[EN] One of the main challenges of drinking water utilities is to ensure high quality supply, in particular, in chemical and microbiological terms. However, biofilms invariably develop in all drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), despite the presence of residual disinfectant. As a result, water utilities are not able to ensure total bacteriological control. Currently biofilms represent a real paradigm in water quality management for all DWDSs. Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms bound by an extracellular polymer that provides them with structure, protection from toxics and helps retain food. Besides the health risk that biofilms involve, due to their role as a pathogen shelter, a number of additional problems associated with biofilm development in DWDSs can be identified. Among others, aesthetic deterioration of water, biocorrosion and disinfectant decay are universally recognized. A large amount of research has been conducted on this field since the earliest 80's. However, due to the complex environment and the community studied most of the studies have been developed under certain simplifications. We resort to this already done work and acquired knowledge on biofilm growth in DWDSs to change the common approaches of these studies. Our proposal is based on arduous preprocessing and posterior analysis by Machine Learning approaches. A multi-disciplinary procedure is undertaken, helping as a practical approach to develop a decision-making tool to help DWDS management to maintain, as much as possible, biofilm at the lowest level, and mitigating its negative effects on the service. A methodology to detect the more susceptible areas to biofilm development in DWDSs is proposed. Knowing the location of these hot-spots of the network, mitigation actions could be focused more specifically, thus saving resources and money. Also, prevention programs could be developed, acting before the consequences of biofilm are noticed by the consumers. In this way, the economic cost would be reduced and the service quality would improve, eventually increasing consumers' satisfaction. / [ES] Uno de los principales objetivos de las empresas encargadas de la gestión de los sistemas de distribución de agua potable (DWDSs, del inglés Drinking Water Distribution Systems) es asegurar una alta calidad del agua en su abastecimiento, tanto química como microbiológica. Sin embargo, la existencia de biofilms en todos ellos, a pesar de la presencia de desinfectante residual, hace que no se pueda asegurar un control bacteriológico total, por lo que, hoy en día, los biofilms representan un paradigma en la gestión de la calidad del agua en los DWDSs. Los biofilms son comunidades complejas de microorganismos recubiertas de un polímero extracelular que les da estructura y les ayuda a retener el alimento y a protegerse de agentes tóxicos. Además del riesgo sanitario que suponen por su papel como refugio de patógenos, existen muchos otros problemas asociados al desarrollo de biofilms en los DWDSs, como deterioro estético del agua, biocorrosión y consumo de desinfectante, entre otros. Una gran cantidad de investigaciones se han realizado en este campo desde los primeros años 80. Sin embargo, debido a la complejidad del entorno y la comunidad estudiada la mayoría de estos estudios se han llevado a cabo bajo ciertas simplificaciones. En nuestro caso, recurrimos a estos trabajos ya realizados y al conocimiento adquirido sobre el desarrollo del biofilm en los DWDSs para cambiar el enfoque en el que normalmente se enmarcan estos estudios. Nuestra propuesta se basa en un intenso pre-proceso y posterior análisis con técnicas de aprendizaje automático. Se implementa un proceso multidisciplinar que ayuda a la realización de un enfoque práctico para el desarrollo de una herramienta de ayuda a la toma de decisiones que ayude a la gestión de los DWDSs, manteniendo, en lo posible, el biofilm en los niveles más bajos, y mitigando sus efectos negativos sobre el servicio de agua. Se propone una metodología para detectar las áreas más susceptibles al desarrollo del biofilm en los DWDSs. Conocer la ubicación de estos puntos calientes de biofilm en la red permitiría llevar a cabo acciones de mitigación de manera localizada, ahorrando recursos y dinero, y asimismo, podrían desarrollarse programas de prevención, actuando antes de que las consecuencias derivadas del desarrollo de biofilm sean percibidas por los consumidores. De esta manera, el coste económico se vería reducido y la calidad del servicio mejoraría, aumentando, finalmente, la satisfacción de los usuarios. / [CAT] Un dels principals reptes dels serveis d'aigua potable és garantir el subministrament d'alta qualitat, en particular, en termes químics i microbiològics. No obstant això, els biofilms desenvolupen invariablement en tots els sistemes de distribució d'aigua potable (DWDSs, de l'anglès, Drinking Water Distribution Systems), tot i la presència de desinfectant residual. Com a resultat, les empreses d'aigua no són capaces de garantir un control bacteriològic total. Actualment el biofilms representen un veritable paradigma en la gestió de la qualitat de l'aigua per a tots les DWDSs. Els biofilms són comunitats complexes de microorganismes vinculats per un polímer extracel·lular que els proporciona estructura, protecció contra els tòxics i ajuda a retenir els aliments. A més del risc de salut que impliquen els biofilms, com a causa del seu paper com a refugi de patògens, una sèrie de problemes addicionals associats amb el desenvolupament del biofilm en els DWDSs pot ser identificat. Entre altres, deteriorament estètic d'aigua, biocorrosión i decadència de desinfectant són universalment reconeguts. Una gran quantitat d'investigació s'ha realitzat en aquest camp des dels primers anys de la dècada del 80. No obstant això, a causa de la complexitat de l'entorn i la comunitat estudiada, la major part dels estudis s'han desenvolupat sota certes simplificacions. Recorrem a aquest treball ja realitzat i a aquest coneixement adquirit en el creixement de biofilms en els DWDSs per canviar el punt de vista clàssic del biofilm en estudis en els DWDSs. La nostra proposta es basa en l'ardu processament previ i posterior anàlisi mitjançant enfocaments d'aprenentatge automàtic. Es va dur a terme un procediment multidisciplinari, ajudant com un enfocament pràctic per desenvolupar una eina de presa de decisions per ajudar a la gestió dels DWDS a mantenir, en la mesura possible, els biofilm en els nivells més baixos, i la mitigació dels seus efectes negatius sobre el servei. Es proposa una metodologia per detectar les àrees més susceptibles al desenvolupament de biofilms en els DWDSs. En conèixer la ubicació d'aquests punts calents de la xarxa, les accions de mitigació podrien centrar-se més específicament, estalviant recursos i diners. A més, els programes de prevenció es podrien desenvolupar, actuant abans que les conseqüències del biofilm es noten pels consumidors. D'aquesta manera, el cost econòmic seria reduït i la qualitat del servei podria millorar, finalment augmentant la satisfacció dels consumidors. / Ramos Martínez, E. (2016). Assessing biofilm development in drinking water distribution systems by Machine Learning methods [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63257 / TESIS

Energy storage attracts attention nowadays due to the critical role it will play in the power generation and transportation sectors. Electric vehicles, as moving energy storage, are going to play a key role in the terrestrial transportation sector and help reduce greenhouse emissions. Bulk hybrid energy storage will play another critical role for feeding the new types of pulsed loads on ship power systems. However, to ensure the successful adoption of energy storage, there is a need to control and optimize the charging/discharging process, taking into consideration the customer preferences and the technical aspects. In this dissertation, novel control and optimization algorithms are developed and presented to address the various challenges that arise with the adoption of energy storage in the electricity and transportation sectors. Different decentralized control algorithms are proposed to manage the charging of a mass number of electric vehicles connected to different points of charging in the power distribution system. The different algorithms successfully satisfy the preferences of the customers without negatively impacting the technical constraints of the power grid. The developed algorithms were experimentally verified at the Energy Systems Research Laboratory at FIU. In addition to the charge control of electric vehicles, the optimal allocation and sizing of commercial parking lots are considered. A bi-layer Pareto multi-objective optimization problem is formulated to optimally allocate and size a commercial parking lot. The optimization formulation tries to maximize the profits of the parking lot investor, as well as minimize the losses and voltage deviations for the distribution system operator. Sensitivity analysis to show the effect of the different objectives on the selection of the optimal size and location is also performed. Furthermore, in this dissertation, energy management strategies of the onboard hybrid energy storage for a medium voltage direct current (MVDC) ship power system are developed. The objectives of the management strategies were to maintain the voltage of the MVDC bus, ensure proper power sharing, and ensure proper use of resources, where supercapacitors are used during the transient periods and batteries are used during the steady state periods. The management strategies were successfully validated through hardware in the loop simulation.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22841号 / 工博第4781号 / 新制||工||1748(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊藤 禎彦, 教授 米田 稔, 准教授 越後 信哉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Omnichannel är en term som syftar till att förtydliga kundperspektivet genom att integrera processer för ett sömlöst flöde i alla tillgängliga kanaler. Kanalerna kan bland annat vara fysiska butiker, hemsidor eller appar, där integreringen av flerkanalssystem eftersträvar en friktionsfri och en sömlös köpupplevelse.Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka och diskutera hur IKEA:s e-handel har utvecklats ur ett omnichannel perspektiv genom att beskriva vilka de logistiska processerna är för fysisk distribution. Studien genomfördes som en fallstudie med en kvalitativ metod innehållande intervjuer, ett webbinarium samt sekundärdata som empiriskt underlag.Resultatet visar att IKEA:s strategi för omnichannel- och logistiska processer är i en förändring och anpassning till den växande e-handeln. Omställningen genomförs för attbibehålla flexibilitet och tillgänglighet gentemot sina konsumenter. Vidare noteras att IKEA har hanterat ökningen av e-handel genom att på kort sikt agera för de logistiska utmaningarna, vilket emellanåt har fått långsiktiga lösningar att bortprioriteras för att säkra kundorders. Slutligen visar resultatet att IKEA:s leveranssystem är en flexibel och kundcentrerad del av deras logistiska processer. / Omnichannel is a term that aims to clarify the customer perspective by integrating processes so the customer can interact through all available channels seamlessly. Channels which are used can include physical stores, websites or apps, where the integration of multichannel systems strives for a friction-free and a seamless shopping experience. The purpose of this study was to examine and discuss how IKEA:s e-commerce has developed from an omnichannel perspective by describing the logistical processes for physical distribution. This was carried out using a qualitative method containing interviews, a webinar and secondary data to compose the empirical findings and was carried out as a case study. The result displays that IKEA:s approach to omnichannel and logistical processes is in a procedure of change and adaptation to the growing e-commerce. The transformation is done to maintain flexibility and accessibility towards their consumers. The study notice that IKEA have had to deal with the increase of e-commerce by using rapid actions to be able to manage the logistical challenges, which sometimes cause long-term solutions to be de-prioritized to secure customer orders. Finally, the results show that IKEA:s delivery system is a flexible and customer centric part of their logistical processes.

The diploma thesis deals with the design of the connection of the Svratecko area with the distribution network of the company E.ON Distribuce, a.s.. The theoretical part describes the energy legislation and the individual standards on which the thesis is based. It also describes the concept of a 22 kV high voltage network. The practical part of the thesis is focused on the creation of line models in the program E-vlivy, which will supply the Svratecko area and the model of the monitored area. Outputs from the thesis will be used by E.ON Distribuce, a.s. to evaluate the connection of the Svratecko area.

The expansive nature of water distribution system makes them susceptible to threats such as natural disasters and man-made destructions. Vulnerability assessment research efforts have increased since the passing of “Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act” in 2002 to harden WDS. This study aimed to develop a method that locates critical nodes without hydraulic analysis of every failure scenario, applicable for any size WDS, incorporates critical infrastructure, and capable of verifying method accuracy. The Flow Distribution method is the application of the gravity model, typically used to predict traffic flows in transportation engineering, to a distribution system. Flow distribution predicts the amount of demand and population that would be affected if any node in the system were disabled by solving for the distribution of each node’s outflow. Flow Distribution is applied to the hypothetical city, Anytown, USA using the computer simulation program WaterCAD to model two different disaster scenarios. Results were verified by analyzing sixteen failure scenarios (one for each node) to measure the actual demand and population effect, which was then compared to the nodes predicted by Flow Distribution. Flow Distribution predicted the critical nodes with 70% accuracy and can still be improved with future work.

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Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Coorientador: Marcos Julio Rider Flores / Banca: Jose Roberto Sanches Mantovani / Banca: Antonio Padilha Feltrin / Banca: Eduardo Nobuhiro Asada / Banca: Ariovaldo Verandio Garcia / Resumo: O problema do planejamento de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica consiste em determinar as mudanças que precisam ser feitas no sistema visando atender as condições de demanda futura, respeitando os critérios técnicos de operação e segurança, tudo isto sob um mínimo custo econômico (no caso da otimização monoobjetivo). A modelagem do problema de planejamento da expansão de sistemas de distribuição inclui a repotenciação de subestações existentes, a alocação e dimensionamento de novas subestações, o recondutoramento de alimentadores existentes, a construção e seleção do tipo de cabo para alimentadores novos e a seleção da topologia do sistema (reconfiguração). Além disso, o modelo considera que a expansão do sistema pode ser executada em vários estágios, propondo assim uma formulação dinâmica do problema de planejamento. É apresentada neste trabalho uma estratégia de decomposição para dividir o problema no subproblema da seleção das subestações e na solução de problemas de reconfiguração e recondutoramento dependentes. São desenvolvidos algoritmos heurísticos, que combinados com a metaheurística Busca Tabu, permitem uma exploração eficiente do espaço de busca. A estratégia de decomposição mencionada permite o uso da programação paralela, conseguindo diminuir o tempo de processamento. O método proposto é testado usando casos de grande porte da literatura, mostrando um excelente desempenho / Abstract: The distribution system expansion planning problem consists of to determine the investments that need to be made in the system to meet future demand conditions, satisfying technical criteria for operation and safety, all under a minimum economic cost (in the case of mono-objective optimization). The modeling of the planning problem includes the expansion of existing substations, the allocation and design of new substations, the reconductoring of existent feeders, the selection of the type of conductor for new feeders and the selection of the system topology (reconfiguration). Furthermore, the model assumes that the expansion of the system can be performed in several stages, thus it is proposed dynamic planning problem formulation. In this paper work, it is presented a decomposition strategy to separate the problem into the subproblems of selection of the substations, reconfiguration and selection of the conductor feeders. Heuristic algorithms are developed, which combined with the Tabu Search metaheuristic, allow an efficient exploration of the space of search. The decomposition strategy aforementioned allows the use of parallel programming, achieving reduced processing time. The proposed method is tested using large cases in the literature, showing excellent performance / Doutor

Orientador: Marcos Julio Rider Flores / Banca: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Banca: Carlos Alberto Castro Júnior / Resumo: O presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma formulação linear inteira mista (equivalente à formulação não linear inteira mista) para resolver o problema de alocação de reguladores de tensão ao longo dos alimentadores primários de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica radiais, com o objetivo de melhorar o perfil da magnitude de tensão, reduzir as perdas de potência ativa da rede e a minimização dos custos de instalação dos equipamen-tos. Na formulação proposta, o cálculo do ponto de operação em regime permanente de um sistema de distribuição radial é modelado matematicamente usando expressões lineares. O uso de um modelo de programação linear inteira mista garante a convergência para a solução óti-ma usando ferramentas de otimização clássica existentes. Os sistemas testes de 70-, 136-, 202- e 400-nós são utilizados para mostrar a precisão do modelo matemático, assim como também a eficiência da técnica de solução proposta para resolver o problema de alocação de reguladores de tensão em um sistema de distribuição radial / Abstract: This work shows the development of a mixed integer linear formulation to solve the voltage regulators allocation problem in radial electrical distribution systems, with the goal of improving the voltage magnitude profile, reducing the active power losses and mini-mizing the investment cost. In the proposed formulation, the steady-state operation point of the radial distribution system is modeled through linear expressions. The use of a mixed-integer linear formulation guarantees convergence to optimality using existing optimization software. The 70-, 136-, 202- and 400-node test systems are used in order to show the accura-cy of the mathematical model as well as the efficiency of the proposed solution technique to solve the allocation problem of voltage regulators in a radial distribution system / Mestre

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