Earthquake-induced liquefaction of saturated soils and seismic compression of unsaturated soils are major sources of hazard to infrastructure, as attested by the wholesale condemnation of neighborhoods surrounding Christchurch, New Zealand. The hazard continues to grow as cities expand into liquefaction- and seismic compression-susceptible areas hence accurate evaluation of both hazards is essential. The liquefaction evaluation procedure presented herein is based on dissipated energy and an SPT liquefaction/no-liquefaction case history database. It is as easy to implement as existing stress-based simplified procedures. Moreover, by using the dissipated energy of the entire loading time history to represent the demand, the proposed procedure melds the existing stress-based and strain-based liquefaction procedures in to a new, robust method that is capable of evaluating liquefaction susceptibility from both earthquake and non-earthquake sources of ground motion. New relationships for stress reduction coefficient (r_d) and number of equivalent cycles ($n_{eq}$) are also presented herein. The r_d relationship has less bias and uncertainty than other common stress reduction coefficient relationships, and both the $n_{eq}$ and $r_d$ relationships are proposed for use in active tectonic and stable continental regimes. The $n_{eq}$ relationship proposed herein is based on an alternative application of the Palmgren-Miner damage hypothesis, shifting from the existing high-cycle, low-damage fatigue framework to a low-cycle framework more applicable to liquefaction analyses. Seismic compression is the accrual of volumetric strains caused by cyclic loading, and presented herein is a "non-simplified" model to estimate seismic compression. The proposed model is based on a modified version of the Richart-Newmark non-linear cumulative damage hypothesis, and was calibrated from the results of drained cyclic simple shear tests. The proposed model can estimate seismic compression from any arbitrary strain time history. It is more accurate than other "non-simplified" seismic compression estimation models over a greater range of volumetric strains and can be used to compute number-of-equivalent shear strain cycles for use in "simplified" seismic compression models, in a manner consistent with seismic compression phenomenon. / Ph. D.

Soil liquefaction during earthquakes is a phenomenon that can cause tremendous damage to structures such as bridges, roads, buildings, and pipelines. The objective of this research is to develop an energy-based approach for evaluating the potential for liquefaction triggering. The current state-of-practice for the evaluation of liquefaction triggering is the "simplified" stressbased framework where resistance to liquefaction is correlated to an in situ test metric (e.g., normalized standard penetration test N-value, N1,60cs, normalized cone penetration tip resistance, qc1Ncs, or normalized small strain shear wave velocity, Vs1). Although rarely used in practice, the strain-based procedure is commonly cited as an attractive alternative to the stress-based framework because excess pore pressure generation (and, in turn, liquefaction triggering) is more directly related to strains than stresses. However, the method has some inherent and potentially fatal limitations in not being able to appropriately define both the amplitude and duration of the induced loading in a total stress framework. The energy-based method proposed herein builds on the merits of both the stress- and strain-based procedures, while circumventing their inherent limitations. The basis of the proposed energy-based approach is a macro-level, low cycle fatigue theory in which dissipated energy (or work) per unit volume is used as the damage metric. Because dissipated energy is defined by both stress and strain, this energy-based method brings together stress- and strain-based concepts. To develop this approach, a database of liquefaction and nonliquefaction case histories was assembled for multiple in situ test metrics. Dissipated energy per unit volume associated with each case history was estimated and a family of limit-state curves were developed using maximum likelihood regression for different in situ test metrics defining the amount of dissipated energy required to trigger liquefaction. To ensure consistency between these limit-state curves and laboratory data, a series of cyclic tests were performed on samples of sand. These laboratory-based limit-state curves were reconciled with the field-based limit-state curves using a consistent definition of liquefaction. / Doctor of Philosophy / Soil liquefaction during earthquakes is a phenomenon that can cause tremendous damage to structures such as bridges, roads, buildings, and pipelines. The objective of this research is to develop an energy-based approach for evaluating the potential for liquefaction triggering. Current procedures to evaluate liquefaction triggering include stress-based and strain-based procedures. However, these procedures have some inherent and potentially fatal limitations. The energy-based method proposed herein builds on the merits of both the stress- and strain-based procedures, while circumventing their inherent limitations. The proposed energy-based approach uses dissipated energy (or work) per unit volume to evaluate the potential for liquefaction. Because dissipated energy is defined by both stress and strain, this energy-based method brings together stress- and strain-based concepts. To develop this approach, a database of case histories in which liquefaction was either observed or not observed was assembled. Dissipated energy per unit volume associated with each case history was estimated and a family of relationships was regressed to define the amount of dissipated energy required to trigger liquefaction. Results from a series of cyclic laboratory tests performed on samples of sand were reconciled with the field-based relationships using a consistent definition of liquefaction. This research proposes a method that is based on a robust mechanistic framework that will make it easier to evaluate liquefaction for circumstances that are not well represented in current liquefaction evaluation procedures. The components of the proposed energy-based procedure are developed consistently and are presented in such a way that this procedure can be readily adopted by practitioners who are already familiar with existing liquefaction evaluation procedures. The broader impacts of this work will help to minimize losses from earthquakes by improving the way engineers evaluate liquefaction.

Cette thèse porte sur la quantification de l’énergie dissipée ainsi que l’amortissement induit par les micro-glissements dans les interfaces constituant les assemblages mécaniques en présence du défaut géométrique. Le mémoire est composé de quatre chapitres traitant la problématique tant du point de vue analytique qu’expérimental. Un modèle rhéologique de contact basé sur les hypothèses de Greenwood et Williamson est développé afin de prendre en compte les défauts géométriques à l’interface du contact. L’énergie dissipée ainsi que l’amortissement induit par les micro-glissements entre deux surfaces rugueuses soumises à un effort normal constant et un déplacement tangentiel allant du glissement partiel jusqu’au glissement total sont déterminés. Afin de valider et discuter le modèle développé on a considéré un montage expérimental composé d’un tribomètre installé sur la machine MTS 830. Afin de révéler le phénomène de dissipation d’énergie entre deux surfaces nominalement planes soumises à un effort normal statique et une rotation alternée, un second banc d’essai est dimensionné et réalisé. Le montage est constitué de deux poutres assemblées par un boulon et excitées par un pot vibrant. Le modèle rhéologique de contact développé dans le premier partie est étudiée dans le cas où les deux surfaces en contact soumises à une charge normal statique et une rotation alternée dynamique. / This thesis focuses on the quantification of energy dissipation and damping induced by microslipping in interfaces constituent assemblies in the presence of geometric defect. The thesis contains four chapters examining this problem from both analytical and experimental viewpoints. A rheological contact model based on the assumptions of Greenwood and Williamson is developed to take into account the geometrical defects at the interface of contact. The energy dissipated and damping induced by micro-slipping between two rough surfaces subjected to a constant normal force and tangential displacement ranging from partial slip to total slip are determined. To validate and discussed the developed model we considered an experimental setup consisting of a tribometer installed on the MTS 830 machine. To reveal the phenomenon of energy dissipation between two nominally flat surfaces subjected to a static axial force and an alternating rotation, a second test bench is designed andrealized. The experimental setup consists of two beams assembled by bolt and excited by a shaker. The rheological contact model developed in the first part is studied in the case where the two contact surfaces subjected to a normal static and dynamic load alternating rotation.

No description available.

Fatigue cracking is one of the most common distresses of asphalt pavements, whereas healing is a counter process to cracking which alleviates cracking damage and extends fatigue life of asphalt pavements. Most of existing methods to characterize fatigue cracking and healing are generally empirical or phenomenological in nature, which does not satisfy the need to develop mechanistic-based pavement design methods. The objective of this study is to characterize fatigue cracking and healing of asphalt mixtures using an energy-based mechanistic approach. A controlled-strain repeated direct tension (RDT) test is selected to generate both fatigue cracking and permanent deformation in an asphalt mixture specimen. Fatigue cracking is separated from permanent deformation from a mechanical viewpoint. The development of fatigue cracking is described by the evolution of the damage density and the increase of the average crack size with the increase of loading cycles. A creep and step-loading recovery (CSR) test is designed to measure the internal stress in the recovery phase of an asphalt mixture specimen. The internal stress and the strain measured in the recovery phase are used to conduct the mechanistic analysis of recovery and healing of the asphalt mixture specimen. Then healing is described using the decrease of the damage density and average crack size with time. Different types of asphalt mixtures produce distinctly different fatigue cracking and healing characteristics. The effect of mixture composition, temperature, and aging are evaluated using the approach above. The entire series of tests for fatigue, permanent deformation and healing can be completed in one day, with the healing part requiring only a matter of minutes. The methods proposed in this study characterize fatigue cracking and healing of asphalt mixtures using its essential cause and effect relationship.

Lors du fonctionnement d'un turboréacteur, la rotation de l'axe du moteur induit une force centrifuge qui plaque les aubes contre les alvéoles du disque, le long de surfaces appelées « portées ». Au cours de la vie du moteur, des micro-glissements (« fretting ») sont générés au niveau des portées. Ce travail de thèse s'intéresse aux endommagements de type oligocyclique des portées aube/ disque du compresseur Haute Pression (HP) d'un turboréacteur civil. Afin de réduire le frottement et de protéger les pièces, les portées des aubes sont revêtues d'un dépôt épais de CuNiln sur lequel est appliqué un lubrifiant solide. Le système est soumis à des pressions fortes (600MPa) et à des températures élevées (500°C). Des expertises sur pièces ont permis d'identifier des usures importantes et des phénomènes de transfert. Pour simuler expérimentalement le contact, un moyen d'essai de fretting usure en température a été développé dans le cadre de cette thèse. A partir d'une géométrie de contact échelle 1 simplifiée, choisie pour représenter les champs de chargement moteur, le domaine des sollicitations a été balayé et les comportements tribologiques identifiés et caractérisés. L'étude tribologique a permis de mettre en évidence l'influence forte de la force normale sur les mécanismes d'endommagements, dont les scénarios de mise en place ont pu être explicités pour les deux domaines majeurs de sollicitations. Dans un deuxième temps, les endommagements ont été étudiés d'un point de vue physicochimique et le rôle tribochimique joué par les éléments environnementaux (0, N ... ) a été mis en évidence. Pour finir, la comparaison directe des mécanismes identifiés sur banc expérimental et sur le système industriel a permis d'aborder, d'un point de vue critique, l'importance des paramètres choisis pour les équivalences expérience / système industriel ; et de la dynamique de chargement pour garantir la représentativité d'un essai à l'échelle laboratoire. / In the blade/ disk contact of aero-engines, movements induced by the engine regime changes may lead to critical wear. In order to limit friction and protect components, motorists usually use a thick and soft CuNiin layer (150 !-lm) covered with a lubricant. This system is subjected to high contact pressure (upto 600 MPa) and high temperatures (up to 500 °C). In service observations of engine parts revealed significant wear and transfer phenomena. An experimental layout was designed to perform fretting wear tests in temperature on a punch/plane contact, representative of engine solicitation. Based on the tribological study performed, specified gradation mechanisms were identified and the evidence of a pressure threshold was demonstrated. Physicochemical analyses performed confirmed the role played by environment (0, N ... ) in fretting wear mechanisms and suggest that the tribochemical effects should be considered in the fretting wear models. Direct comparisons between degradation mechanisms identified on the experimental system, and on industrial parts, allow a critical review of parameters chosen to simulate the contact. Finally, the impact of loading dynamics was investigated in order to improve tests representativity at la bora tory scale.

L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier l’influence de jets d’impact libres utilisés comme mode de mise en contact des phases dans les procédés de recristallisation utilisant un fluide supercritique comme anti-solvant. L’influence des variations de plusieurs paramètres opératoires sur l’hydrodynamique des jets et sur les caractéristiques des poudres de Sulfathiazole a été étudiée. Les paramètres sont la vitesse des jets (de 0,25 m.s-1 à 25,92 m,s-1), le rapport molaire solvant/CO2 (de 2,5 % à 20 %), la température (de 313 K à 343 K), la pression (10 MPa à 20 MPa) et la concentration du soluté dans la solution (de 0,5 % à 1,8 %). Les conditions de mélange ont été caractérisées par l’estimation des puissances dissipées par les jets d’impact, variant de 0,1 à 158 W.kg-1 dans les conditions étudiées. Les résultats ont montré que la vitesse des jets et la sursaturation sont deux paramètres-clés contrôlant la cristallisation avec un effet prépondérant de la sursaturation. Les cristaux obtenus ont des tailles, distributions de taille, faciès et nature polymorphique différents selon les conditions. La forme polymorphique la plus stable a été obtenue pure ou en mélange. Une comparaison avec le procédé SAS classique a montré que les particules sont significativement plus petites lorsqu’elles sont cristallisées avec les jets d’impact, ce qui confirme que ce dispositif créant un mélange plus intense, permet d’accélérer la cinétique de nucléation.Ce travail devrait contribuer à une meilleure maîtrise des procédés de cristallisation en milieu supercritique. / The aim of this work is to study the influence of free impinging jets used for the fluids’introduction in supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) processes. The influence of the variations of several operating parameters upon jets’ hydrodynamics and upon the powder characteristics is studied. Parameters are jets velocity (0.25 m.s-1 to 25.92 m.s-1), molar ratio solvent / CO2 (2.5 % to 20 %), temperature (313 K to 343 K), pressure (10 MPa to 20 MPa) and solute concentration in the organic solution (0.5 % to 1.8 %). Mixing conditions have been characterized estimating the dissipated powers of the impinging jets, varying from 0,1 à 158 W.kg-1 in the studied conditions. The results showed that jets velocity and supersaturation are two key-parameters controlling the crystallization with a preponderant effect of supersaturation. The obtained crystals have different size, particle size distribution, habit and polymorphic nature depending on the conditions. The most stable polymorphic form has been obtained pure or in mixture.A comparison with the classical SAS process showed that mean particle sizes are significantly smaller with impinging jets device proving that this device, creating a more efficient mixing, enhances the nucleation kinetics.This work may contribute to a better control of processes of crystallization in supercritical media.

Cracking is an important potential failure mechanism for pavement structures. By combining a strain energy-based fracture criterion with conventional fracture mechanics based on the Energy Ratio (ER) concept, crack growth in asphalt can be investigated, and a low temperature Thermal Cracking model (TCMODEL) can be introduced. This thesis presents the implementation of the Florida cracking model into a Mechanistic-Empirical (ME) flexible pavement design framework. An improved analysis procedure for better converting raw data from the Superpave Indirect Tensile Test (IDT) into fundamental viscoelastic properties of the asphalt mixture allows for calibration of the TCMODEL. This thesis involves a detailed review of Florida cracking model and TCMODEL. Finally, a MATLAB tool is prepared for the thermal cracking model to investigate the cause and effect of the problems.

Cracking is one of the most severe distress modes of asphaltpavements. Thus characterising the fracture resistance properties of asphaltmixtures is the key issue for improving the performance relatedmixture design. The present master thesis project addresses the implementationof the theoretical framework, which is used to characterise thefracture resistance of mixtures based on the SuperPave indirect tensiletest (IDT). An open source Matlab-based software for analysing resilientmodulus, Poisson’s ratio, creep parameters and fracture resistance parametershas been developed. The software analyses the the IDT results, toestimate mixture’s fracture resistance based on hot mix asphalt FractureMechanics. Predictions form the field specimens concerning the fractureresistance obtained from IDT are compared with observed field performance.

La cristallisation assistée par ultrasons permet de diminuer le temps d'induction et la largeur de la zone métastable, de modifier la distribution de tailles, de modifier le faciès des cristaux et d'augmenter le nombre des cristaux formés. L'origine microscopique de cet effet reste à ce jour non élucidée. Les ultrasons de puissance engendrent dans un liquide la naissance et l'oscillation très violente de milliards de petites bulles de gaz, phénomène appelé cavitation. Le cycle d'une de ces bulles sur une période acoustique consiste en une phase explosive suivie d'une implosion violente. A la fin de l'implosion, la pression peut atteindre 1 GPa. Plusieurs hypothèses sur les mécanismes mis en jeu sont proposées dans la littérature : refroidissement de la solution et augmentation de la pression au voisinage de l'interface, évaporation du solvant dans la bulle, et ségrégation des molécules ou des ions du soluté au voisinage de la bulle lors de la phase implosive. Afin d'examiner l'influence de la pression, des expériences de cristallisation du sulfate de zinc heptahydraté ont été menées (mesure de temps d'induction). Ce sel présente une solubilité indépendante de la pression entre 0 et 10 000 bars. Nos expériences ont montré que le temps d'induction est fortement diminué en présence d'ultrasons. Ce résultat nous permet d'affirmer que la pression au voisinage de la bulle n'entre pas en jeu dans le mécanisme de la nucléation primaire du ZnSO4,7H2O en présence d'ultrasons. Après l'étude de l'effet de la sursaturation, nous avons essayé d'exploré l'effet de la puissance ultrasonore, du gaz dissous et de la hauteur du liquide dans la cuve sur le temps d'induction. Il a été constaté que les ultrasons permettent de diminuer le temps d'induction. Il a été observé que la courbe du temps d'induction en fonction de la hauteur de la solution présente un minimum. Un autre volet de cette thèse réservé à la modélisation et la simulation. Dans un premier temps, la concentration en clusters ou agrégats moléculaires au voisinage de la bulle été calculée dans le cas du ZnSO4,7H2O grâce à la théorie de la ségrégation en fonction de la pression acoustique. La simulation montre qu'il y a une sur-concentration des clusters (jusqu'à 25 fois supérieure à la concentration stationnaire) augmentant ainsi la probabilité de contact des clusters, durant un temps très court, pouvant ainsi modifier le processus global de nucléation. Dans un deuxième temps, la modélisation/simulation de l'acoustique par COMSOL est réalisée en vue de déterminer les résonances de notre système (liquide + parois de la cuve). Les résonances observées sont cohérentes avec les mesures de temps d'induction. / Power ultrasound is known to enhance crystals nucleation, and nucleation times can be reduced by oneup to three orders of magnitude for several organic or inorganic crystals. The precise physics involved in this phenomenon still remains unclear, and various mechanisms involving the action of inertial cavitation bubbles have been proposed. In this paper, two of these mechanisms, pressure and ségrégation effects, are examined. The first one concerns the variations of supersaturation induced by the high pressures appearing in the neighbourhood of a collapsing bubble, and the second one results from the modification of clusters distribution in the vicinity of bubble. Crystallisation experiments were performed on zinc sulphate heptahydrate ZnSO4. 7H2O, which has been chosen for its pressure-independent solubility, so that pressure variations have no effect on supersaturation. As observed in past studies on other species, induction times were found lower under insonification than under silent conditions at low supersaturations, which casts some doubts on a pure pressure effect. The interfacial energy between the solid and the solution was estimated from induction times obtained in silent conditions, and, using classical nucléation theory, the steady-state distribution of the clusters was calculated. Segregation theory was then applied to calculate the over-concentrations of n-sized clusters at the end of the collapse of a 4 lmbubble driven at 20 kHz by different acoustic pressures. The over-concentration of clusters close to the critical size near a collapsing bubble was found to reach more than one order of magnitude, which may favour the direct attachment process between such clusters, and enhance the global nucleation kinetics. The effects of acoustic cavitation on crystallization of ZnSO4. 7H2O was observed in a sono-reactor build-up from a large emitting area transducer located at the bottom of the vessel. The experimental results have shown that the dissipated acoustic power passes through a maximum at about 15±1 cm, and that the induction-time passes through a minimum for the same liquid-level. The dissipated-power and the induction-time are found to be well correlated as the liquid height was varied. The acoustics of the sono-reactor was studied with linear acoustics, accounting for the wall vibrations by using the COMSOL software. Theoretical dissipated acoustic powers were compared to the experimental ones.