Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:06:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_rp_me_ilha.pdf: 1636703 bytes, checksum: 68dadb3a2996ae56b4ce5e5e3e063a2d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma formulação linear inteira mista (equivalente à formulação não linear inteira mista) para resolver o problema de alocação de reguladores de tensão ao longo dos alimentadores primários de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica radiais, com o objetivo de melhorar o perfil da magnitude de tensão, reduzir as perdas de potência ativa da rede e a minimização dos custos de instalação dos equipamen-tos. Na formulação proposta, o cálculo do ponto de operação em regime permanente de um sistema de distribuição radial é modelado matematicamente usando expressões lineares. O uso de um modelo de programação linear inteira mista garante a convergência para a solução óti-ma usando ferramentas de otimização clássica existentes. Os sistemas testes de 70-, 136-, 202- e 400-nós são utilizados para mostrar a precisão do modelo matemático, assim como também a eficiência da técnica de solução proposta para resolver o problema de alocação de reguladores de tensão em um sistema de distribuição radial / This work shows the development of a mixed integer linear formulation to solve the voltage regulators allocation problem in radial electrical distribution systems, with the goal of improving the voltage magnitude profile, reducing the active power losses and mini-mizing the investment cost. In the proposed formulation, the steady-state operation point of the radial distribution system is modeled through linear expressions. The use of a mixed-integer linear formulation guarantees convergence to optimality using existing optimization software. The 70-, 136-, 202- and 400-node test systems are used in order to show the accura-cy of the mathematical model as well as the efficiency of the proposed solution technique to solve the allocation problem of voltage regulators in a radial distribution system

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:49:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 torrezan_r_me_bauru.pdf: 1668461 bytes, checksum: ae59290a98e522168089dfc069101ce7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este projeto de pesquisa tem por objetivo apresentar propostas para aprimoramento das principais normas e resoluções envolvidas, dentre as quais o PRODIST, quanto à metodologia para apuração do indicador de distorçõ de tensão harmôica total, bem como trazer contribuições para o processo de análise de compatibilidade de cargas potencialmente perturbadoras na qualidade da energia elétrica em sistemas de distribuição, através de uma visão proativa, ou seja, atuando principalmente no momento que antecede a instalação destas cargas. Estas propostas foram elaboradas a partir da análise e discussão dos resultados obtidos através dos ensaios realizados em um estudo de caso compreendendo a análise de ligação de um novo forno de indução em uma Fundição atendida por uma concessionárias de distribuição do Estado de São Paulo. Um histórico geral situando a qualidade da energia elétrica no setor elétrico é apresentado, as principais normas, resoluções e estudos técnicos são discutidos, e as diretrizes metodológicas e procedimentos utilizados nos ensaios experimentais são detalhados. A análise e discussão dos resultados é elaborada procurando responder às principais perguntas surgidas durante a investigação técnico-científica e a realização dos procedimentos, bem como indicando outros questionamentos a serem estudados, através da apresentação das propostas e indicações para trabalhos futuros / This research project aims to present proposals for improvement of key standards and resolutions involved, among which the PRODIST, on the methodology for calculating the indicator of voltage total harmonic distortion, and should contribute to the analysis process of the potentially disturbance impacts of loads on power quality in distribution system, through a proactive vision, ie, working mainly in the moment before the installation of these loads. Those proposals were developed from the analysis and discussion of results obtained through tests on a case study including analysis of the connection of a new induction furnace in a froundry fed by a distribution utility in the State of São Paulo. A general historical situating the quality of electric energy in the sector is presented, the main standards, technical studies and resolutions are discussed, and methodological guidelines and procedures used in experimental trials are detailed. The analysis and discussion of results is prepared to answer the main questions that arise during the technical-scientific research and implementation of procedures as well as indicating other questions to be studied through the submition of proposals and directions for future work

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-03-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:47:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 segurasalas_cs_me_ilha.pdf: 1129753 bytes, checksum: 955921a36679e44181119e8f27caf97c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão de Ilha Solteira (FEPISA)

Orientador: Carlos Roberto Minussi / Banca: Nobuo Oki / Banca: João Onofre Pereira Pinto / Resumo: As empresas distribuidoras de energia elétrica têm investido maciçamente na modernização de suas estruturas, em especial, na automação de suas operações. Sistemas automatizados aceleram o processo de restabelecimento das condições normais de operação e propiciam maiores lucros, confiabilidade ao sistema e segurança à população. O objetivo desta pesquisa é o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia, robusta e rápida, para detecção e classificação de faltas de curto-circuito em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica, baseada nos conceitos da lógica fuzzy. Desenvolveram-se algoritmos inteligentes para a realização do diagnóstico do estado do sistema. Estes auxiliam a tomada de decisão no ambiente de subestações de distribuição de energia elétrica. Os dados representativos do comportamento do sistema sob as diversas condições de falta foram obtidos através de simulações de um alimentador radial no software ATP. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios e demonstraram a robustez e rapidez da metodologia proposta. / Abstract: The electrical power distribution utilities have been invested massively in the modernization of its structures, especially, in automation its operations. Automated systems accelerate the process of restoration regular operation and provide greater profits, increase the system reliability and population security. The objective of this research is the development of a methodology, robust and fast, for short circuit detection and classification in distribution systems, based on fuzzy logic concepts. Intelligent algorithms have been developed to diagnose the system state. These assist decision-making in distribution substations environment. The representative data of system behavior under various conditions of fault were obtained through radial feeder simulations in the software ATP. The results were satisfactory, and demonstrated the robustness and speed of the methodology proposed. / Mestre

As perdas elétricas, que no Brasil giram em torno de 14,4%, são prejudiciais ao desempenho técnico e financeiro das concessionárias de energia elétrica, principalmente em um cenário de uma eminente crise energética e alta regulação. A mitigação das perdas elétricas está diretamente relacionada com sua correta estimação. Para operar um sistema de energia elétrica, é de fundamental importância definir a correta modelagem dos elementos do sistema. As metodologias de estimação das perdas de energia, para sistemas de distribuição, vigentes não levam em conta possíveis erros na correta modelagem das cargas conectadas. Desta forma, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a influência causada pela utilização dos modelos de carga, na estimação das perdas elétricas em sistemas de distribuição. Esta análise abrange as metodologias de fluxo de carga backward-forward sweep por soma de corrente, por soma de potência e Newton-Raphson. A perda de energia é calculada pela diferença entre a energia injetada no sistema, menos a energia entregue. O estudo de caso é realizado em um sistema de distribuição teste de 13 barras da IEEE. No caso proposto, são realizados cálculos das perdas de energia para o sistema de distribuição, considerando diferentes modelos de carga. Desta maneira, o trabalho estimou a diferença no cálculo das perdas para cada tipo de modelo de carga, em relação a perdas calculadas com o padrão original das cargas. Outro ponto analisado foi o desempenho das metodologias de fluxo de carga, frente à alteração dos modelos de carga. Os resultados demonstram que a alteração dos modelos de carga influência a estimação das perdas elétricas nos sistemas de distribuição, e o desempenho dos fluxos de carga. / Electrical losses, which in Brazil are around 14.4%, are harmful to the technical and financial performance of electric utilities, especially in a scenario of an imminent energy crisis and high regulation. Mitigation of electrical losses is directly related to its correct estimation. To operate an electric power system, it is of fundamental importance to define the correct model of the system elements. The methodologies for estimating energy losses, for the existing distribution systems, do not take into account possible errors in the correct model of connected loads. Thus, this study aims to examine the influence caused by the use of different load models, in the estimation of electrical losses in distribution systems. This analysis covers the backward-forward sweep load flow methodologies by the sum of current, by the sum of power and Newton-Raphson. The energy loss is calculated by the difference between the energy injected into the system, minus the energy delivered. The case study is performed on the IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder. In the proposed case, calculations of energy losses in the distribution system are performed considering different load models. Therefore, the study has estimated the difference in the calculation of energy loss for each type of load model, for the losses calculated with the original pattern of loads. Another point discussed is the performance of load flow methodologies, related to the change of load models. The results have shown that the change in load models influence the estimation of electrical losses in distribution systems and in the performance of load flows.

abstract: Battery energy storage has shown a lot of potential in the recent past to be effective in various grid services due to its near instantaneous ramp rates and modularity. This thesis aims to determine the commercial viability of customer premises and substation sited battery energy storage systems. Five different types of services have been analyzed considering current market pricing of Lithium-ion batteries and power conditioning equipment. Energy Storage Valuation Tool 3.0 (Beta) has been used to exclusively determine the value of energy storage in the services analyzed. The results indicate that on the residential level, Lithium-ion battery energy storage may not be a cost beneficial option for retail tariff management or demand charge management as only 20-30% of the initial investment is recovered at the end of 15 year plant life. SRP's two retail Time-of-Use price plans E-21 and E-26 were analyzed in respect of their ability to increase returns from storage compared to those with flat pricing. It was observed that without a coupled PV component, E-21 was more suitable for customer premises energy storage, however, its revenue stream reduces with addition to PV. On the grid scale, however, with carefully chosen service hierarchy such as distribution investment deferral, spinning or balancing reserve support, the initial investment can be recovered to an extent of about 50-70%. The study done here is specific to Salt River Project inputs and data. Results for all the services analyzed are highly location specific and are only indicative of the overall viability and returns from them. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2013

O presente trabalho investiga metodologias para se obter automaticamente planos de restabelecimento de energia em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica, contemplando-se múltiplos objetivos, sendo alguns conflitantes. A redução nos índices de interrupção de energia elétrica deve ser um alvo permanente das empresas de distribuição buscando a melhoria da qualidade de fornecimento. Por outro lado, as interrupções são inevitáveis, quer para a execução de obras de manutenção preventiva, quer para obras de manutenção corretiva em virtude da ocorrência de um defeito no sistema. Depois de uma falta ter sido identificada e isolada, um plano de restabelecimento deve ser encontrado em um curto período de tempo. Devido ao problema de explosão combinatorial, técnicas de programação matemática se tornam proibitivas para esse tipo de aplicação, principalmente em sistemas de tamanho real. Por outro lado, a proposta desenvolvida de algoritmos evolucionários utilizando cadeias de grafos, têm se mostrado capaz de obter planos de restabelecimento de energia em um sistema de tamanho real no menor tempo possível. Este trabalho investiga a utilização desta metodologia para redes de grande porte sem simplificações, isto é, incluindo todas as linhas, barras e chaves do sistema. Testes são realizados em três redes de tamanhos diferentes, considerando diversos objetivos a fim de avaliar a técnica proposta. / This work investigates methodologies to automatically obtain energy restoration plans in distribution systems, involving multiple objectives that are conflicting. The reduction energy interruption indices is a permanent objective of the distribution companies in order to improve power supply. Interruptions may be carried out for maintenance or may occur due to system faults. After a fault have been identified and isolated, a restoration plan is required in a short interval of time. Due to the combinatorial explosion problem it is not possible to apply mathematical programming techniques to produce restoration plans for large networks. On the other hand, an evolutionary algorithm utilizing graph, chain has shown to be able to obtain restoration plans for real-size networks in a short interval of time. Tests are performed for three different size networks, considering several objectives to evaluate the proposed technique.

As perdas elétricas, que no Brasil giram em torno de 14,4%, são prejudiciais ao desempenho técnico e financeiro das concessionárias de energia elétrica, principalmente em um cenário de uma eminente crise energética e alta regulação. A mitigação das perdas elétricas está diretamente relacionada com sua correta estimação. Para operar um sistema de energia elétrica, é de fundamental importância definir a correta modelagem dos elementos do sistema. As metodologias de estimação das perdas de energia, para sistemas de distribuição, vigentes não levam em conta possíveis erros na correta modelagem das cargas conectadas. Desta forma, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a influência causada pela utilização dos modelos de carga, na estimação das perdas elétricas em sistemas de distribuição. Esta análise abrange as metodologias de fluxo de carga backward-forward sweep por soma de corrente, por soma de potência e Newton-Raphson. A perda de energia é calculada pela diferença entre a energia injetada no sistema, menos a energia entregue. O estudo de caso é realizado em um sistema de distribuição teste de 13 barras da IEEE. No caso proposto, são realizados cálculos das perdas de energia para o sistema de distribuição, considerando diferentes modelos de carga. Desta maneira, o trabalho estimou a diferença no cálculo das perdas para cada tipo de modelo de carga, em relação a perdas calculadas com o padrão original das cargas. Outro ponto analisado foi o desempenho das metodologias de fluxo de carga, frente à alteração dos modelos de carga. Os resultados demonstram que a alteração dos modelos de carga influência a estimação das perdas elétricas nos sistemas de distribuição, e o desempenho dos fluxos de carga. / Electrical losses, which in Brazil are around 14.4%, are harmful to the technical and financial performance of electric utilities, especially in a scenario of an imminent energy crisis and high regulation. Mitigation of electrical losses is directly related to its correct estimation. To operate an electric power system, it is of fundamental importance to define the correct model of the system elements. The methodologies for estimating energy losses, for the existing distribution systems, do not take into account possible errors in the correct model of connected loads. Thus, this study aims to examine the influence caused by the use of different load models, in the estimation of electrical losses in distribution systems. This analysis covers the backward-forward sweep load flow methodologies by the sum of current, by the sum of power and Newton-Raphson. The energy loss is calculated by the difference between the energy injected into the system, minus the energy delivered. The case study is performed on the IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder. In the proposed case, calculations of energy losses in the distribution system are performed considering different load models. Therefore, the study has estimated the difference in the calculation of energy loss for each type of load model, for the losses calculated with the original pattern of loads. Another point discussed is the performance of load flow methodologies, related to the change of load models. The results have shown that the change in load models influence the estimation of electrical losses in distribution systems and in the performance of load flows.

In most of the urban cities of developing countries piped water supply is intermittent and they receive water on alternate days for about few hours. The Unaccounted For Water (UFW) in these cities is very high due to aged infrastructure, poor management and operation of the system. In the cities of developing countries, supplied water is not able to meet the demand and there is huge gap between supply and demand of water. To meet the water demand people are depending on other sources of water like groundwater, rain water harvesting, waste water treatment, desalination etc. Huge quantity of groundwater is extracted without any account for the quantity of water used. The main challenge for water authorities is to meet the consumer demands at varying loading conditions. However, the present execution of decisions in the operational management of WDS is through manual control. The manual control of valve throttling and control of pump speed, reduces the efficiency and operation of WDS. In such cases, system modeling coupled with automated control can play a significant role in the appropriate execution and operation of the system. In the past few decades, there has been a major development in the field of modeling and analysing water distribution systems. Most of the people in Indian mega cities are facing water problems as they are not able to receive safe reliable drinking water. In rapidly growing cities, the water resources management has been a major concern for the Government. There is always a need to optimize the available water resources when the rate of demand constantly beats the rate of replenishments. Mathematical modeling of WDS has become an indispensible tool since the ages to model any type of WDS. Development of mathematical models of WDS is necessary to analyse the system behavior for a wide range of operating conditions. Using models, problems can be anticipated in proposed or existing systems, and solutions can be evaluated before time, money, and materials are invested in a real-world project. In the present study, we have developed a model of WDS of a typical city like Bangalore, India and analysed them for several scenarios and operating conditions. Bangalore WDS is modeled using EPANET. Before a network model is used for analysis purpose, it must be ensured that the model is predicting the behavior of the system with reasonable accuracy. The process of matching the parameters of the developed model and the field observed data is known as calibration. All WDS require calibration for effective modeling and simulation of the system. Demand and roughness are the most uncertain parameters and they are adjusted repeatedly to get the required head at nodes and flow in the pipes. The calibration parameters usually include pipe roughness, valve settings, pipe diameter and demand. Pipe roughness, valve settings and pipe diameter are associated with the flow conditions and the demands relate to the boundary conditions. For Bangalore WDS, the values of roughness coefficient and demand are available; and the values of valve settings are not available. Hence, this value is estimated during calibration process. Dynamic Inversion (DI) nonlinear controller with Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) features (DI-PID) is used for calibrating WDS for valve settings on the basis of observed flow and roughness coefficient. From the obtained results it is observed that, controllers are capable of achieving the target flow to all the GLRs with acceptable difference between the flow meter readings and the simulated flow. After calibrating any real WDS to the field observed data, it will be useful for water authorities if the consumer demands are met up to certain extent. This can be achieved by using the concept of equitable distribution of water to different consumers. In the urban cities of developing countries, often large quantities of water are supplied to only a few consumers, leading to inequitable water supply. It is a well known fact that quantity of water supplied from the source is not distributed equitably among the consumers. Aged pipelines pump failures, improper management of water resources are some of the main reasons for it. Equitable water to different consumers can be provided by operating the system in an efficient manner. Most of the urban cities receive water from the source to intermediate reservoirs and from these reservoirs water is supplied to consumers. Therefore, to achieve equitable water supply, these two supply levels have to be controlled using different concepts/ techniques. The water requirement of each of the reservoirs has to be calculated, which may depend on the number of consumers and consumer category. Each reservoir should receive its share of water to satisfy its consumer demand and also there must be provision to accommodate shortages, if any. The calibrated model of Bangalore WDS is used to achieve equitable water supply quantity to different zones of Bangalore city. The city has large undulating terrain among different zones which leads to unequal distribution of water. Dynamic Inversion (DI) nonlinear controller with Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) features (DI-PID) is used for valve throttling to achieve the target flows to different zones/reservoirs of the city at different levels. Equitable water distribution to different reservoirs, when a part of the source fails to supply water is also discussed in this thesis. From the obtained results it is observed that, controllers were responding in all the cases in different levels of targets for such a huge network. When there is change in supply pattern to achieve the equitable supply of water to different zones, the hydraulics of the WDS will change. Therefore, it is necessary to understand whether the system is able to handle these changes. The concept of reliability can be used to analyse the performance of WDS for wide range of operating conditions. Reliability analysis of a WDS for both normal and likely to occur situations will give a better quality of service to its consumers. Calculating both hydraulic and mechanical reliability is important as the chances of occurrence of both the failure scenarios are equal in a WDS. In the present study, a methodology is presented to model the nodal, system and total reliability for water supply networks by considering the hydraulic and mechanical failure scenarios. These two reliability measures together give the total reliability of the system. Analysing a real and complex WDS for the probable chances of occurrence of the failure scenarios; and then to anlyse the total reliability of the system is not reported in the literature and this analysis is carried out in the present study for Bangalore city WDS. The hydraulics of the system for all the operating conditions is analysed using EPANET. Hydraulic reliability is calculated by varying the uncertain independent parameters (demand, roughness and source water) and mechanical reliability is calculated by assuming system component failures. The system is analysed for both the reliability scenarios by considering different chances of failure that may occur in a real WDS; and hence the total reliability is calculated by making different combinations of hydraulic and mechanical failure scenarios. Sensitivity analysis for all the zones is also carried out to understand the behavior of different demand points for large fluctuation in hydraulics of the system. From the study, it is observed that, Hydraulic reliability decreases as the demand variation increases. But, as the roughness variation increases, there is no much change in the nodal or system reliability. Consumer demand or reliability of the WDS can be increased by saving the water lost in the system. This can be achieved by tracking the water parcel from the source till the consumer end, which will give an idea about the performance of different stages and zones in achieving the target flows. Huge quantity of water is lost in WDS and hence it is necessary to account for the water lost at different levels, hence the system can be managed in a better way. In most of the intermittent water supply systems demand is controlled by supply side; there is also a need to understand the demand variation at the consumer end which in turn affects the supply. Matching this varied supply-demand gap at various levels is challenging task. To get a better control of such problem, water balance (WB) equations need to be derived at various levels. When we derive these WB equations it should be emphasized that UFW is one of the major component of this equation. Given this back ground of the complex problem, for a typical city like Bangalore, an attempt is made to derive WB equations at various levels. In the present study, stage-wise and zone-wise WB is analysed for different months based on the flow meter readings. The conceptual model developed is calibrated, validated and also the performance of the model is analysed by giving a chance of error in the flow measurement. Based on all the above observations, stage-wise and zone-wise water supply weights are also calculated. From the study it is found that, there is no much loss of water in all the four stages of supply. Water loss is minimal of about 3 % till water reaches from source to GLRs. Water is transferred between the stages during some days of the month, may be due to shortage of water or due to unexpected demand. Huge quantity of water is lost in the distribution main which is of about 40 to 45% for all the moths which is analysed. This type of model will be extremely useful for water supply managers to manage their resources more efficiently and this study is discussed in detail as a part of this thesis. As mentioned above, huge quantity of groundwater is used in urban cities and the quantity of water extracted is not accounted. In the present study, zone wise and sub zone-wise piped water and ground water used in different parts of the cities is analysed with the help of available data. From the study it is observed that, the quantity of piped water supply and UFW is consistent for the time period analysed and the quantity of water withdrawn from the borewells are varying considerably depending on the yield of the borewlls in different zones. The main components of urban water supply are piped water, ground water, rainfall and runoff generated, UFW, waste water produced and other water quantities which may be minute. In future, to manage the water resources properly, integrated water management is necessary in city scale which will give an idea about the total water produced and the water utilized at the consumer end. Therefore, integrated water management concept is carried out in Hebbal region, (a small part of Bangalore) using the available data. From the analysis we noticed that, domestic water supplied to North sub zones are better when comparing to East sub zones. This type of total water balance can be studied in other parts of Bangalore, to understand the behavior of different water components and to make better decisions. The developed model, analysis and operating conditions of this study can be applied to other similar cities like Bangalore. This type of study may be useful to water authorities for better control of the resources, or in making better decisions and these types of models will act as decision support systems.

The diploma thesis analyses information technologies in the air transport industry, primarily global distribution systems. The first part of the thesis focuses on basic terms of information technology and introduces subjects of the air transport industry, which are air traffic control, airlines and airports. The second part of the thesis describes all information technologies, which are used by above mentioned subjects for organization and operation of air transport. This part is mostly dedicated to global distribution systems, which are inessential for distribution of air transport.