Orientador: Anselmo Gomes de Oliveira / Banca: Maria Jacira Silva Simões / Banca: Julieta Ueta / Resumo: A atenção farmacêutica é uma prática onde o farmacêutico tem a responsabilidade para com o paciente quanto às suas necessidades farmacoterapêuticas, garantindo a eficácia do tratamento e a segurança da farmacoterapia utilizando como instrumento o medicamento. A farmácia hospitalar é um órgão de abrangência assistencial técnico-científico e administrativo onde uma de suas principais funções é estabelecer um sistema racional de distribuição de medicamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o sistema de distribuição de medicamentos de uma farmácia hospitalar de um hospital oncológico, bem como identificar os fatores que levam às falhas no processo de distribuição de medicamento. A pesquisa foi realizada na farmácia central de um Hospital Oncológico do Estado de São Paulo em 2007, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. A amostra constituiu-se de 3 (12%) farmacêuticos 3 (12%) assistentes de farmácia e 19 (76%) atendentes de farmácia. Todos os profissionais foram consultados quanto a sua disposição para participar do estudo e a seguir, os mesmos assinaram o temo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os dados coletados nos mostram que o sistema de distribuição do referido hospital é o sistema por dose individualizada diferenciada, com prescrição eletrônica. Os resultados das observações realizadas durante os 7 dias, indicam o ambiente como principal problema na distribuição de medicamentos (44,77%), pois o local é impróprio, com vários profissionais desenvolvendo atividades diferentes e interrupções freqüentes. Pela observação do ambiente foi possível demonstrar através de fluxogramas todas as ações desenvolvidas pelos profissionais da farmácia desde o momento da chegada da prescrição eletrônica até a entrega dos medicamentos à equipe de enfermagem. As entrevistas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The pharmaceutical care is a practice where the pharmacist has the responsibility in relation to and with the patient regarding their pharmacotherapeutic needs, guaranteeing the treatment efficiency as well as the pharmacotherapy safety having as its instrument the medicine. The hospital pharmacy is an administrative technical-scientific organ where its main function is to establish a rational system of medicine distribution. The aim of this study was to analyze the medicine distribution system in a hospital pharmacy from an oncologic hospital as well as to identify the factors that lead us to failures related to the medicine distribution process. The survey took place at the central pharmacy from an oncologic hospital in the state of São Paulo after approval of the Committee of the Ethics in Research. The sample includes 3 (12%) pharmacists, 3 (12%) pharmacy assistants and 19 (76%) pharmacy attendants. All the professionals were asked about their willingness to participate in the survey and afterwards they signed on the "Free Will Participation Agreement". The collected data show us that the distribution system from the above mentioned hospital is the individually differential dose system, with electronic prescription. The results based on the 7 days observation show the environment as the main problem in the medicine distribution (44.77%) once the place is improper and have several professionals performing different activities as well as frequent interruptions. From the environment observation was possible to demonstrate, through the fluxograms, all the actions performed by the pharmacy professionals from the electronic prescription's arrival until the medicine delivery to the nursing team. The interviews with the professionals show us that the most frequent errors were related to the medicine dispensing (28.05%) and to the medical... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Atualmente a avaliação das perdas de água, nos sistemas de distribuição, é feita com base em equações empíricas, que utilizam informações, agrupadas e totalizadas, de uma área. Isto torna necessária sua subdivisão em frações cada vez menores, na busca da fração mais crítica. Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma avaliação da eficácia do uso de modelos de simulação hidráulica na obtenção das informações necessárias para a elaboração de um diagnóstico de perdas de água, com uma metodologia prática para o uso de modelos com este objetivo. Apresenta uma classificação dos trechos de rede em três categorias A, B e C, que facilita a priorização dos trechos mais críticos facilitando a análise por meio de gráficos de pareto e mapas temáticos. Demonstra que a adoção da simulação hidráulica no estudo das causas de perdas de água, nos sistemas de abastecimento, é uma ferramenta eficaz e permitirá às empresas de saneamento, uma melhoria na gestão operacional, que garante a sustentabilidade da empresa, a economia dos recursos humanos, econômicos, e principalmente, os hídricos. / Currently water losses evaluation in distribution systems, is based on empirical equations using information, grouped and totaled, covering whole area. Thus, becomes necessary to subdivide the area into smaller and smaller fractions, searching for the most critical part. This study presents, the effectiveness evaluation of the hydraulic simulation models, use to obtain the information necessary in elaboration diagnosis of water losses, with a practical methodology for using models for this purpose. Shows a pipe classification in three categories A, B and C, its began possible analyses with pareto graphics and thematic maps. Demonstrates that hydraulic simulation adoption is an effective tool in the study of water loss in supply systems. It will allow companies an operational management improvement, ensuring the sustainability of the business and economics of human, financial, and especially, water resources.

O crescente número de geradores distribuídos conectados em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica é uma realidade dos sistemas elétricos de todo o mundo. Embora a política atual seja desconectar os geradores distribuídos do sistema elétrico de potência (SEP) caso ocorra uma falha na rede da concessionária, conforme preconizam os principais guias técnicos nacionais e internacionais, o módulo 3 dos Procedimentos de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica no Sistema Elétrico Nacional (PRODIST) mostra-se favorável à operação ilhada, pois afirma que este tipo de operação pode ser realizado em comum acordo entre as centrais geradoras de energia e o Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico (ONS), permitindo alcançar uma maior disponibilidade no fornecimento de energia. No entanto, para que a operação ilhada seja possível e possa ser praticada de forma segura, o ilhamento intencional precisa superar alguns desafios, dentre os quais estão aqueles relacionados ao sistema de proteção da rede de distribuição, tais como: coordenação indevida de dispositivos de proteção, perda da sensibilidade da proteção, abertura inadequada de fusíveis e religamentos automáticos fora de sincronismo. Portanto, este trabalho avalia o impacto da geração distribuída (GD) sobre o sistema de proteção de sobrecorrente de uma rede de distribuição operando ilhada. A ideia principal é dividir a rede em regiões delimitadas pelos dispositivos de proteção existentes, para em seguida, adequá-los à nova situação operacional, certificando se os ajustes propostos atendem ao comportamento síncrono e estável do sistema de geração por meio de uma análise de estabilidade transitória. Propõe-se então um conjunto de procedimentos para tomada de ações que permitam readequar o sistema de proteção de sobrecorrente existente à operação ilhada. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a inibição do religamento automático e da curva de atuação instantânea acrescida de reajustes nas curvas temporizadas dos relés e religadores, melhoraram a coordenação e seletividade da rede operando ilhada. / The growing number of distributed generators connected to electricity distribution networks is a reality of electrical systems throughout the world. Although the current policy is to disconnect the distributed generators from the electric power system (EPS) in the event of loss of mains, as required by main national and international technical guides, the module 3 of the Procedures for Electric Power Distribution in the Electric National System (PRODIST) shows itself in favor of islanded operation, it states that this type of operation can be carried out in agreement between power generation plants and the National Electric System Operator (ONS), allowing achieve larger availability in energy supply. However, to make the islanded operation possible and safe, the intentional islanding must overcome some challenges, among which are those related to the protection system of the distribution network, such as improper coordination of protective devices, loss of protection sensitivity, inadequate opening of fuses and automatic reclosing out of synchronism. Therefore, this work evaluates the impact of distributed generation (DG) on the overcurrent protection system of a distribution network operating islanded. The main idea is to divide the network into regions bounded by existing protection devices, to then adapt them to the new operational situation, making sure that the proposed adjustments meet the synchronous and stable behavior of the generation system by means of a transient stability analysis. Thus, a set of procedures is proposed to indicate actions that allow readjusting the existing overcurrent protection system to the islanded operation. The results demonstrate that the inhibition of automatic restart and of the instantaneous operating curve plus adjustments in time delay curves of relays and reclosers, improved the coordination and selectivity of the network operating islanded.

O crescente número de geradores distribuídos conectados em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica é uma realidade dos sistemas elétricos de todo o mundo. Embora a política atual seja desconectar os geradores distribuídos do sistema elétrico de potência (SEP) caso ocorra uma falha na rede da concessionária, conforme preconizam os principais guias técnicos nacionais e internacionais, o módulo 3 dos Procedimentos de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica no Sistema Elétrico Nacional (PRODIST) mostra-se favorável à operação ilhada, pois afirma que este tipo de operação pode ser realizado em comum acordo entre as centrais geradoras de energia e o Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico (ONS), permitindo alcançar uma maior disponibilidade no fornecimento de energia. No entanto, para que a operação ilhada seja possível e possa ser praticada de forma segura, o ilhamento intencional precisa superar alguns desafios, dentre os quais estão aqueles relacionados ao sistema de proteção da rede de distribuição, tais como: coordenação indevida de dispositivos de proteção, perda da sensibilidade da proteção, abertura inadequada de fusíveis e religamentos automáticos fora de sincronismo. Portanto, este trabalho avalia o impacto da geração distribuída (GD) sobre o sistema de proteção de sobrecorrente de uma rede de distribuição operando ilhada. A ideia principal é dividir a rede em regiões delimitadas pelos dispositivos de proteção existentes, para em seguida, adequá-los à nova situação operacional, certificando se os ajustes propostos atendem ao comportamento síncrono e estável do sistema de geração por meio de uma análise de estabilidade transitória. Propõe-se então um conjunto de procedimentos para tomada de ações que permitam readequar o sistema de proteção de sobrecorrente existente à operação ilhada. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a inibição do religamento automático e da curva de atuação instantânea acrescida de reajustes nas curvas temporizadas dos relés e religadores, melhoraram a coordenação e seletividade da rede operando ilhada. / The growing number of distributed generators connected to electricity distribution networks is a reality of electrical systems throughout the world. Although the current policy is to disconnect the distributed generators from the electric power system (EPS) in the event of loss of mains, as required by main national and international technical guides, the module 3 of the Procedures for Electric Power Distribution in the Electric National System (PRODIST) shows itself in favor of islanded operation, it states that this type of operation can be carried out in agreement between power generation plants and the National Electric System Operator (ONS), allowing achieve larger availability in energy supply. However, to make the islanded operation possible and safe, the intentional islanding must overcome some challenges, among which are those related to the protection system of the distribution network, such as improper coordination of protective devices, loss of protection sensitivity, inadequate opening of fuses and automatic reclosing out of synchronism. Therefore, this work evaluates the impact of distributed generation (DG) on the overcurrent protection system of a distribution network operating islanded. The main idea is to divide the network into regions bounded by existing protection devices, to then adapt them to the new operational situation, making sure that the proposed adjustments meet the synchronous and stable behavior of the generation system by means of a transient stability analysis. Thus, a set of procedures is proposed to indicate actions that allow readjusting the existing overcurrent protection system to the islanded operation. The results demonstrate that the inhibition of automatic restart and of the instantaneous operating curve plus adjustments in time delay curves of relays and reclosers, improved the coordination and selectivity of the network operating islanded.

Power system faults normally result in system damage, profit loss and consumer dissatisfaction. Consequently, there is a strong demand on precise and fast fault location estimation for power system to minimize the system restoration time. This paper examines a method to locate short-circuit faults on a distribution system with unbalanced loads without fault type information. Bus impedance matrix technique was harnessed in the fault location estimation algorithm. The system data including line impedances, source impedance and distribution system layout was assumed to be known factors, hence pre-fault bus impedance can be calculated and implemented into the algorithm. Corresponding methods to derive system matrix information were discussed. Case studies were performed to evaluate the accuracy of the fault location algorithm and illustrate the robust performance under measurements errors influences, load variation impacts and load compensation implementations. Traditional fault location methods involve current and voltage measurements mandatorily locating at each ends of faulted section to locate the fault. The method examined finds fault location for distribution system utilizing impedance matrix accompanied with sparse measurements in the power network. This method fully considers the unbalance of distribution system.

An ideal drinking water distribution system (DWDS) must supply safe drinking water with free chlorine residual (FCR) in the form of HOCI and OCIֿ at a required concentration level. Meanwhile the FCR is consumed in the bulk liquid phase and at the DWDS pipes wall as the result of chemical reactions. Because of these, an optimized chlorine dosing for the DWDS using model-based predictive control (MBPC) is developed through the steps of modelling the FCR transport along the main pipes of the DWDS, designing chlorine dosing and implementing a multiple-input multiple-output system control scheme in Matlab 7.0.1 software. Discrete time-space models (DTSM) that can be used to predict free chlorine residual (FCR) concentration along the pipes of the DWDS over time is developed using explicit finite difference method (EFDM). Simulations of the DTSM using step and rectangular pulse input show that the effect of water flow rate velocity is much stronger than the effect of chlorine effective diffusivity coefficient on the FCR distribution and decay process in the DWDS main pipes. Therefore, the FCR axial diffusion in single pipes of the DWDS can be neglected. Investigating the effect of injection time, initial chlorine distribution, and overall chlorine decay rate constant involved in the process have provided a thorough understanding of chlorination and the effectiveness of all the parameters. This study proposed a model-based chlorine dosing design (MBCDD) based on a conventional-optimum design process (CODP) (Aurora, 2004), which is created for uncertain water demand based on the DTSM simulation. / In the MBCDD, the constraints must be met by designing distances between chlorine boosters and optimal value of the initial chlorine distribution in order to maintain the controlled variable (CV), i.e. FCR concentration with a certain degree of robustness to the variations of water flow rate. The MBCDD can cope with the simulated DWDS (SDWDS) with the conditions; the main pipe is 12 inch diameter size with the pipe length of 8.5 km, the first consumers taking the water from the point of 0.83 km, the assumed pipe wall chlorine decay rate constant of 0.45 m/day, and the value of chlorine overall decay rate constants follow Rosman's model (1994), by proposing a set of rules for selecting the locations for additional chlorine dosing boosters, and setting the optimal chlorine dosing concentrations for each booster in order to maintain a relatively even FCR distribution along the DWDS, which is robust against volumetric water supply velocity (VWS) variations. An example shows that by implementing this strategy, MBCDD can control the FCR along the 8.5 km main pipe of 12 inch diameter size with the VWS velocity from 0.2457 to 2.457 km/hr and with the assumed wall and bulk decay constants of 0.45 and 0.55 m/day, respectively. An adaptive chlorine dosing design (ACDD) as another CODP of chlorine dosing which has the same concept with the MBCDD without the rule of critical velocity is also proposed in this study. The ACDD objective is to obtain the optimum value of initial chlorine distribution for every single change in the VWS. Simulation of the ACDD on the SDWDS shows that the ACDD can maintain the FCR concentration within the required limit of 0.2-0.6 mg/1. / To enable water quality modelling for studying the effectiveness of chlorine dosing and injection in the form of mass flow rate of pure gaseous chlorine as manipulated variable (MV), a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system is developed in Simulink for Matlab 7.0.1 software by considering the disturbances of temperature and circuiting flow. The MIMO system can be used to design booster locations and distribution along a main pipe of the DWDS, to monitor the FCR concentration at the point just before injection (mixing) and between two boosters, and to implement feedback and open-loop control. This study also proposed a decentralized model-based control (DMBC) based on the MBCDD-ACDD and centralized model predictive control (CMPC) in order to optimize MV to control the CV along the main pipe of the DWDS in the MIMO system from the FCR concentration at just after the chlorine injection (CVin) to the FCR concentration (CVo) before the next chlorine injection with the constraints of 0.2-0.6 ppm for both the CVin and CVo. A comparison of the performances of decentralized PI (DPI) control, DMBC and CMPC, shows that the performances of the DMBC and CMPC in controlling the MIMO system are almost the same, and they both are significantly better than the DPI control performance. In brief, model-based predictive control (MBPC), in this case a decentralized model-based control (DMBC) and a centralized predictive control (CMPC), enable optimization of chlorine dosing for the DWDS.

This thesis studies the allocation of stock in a two-level inventory system with stochastic demand. The system consists of one central warehouse which supplies N non-identical retailers with one single product. Customer demand occurs solely at the retailers and follows independent Poisson processes. The purpose is to investigate the value of using a more advanced allocation policy than First Come-First Serve at the central warehouse. The focus is on evaluating how well the simple First Come-First Serve assumption works in a system where the warehouse has access to real-time point-of-sale data, and where shipments are time based and consolidated for all retailers. The considered allocation policy is a myopic policy where the solution to a minimization problem, formulated as a constrained newsvendor problem, determines how the warehouse allocates its stock to the retailers. The minimization problem is solved using (a heuristic method based on) Lagrangian relaxation, and simulation is used to evaluate the average inventory holding costs and backorder costs per time unit when using the considered policy. The simulation study shows that cost savings around 1-4 percent can be expected for most system configurations. However, there were cases where savings were as high as 5 percent, as well as cases where the policy performed worse than First Come-First Serve. The study also shows that the highest cost savings are found in systems with relatively low demand, few retailers, short transportation times and a short time interval between shipments.

This thesis describes the research conducted on the use of historical performance data in assessing the financial risk for a power distribution utility in a performance based regulation (PBR) regime. The historical utility data used in this research are taken from the Canadian Electrical Association (CEA) annual reports. The individual utility data in these reports are confidential and only provided to the participating utilities. Thirteen utilities that participate in the CEA data reporting activity agreed to provide their individual utility data for the research described in this thesis. These utilities are anonymous and are referred to by numerical designations in accordance with the CEA protocol. This research could not have been conducted without the support of these utilities. The objectives of the research described in this thesis are to examine and analyze the variations in the annual performance indices of the thirteen participating utilities and the aggregated systems including the overall indices and the cause code contributions, and to examine the possible utilization of historic utility reliability indices to create suitable reward/penalty structures in a PBR protocol. The potential financial risk and actual financial payment analyses for these selected utilities are conducted using their historical performance data imposed on a number of possible reward/penalty structures developed in this thesis. An approach to recognize adverse utility performance in the form of Major Outage Years (MOY) is developed and the influence of the MOY performance in PBR decision making is examined.

This research examined the impacts of water quality, phosphate-based corrosion inhibitors and pipe wall exposure on free chlorine (HOCl)/chloramine (NH2Cl) degradation and haloacetic acid (HAA)/N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation in simulated distribution system water mains and household plumbing at bench-scale and pilot scale. In bench-scale bottle tests, the reactivity of fresh/pre-corroded pipe materials with HOCl/NH2Cl in decreasing order was: ductile iron, copper, lead. The addition of phosphate-based corrosion inhibitors generally increased HOCl/NH2Cl degradation for fresh iron coupons, but decreased HOCl/NH2Cl decay only for fresh copper coupons. Generally, these corrosion inhibitors did not impact HAA formation. Copper corrosion products, including Cu(II), Cu2O, CuO and Cu2(OH)2CO3, catalyzed HAA and NDMA formation. For HAAs, copper catalysis increased with increasing pH from 6.6 to 8.6 and/or increasing concentrations of these copper corrosion products. Interactions of copper with natural organic matter (NOM), likely by complexation, and the subsequent increase in the reactivity of NOM were proposed to be the primary reason for the increased HAA formation.NDMA formation increased with increasing Cu(II) concentrations, DMA concentrations, alkalinity and hardness but was inhibited by the presence of NOM. The transformation of NH2Cl to dichloramine (NHCl2) and complexation of copper with DMA were proposed to be involved in elevating the formation of NDMA at pH 7.0. Finally, in pilot-scale modified pipe loop tests, copper catalysis of NDMA formation was confirmed, especially under laminar flow conditions, and iron was shown to possibly catalyze NDMA formation under turbulent conditions. Orthophosphate increased the catalytic effects of iron but decreased copper catalysis on NDMA formation by either modifying the properties of the iron-associated suspended particles or reducing the dissolved metal concentrations. Orthophosphate increased chloramine decay when in contact with iron, likely by promoting nitrite formation, but orthophosphate decreased chloramine decay for copper and lead by reducing the availability of metal corrosion products.

This dissertation investigates the distribution and transmission systems reliability and economic impact of energy storage and renewable energy integration. The reliability and economy evaluation framework is presented. Novel operation strategies of energy storage and renewable energy are proposed. The method for optimizing the energy storage sizing and operation strategy in order to achieve optimal reliability and economy level is developed. The objectives of the movement towards the smart grid include making the power systems more reliable and economically efficient. The rapid development of the large scale energy storage technology makes it an excellent candidate in achieving these goals. A novel Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based operation strategy is proposed to optimally manage the charging and discharging operation of energy storage in order to minimize the energy purchasing cost for a distribution system load aggregator in power markets. Different operation strategies of energy storage have different reliability and economic impact on power systems. Simulation results illustrate the importance of the energy storage operation strategies. A hybrid operation strategy which combines the MPC-based operation strategy and the standby backup operation strategy is proposed to flexibly adjust the reliability and economic improvement brought by energy storage. A particle swarm optimization approach is developed to determine the optimal energy storage sizing and operation strategy while maximizing reliability and economic improvement. A reliability and economy assessment framework based on sequential Monte Carlo method integrated with the operation strategies is proposed. The impact on the transmission systems reliability brought by energy storage and renewable energy with the proposed operation strategies is investigated. Case studies are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed operation strategies, optimization approach, and the reliability and economy evaluation framework. Insights into how energy storage and renewable energy affect power system reliability and economy are obtained.