrostatic forces needed to achieve a specific degree of rotation. Results indicate that the micro-hinge achieved a repeatable amount of rotation when forces were applied to it. The micro-hinge would endure deformation when too much force would be applied and yield a maximum amount of force allowed.