Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T15:03:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 503890 bytes, checksum: 99e21ac9bda74afe0bcd03f4094569ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The literature has several studies showing the anti-inflammatory and protective against cardiovascular disease, the polyunsaturated fatty acids are omega-3 intake of fatty acids has been recommended as a way to prevent heart disease and improve heart function. There are few studies involving the anti-inflammatory effect of fatty acids omega-3, with the inflammatory process triggered by physical stress of great magnitude. The effect of supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) omega-3 (n-3) in the immune response and occurrence of muscle damage in soldiers were investigated. Twenty males were divided in two groups and they received capsules contends PUFA n-3 (SUP) (n=10) or placebo (PLA) (n=10) during four weeks. in elapsing of the fourth week of supplementation, the military were submitted to a military camp with caloric ingestion and restricted rest, and elevated physical and psychological stress. The concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP-hs) was used as inflammatory marker and the occurrence of muscle damage by creatine kinase s (CK) activity. Sanguine samples were taken in four moments: 1) before supplementation; 2) before camp; 3) during camp; 4) after camp. During the three weeks of supplementation that preceded the camp s routine, was observed a significant reduction in serum CRP-hs s concentration only in group SUP. A significant increase of CK activity in the after camp, confirmed the character strenuous of this procedure. In spite of not impeding the PCR-us s increase, SUP presented a concentration of PCR-hs significantly smaller than PLA at the end of camp. These results suggest that PUFA n-3 supplementation exercises a protecting effect against the inflammatory process induced by intense physical training and alimentary restriction / A literatura dispõe de vários estudos que comprovam o efeito antiinflamatório e protetor contra doenças cardiovasculares, que os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados Ômega-3 possuem A ingestão destes ácidos graxos tem sido recomendada, como forma de prevenir doenças cardíacas e melhorar a função cardíaca. Existem poucas pesquisas associando o efeito antiinflamatório dos ácidos graxos Ômega-3, com o processo inflamatório desencadeado pelo estresse físico de grande magnitude. O efeito da suplementação de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGPI) omega-3 (n-3) na resposta imunológica e ocorrência de dano muscular em militares foi investigado. Vinte sujeitos foram divididos em dois grupos e receberam cápsulas contendo AGPI n-3 (SUP) (n=10) ou placebo (PLA) (n=10) durante quatro semanas. No decorrer da quarta semana de suplementação, os militares foram submetidos a um acampamento militar com ingestão calórica e repouso restrito e elevado estresse físico e psicológico. A concentração de proteína C-reativa ultra-sensível (PCR-us) foi utilizada como marcador inflamatório e a ocorrência de dano muscular pela atividade da enzima creatinoquinase (CK). Amostras sanguineas foram coletadas em quatro momentos: 1) présuplementação; 2) pré-acampamento; 3) durante o acampamento; 4) pós-acampamento. Durante as três semanas de suplementação e que antecederam o regime de acampamento foi observada uma redução significativa na concentração sérica de PCR-us apenas no grupo SUP. Um aumento significativo da atividade da CK no pós-acampamento confirmou o caráter extenuante deste procedimento. Apesar de não impedir a elevação da PCR-us, o grupo SUP apresentou uma concentração de PCR-us significativamente menor em comparação com o grupo PLA ao final do acampamento. Estes resultados sugerem que a suplementação de AGPI n-3 exercem um efeito protetor contra o processo inflamatório induzido por um regime de treinamento físico intenso e restrição alimentar.

Ce travail étudie l’obtention de phospholipides structurés enrichis en DHA et en acide caprylique (PC DHA-C8) par voie enzymatique. Deux voies de synthèse sont étudiées, l’acidolyse et l’estérification. Suite à un criblage enzymatique, la lipase retenue pour les deux voies de synthèse est TL-IM. Une optimisation des paramètres de la réaction d’acidolyse a été réalisée entre l’acide caprylique (C8:0) et la phosphatidylcholine de tournesol (PC) par le biais d’un plan d’expériences. Les conditions optimales déterminées sont une température de 38°C, une activité de l’eau de 0,7, une quantité d’enzyme de 15% de la masse en substrat ainsi qu’un rapport molaire C8:0/PC de 18. Ces conditions ont ensuite été utilisées pour l’acidolyse de phospholipides microalgaux riches en DHA issus de la microalgue Tisochrysis lutea afin d’obtenir de la PC DHA-C8. Les résultats n’ont pas été concluants. L’autre voie de synthèse étudiée est l’estérification par des lipases de la GPC, de l’acide caprylique et du DHA en milieu fondu. Cette réaction a été optimisée par la technique du pas par pas. Les paramètres étudiés sont la température, la quantité d’enzyme, le rapport molaire GPC/C8:0/DHA et l’application d’un vide. Pour l’obtention de PC DHA-C8, il faut fixer chacun de ces paramètres respectivement de la sorte : 45°C, 20% d’enzyme, un rapport molaire de 1/3/15 et un vide de 100 mbar. La production de PC DHA-C8, bien qu’optimisée ne dépasse pas 2% de rendement. Cependant, durant cette expérience, il a été constaté une forte production de LPC DHA, atteignant 16% sans optimisation des paramètres de synthèse. / The enzymatic synthesis of structured phsopholipids enriched in DHA and caprylic acid (PC DHA-C8) is studied. Two different ways are studied, acidolysis and esterification. An enzymatic screening led to the choice of the immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa (TL-IM) for the 2 reactions. Parameters of the acidolysis reaction between carpylic acid (C8:0) and sunflower phosphatidylcholine (PC) were optimized by means of an experimental design. The optimum conditions determined are a temperature of 38°C, an aw of 0.7, an amount of enzyme of 15% of the mass of substrate and a molar ratio of C8:0/PC of 18. These conditions were applied to the acidolysis of microalgal phospholipids from T. lutea, rich in DHA, in order to produce PC DHA-C8. The other studied reaction is the lipase catalyzed esterification of GPC with C8:0 and DHA in a solvent-free medium This reaction has been optimized by studying each factor independently. The parameters studied are the temperature, the amount of lipase, the molar ratio GPC/C8:0/DHA and the use of reduced pressure. In order to obtain PC DHA-C8, each of theses parameters are respectively set at: 45°C, 20% of enzyme, a molar ratio of 1/3/15 and a pressure of 100 mbar. The production of PC DHA-C8, although optimized, does not exceed a yield of 2%. However, during this experiment, a high production of LPC DHA is observed, up to 16% without optimization of the synthesis parameter.

Três experimentos foram conduzidos para determinar o efeito de fontes lipídicas nos desempenhos reprodutivo e zootécnico de lambaris e a comparação no perfil de ácidos graxos nos tecidos de lambaris selvagens e de cativeiro. Para o experimento de reprodução e de crescimento foram fornecidas, desde a fase larval até o período reprodutivo (11 meses), três dietas elaboradas com diferentes fontes de óleo: soja (SO); óleo de resíduos de tilápia (TI); óleo de resíduo de salmão (SA). No período reprodutivo, os peixes (36 fêmeas e 72 machos) foram induzidos à desova artificialmente e foram avaliados os parâmetros reprodutivos (volume e número total de ovos, taxas de fertilização e eclosão, diâmetro do ovo e comprimento da larva), bem como, o acompanhamento da regeneração ovocitária pós-desova. Observaram-se ovos e larvas maiores e taxas de fertilização superiores na progênie dos peixes alimentados com dietas contendo óleo de peixe, o que pode estar relacionado aos maiores valores da relação n-3/n-6 encontrados nos ovos. Para o experimento de desempenho zootécnico foram utilizados 192 lambaris sexados (espículas na nadadeira anal do macho), sendo 120 machos (peso médio 2,58 ± 0,13g) e 72 fêmeas (peso médio 4,00 ± 0,09g). O Delineamento utilizado foi o Inteiramente Casualizado em Esquema Fatorial 3 x 2, composto por três dietas (SO, TI, SA) e dois sexos. Verificou-se que as fêmeas apresentaram maior ganho em peso, taxas de conversão alimentar e taxa de eficiência protéica mais satisfatórias quando comparados com os machos, os quais apresentaram maior sobrevivência no final do experimento, independente da dieta fornecida. Para o terceiro experimento foram coletados 30 lambaris fêmeas selvagens e 30 fêmeas provenientes do cultivo. Extraíram-se os lipídios dos tecidos (músculo, ovários e fígado) de cada grupo, os quais foram separados (fases apolar e polar) e determinados os perfis de ácidos graxos. Os resultados foram submetidos a ANOVA e diferenciados pelo teste F. Os lambaris de ambos os grupos apresentaram em média 3,5g.100g-1 de teor de gordura no músculo. Os ovários dos peixes selvagens apresentaram a maior concentração de lipídios (14,447g.100g-1) quando comparados com os de cativeiro (13,181g.100g-1). A dieta não conseguiu suprir a quantidade mínima de importantes ácidos graxos no lipídio total e frações dos tecidos das fêmeas provenientes do cultivo em relação às selvagens. O ácido linolênico, considerado essencial para peixes de água doce, esteve presente em menores quantidades no lipídio total e nas frações polar e apolar nos tecidos dos lambaris cultivados, o que pode estar relacionado com deficiência em dietas comerciais para peixes onívoros. Com base nos resultados observados nos experimentos de reprodução e desempenho, sugere-se a inclusão de óleo de resíduos de tilápia e salmão na ração de peixes de lambaris. Ainda foi observado que os lambaris são capazes de elongar e dessaturar os ácidos graxos com 18 carbonos na cadeia, para a produção de Ácidos Araquidônico (AA), Eicosapentaenóico (EPA) e Docosahexaenóico (DHA), devido às baixas quantidades desses ácidos graxos na dieta e posterior aumento nos tecidos. / Three trials were conducted to determine the effect of lipid sources on lambari reproductive and growth performances as well as to make the comparison in the fatty acid profiles in tissues of lambari wild and captive. For the reproduction and growth performances were provided since the larval stage until the reproductive period (11 months), three diets containing different sources of oil: soybean oil (SO); tilapia waste oil (IT); salmon waste oil ( SA). During the reproductive period, fish (36 females and 72 males) were artificially induced to spawn and the reproduction parameters (volume and total number of eggs, fertilization and hatching rates, egg diameter and larval length) were evaluated, as well as monitoring of oocyte regeneration post-spawning. It were observed larger eggs and larvae and higher fertilization rate in the progeny of fish fed diets containing fish oil, which may be related to higher n-3/n-6 ratio values found in the eggs. For the trial of growth performance were used 192 sexed lambaris (male anal fin spines) with 120 males (mean weight 2.58 ± 0.13g) and 72 females (mean weight 4.00 ± 0.09g). The fish were separated on a random method in a factorial scheme 3 x 2, composed by three diets (SO, TI e SA) and two sexes. It was verified that females had higher weight gain, improved feed conversion and protein efficiency rates than males, which showed higher survival at the end of the trial, regardless of diet. In the third trial were collected 30 wild and 30 captive females. The lipids of tissues (muscle, liver and ovary) were extracted from each group and were separated (polar and non polar) and thus determined the fatty acids profiles. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and F test. The lambaris of both groups had mean of 3.5g.100g-1 in the muscle and the wild fish ovaries showed the highest concentration of lipids (14.447g.100g-1) than farming fish (13.181 g.100g-1). The diet failed to supply the minimum amount of important fatty acids in fractions and total lipids of cultivate females and these evidences were higher in the ovaries. Linolenic acid which is considered essential for freshwater fish, was present in smaller amounts in total lipids and polar and nonpolar fractions in all tissues of the cultivated lambari, which may be related to default in commercial diets for omnivores fish. In view of parameters observed in reproduction and growth trials, it can be suggest the inclusion of waste tilapia and salmon oil in lambari broodstock diet. Also it was observed that lambaris have the capacity elongation and desaturation of fatty acids with 18 carbons in the chain for the Arachidonic Acid (AA), Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) production due to low amount of these fatty acids in the diet and the increase in the tissues.

<p>\ / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The purpose of the study was to elucidate the mechanisms by which polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) prevent bone loss. MG-63 human osteoblasts and MC3T3-E1 murine osteoblasts were exposed to the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) and the n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as well as oestrogen (E2) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the effects thereof tested on a variety of biological parameters characteristic of osteoblasts. These parameters included prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis, proliferation, differentiation to mature mineralising osteoblasts as well as osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor êB ligand (RANKL) secretion. Results showed that AA stimulates PGE2 production significantly in both cell lines. Stimulated PGE2 production by MC3T3-E1 cells however, was significantly higher, which might be attributed to auto-amplification by PGE2 itself in this cell line. Pre-incubation of the MG-63 cells with cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-blockers inhibited PGE2 production significantly, suggesting that both COX enzymes were involved in PGE2 synthesis. The number of functional osteoblasts is important for bone formation therefore in vitro osteoblastic cell proliferation was investigated. In contrast to the hormones E2 and PTH, both AA and DHA inhibited proliferation significantly. The AA-mediated anti-proliferative effect is possibly independent of PGE2 production, as PGE2 per se had little effect on proliferation. DHA inhibited proliferation of MG-63 cells more severely, which might be attributed to the osteosarcoma nature of the MG-63 cells. The anti-proliferative effect of these PUFAs might be attributed to modulation of cell cycle progression or anti-mitotic effects of PUFA peroxidation products. Morphological studies showed apoptotic cells after DHA exposure in MG-63 cells. There is a reciprocal relationship between reduced proliferation and the subsequent induction of cell differentiation in vitro. High basal levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, a marker of the mature mineralising osteoblastic phenotype, were detected in MC3T3-E1 cells. Long-term exposure to AA inhibited ALP activity in these cells. This process might be PGE2-mediated. Exposure to PUFAs, however, did not compromise the ability of the MC3T3-E1 cells to differentiate to mature mineralising osteoblasts. In contrast with MC3T3-E1 cells, MG-63 cells demonstrated low basal ALP activity and were unable to differentiate to mature mineralising osteoblasts. In the absence of osteogenic-inducing supplements, PUFAs induced adipocyte-like features that might be due to the expression of high levels of PPARã in this cell line. Lipid-filled vacuoles were absent in the MC3T3-E1 cells suggesting that the MC3T3-E1 cell line may not express PPARã mRNA. The study furthermore demonstrated that PUFAs are able to modulate OPG and RANKL secretion in osteoblasts. AA inhibited OPG secretion dose-dependently in both cell lines, this could be PGE2-mediated. AA dose-dependently stimulated soluble RANKL (sRANKL) secretion in MC3T3-E1 cells thereby affecting the OPG/RANKL ratio in a negative way, supporting various reports that AA and PGE2 do cause bone resorption. No sRANKL could be detected after exposing the MC3T3-E1 cells to DHA suggesting that DHA could be protective to bone. In conclusion, contrary to in vivo evidence, this in vitro study could not indisputably demonstrate protective effects of PUFAs on the osteoblastic cell lines tested. / Thesis (PhD (Physiology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Physiology / unrestricted

Lipids are essential components for fish because they contain fatty acids that are vital for regular growth and health. Fish oil is rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are essential fatty acids for carnivorous fish, and therefore this product has traditionally been used as the main source of lipids in fish feeds. However, with declining fisheries resources worldwide and the rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry pressuring this finite resource, such ingredients are becoming less available and more expensive. It is therefore necessary to explore the utilization of ingredients that are sustainable and competitive alternatives to fish oil in marine finfish feeds. This work investigated the effects of the substitution of fish oil with soybean oil on the growth performance, feed efficiency, fatty acid composition of the liver tissue and some health parameters in juvenile dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus; an increasingly popular sciaenid marine aquaculture species in South Africa. Six diets (18 % total lipid and 46 % protein) with increasing percentage substitution of fish oil with soybean oil (1, 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 %) were fed to juvenile kob. After 84 days of feeding these diets to the fish, no significant differences in fish length and weight between treatments were observed. However, there was a significant trend of a decrease in specific growth rate, ranging from (± standard error) 0.87 ± 0.06 to 0.72 ± 0.04 % body weight day⁻¹, and condition factor, ranging from 1.59 ± 0.03 to 1.54 ± 0.02, with increasing vegetable oil replacement in the diets between days 56 and 84. There were no differences in red blood cell count, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration after 206 days of feeding. However, visceral fat index (VFI) increased significantly from 1.08 ± 0.17 % for fish fed diets with 28 % soybean oil, to 2.24 ± 0.15 % for fish fed diets with 70 % soybean oil. Similarly, hepatosomatic index (HSI) increased significantly from 0.84 ± 0.08 % to 1.80 ± 0.12 % in the control diet and the 56 % soybean oil diet, respectively. After 206 days of feeding, fish fed diets with 42 to 70 % soybean oil showed greater number of lipid vacuoles in the liver, which were also larger in size, and hepatocytes nuclei were displaced to the cell periphery. The fatty acid composition of the liver tissue strongly corresponded to the fatty acid composition of the diets. Linoleic acid accumulated in the liver of the fish fed increasing soybean oil in the diets. In contrast, EPA and DHA decreased from 13.63 to 1.97 %, and 14.34 to 3.28 %, respectively, in the liver tissue of fish fed diets with increasing soybean oil content; consequently the n-3/n-6 ratio was also significantly reduced with inclusion of vegetable oil in the diets. The trend of decreasing growth rate with increasing oil replacement towards the end of the trial corresponds with increases in VFI, HSI, as well as the fatty acid accumulation and lipid vacuoles in the liver. This suggests that dusky kob is less able to metabolise soybean oil at increased substitution levels which would account for the poorer growth at higher levels. The dependence of fish on dietary marine oil decreased significantly with each inclusion of soybean oil in the diets. Nonetheless, the calculations based on the nutrient ratio presented positive outcomes for all treatments, that is, values of marine oil dependency ratio were below one for all treatments. It is concluded that soybean oil can replace fish oil in formulated diets for dusky kob up to a level of 28 % of total dietary lipids, as evidenced by the good growth and feed efficiency, and no apparent negative health effects observed up to this level.

Purpose: To 1) critically appraise available randomized controlled trials (RTCs) addressing the efficacy of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids as a secondary prevention agent of hypertriglyceridemia, and 2) make recommendations for clinical practice. Data Sources: All RCTs identified from several databases from 1993-2003 were reviewed by two independent reviewers who extracted data from each study and used the previously tested Boyack and Lookinland Methodological Quality Index (MQI) to determine study quality. Results: Ten studies reported long-chain ω-3 fatty acids to be effective in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. The average decrease in triglycerides (TG) was 29%, total cholesterol (TC) 11.6%, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) 30.2%, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 32.5%. One study found LDLs to increase by 25%. The average increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was 10%. The overall average MQI score was 36% (26%-54%). Many of the RCTs had serious shortcomings including short duration, lack of a power analysis, no intention to treat analysis, no report of blind assessment of outcome, and lack of dietary control as a confounding variable. Conclusions/Implications: Overall study methodology was weak. Although the evidence supporting the use of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids in the secondary prevention of hypertriglyceridemia is reasonably strong, until there are larger RCTs of stronger methodological quality, it is not recommended to treat hypertriglyceridemia with ω-3 fatty acid supplementation in lieu of lipid lowering medications.

no / Human saphenous vein endothelial cells (HSVECs) derived from primary cultures of adult human veins constitute an excellent in vitro model for studying human endothelial metabolism. In this study we report the14C-labelled prostanoid profile of HSVECs under resting and stimulated conditions and the effect of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on them. Results indicate that HSVECs while under resting conditions produce mainly prostaglandin F2 ¿(PGF2 ¿). After stimulation with calcium ionophore A23187, the cells were found to synthesise PGI2, PGE2and PGF2¿as major products and thromboxane B2and PGD2as minor products. Production of14C-labelled hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids was not detected. Eicosapentaenoic acid was found to inhibit basal and stimulated prostanoid production whereas docosahexaenoic acid inhibited basal but strongly increased stimulated prostanoid production. These results may offer the basis for further studies aiming to investigate targets for pharmacological intervention in inflammatory conditions.

yes / Abstract Objective Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have anticolorectal cancer (CRC) activity. The intestinal microbiota has been implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis. Dietary omega-3 PUFAs alter the mouse intestinal microbiome compatible with antineoplastic activity. Therefore, we investigated the effect of omega-3 PUFA supplements on the faecal microbiome in middle-aged, healthy volunteers (n=22). Design A randomised, open-label, cross-over trial of 8 weeks’ treatment with 4 g mixed eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid in two formulations (soft-gel capsules and Smartfish drinks), separated by a 12-week ‘washout’ period. Faecal samples were collected at five time-points for microbiome analysis by 16S ribosomal RNA PCR and Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid analysis was performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results Both omega-3 PUFA formulations induced similar changes in RBC fatty acid content, except that drinks were associated with a larger, and more prolonged, decrease in omega-6 PUFA arachidonic acid than the capsule intervention (p=0.02). There were no significant changes in α or β diversity, or phyla composition, associated with omega-3 PUFA supplementation. However, a reversible increased abundance of several genera, including Bifidobacterium, Roseburia and Lactobacillus was observed with one or both omega-3 PUFA interventions. Microbiome changes did not correlate with RBC omega-3 PUFA incorporation or development of omega-3 PUFA-induced diarrhoea. There were no treatment order effects. Conclusion Omega-3 PUFA supplementation induces a reversible increase in several short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, independently of the method of administration. There is no simple relationship between the intestinal microbiome and systemic omega-3 PUFA exposure. / NIHR/EME Yorkshire Cancer Research (YCR)

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in solar light is important for skin biology. It is involved in the development acute and chronic skin inflammation, aging and cancer, causing erythema, tanning and local or systemic immunosuppression. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are considered anti- inflammatory and could reduce the damage caused by overexposure to UVR. Although, n-3 PUFA have been considered as photoprotective agents, their exact mechanisms of action is not completely understood. The aim of the work is to determine the effect of UVR and the n-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on human skin cells (in vitro study), specifically on: cell viability, apoptosis and their metabolism through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. Also, to study the cellular incorporation and effect of n-3 PUFA on the fatty acid profile of skin cells. A clinical study was undertaken to assess the incorporation of n-3 PUFA supplements in human skin. A clinical study was performed in 40 healthy women (active group) supplemented with 4g/day of EPA (70%) and DHA (10%) and 40 healthy women (placebo group) supplemented with 4g/day of glyceryl tricoprylate coprate (GTCC). After 3 months, both blood samples and skin punch biopsies were collected and analysed for fatty acids by gas chromatography (GC). HaCaT keratinocytes and 46BR.1N fibroblasts were cultured and treated with 10 and 50μM of either EPA, or DHA or oleic acid (OA) for 72h and exposed to 15 and 50 mJ/cm2. Cell viability was measured by the MTT assay and cell apoptosis by a colorimetric method, at 24h post UVR. Cells and culture media were analysed by GC and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) to assess cellular fatty acids and production of eicosanoids. The clinical a study showed that in RBC saturated fatty acids (SFA) (44.27±7.43%) were the main fatty acid group followed by n-6 PUFA (29.61±5.53%). While in dermal tissue monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (58.90±9.80%) was the main fatty acid group followed by SFA (27.06±6.78%). A significant increase in EPA, DHA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) was observed in RBC but only EPA was significantly increased in the dermis post n-3 PUFA supplementation. . The viability of HaCaT keratinocytes and 46BR.1N fibroblasts decreased post UVR and this was further reduced post PUFA treatment. Cell apoptosis increased when cells were exposed to UVR and further increased when cells were treated with EPA and DHA. . In HaCaT keratinocytes MUFA (54.22±8.82%) was the main fatty acid group followed by FAS (37.11±.9.16%), while SFA (51.94±8.68%) was the main group followed by MUFA (27.07±4.79) in 46BR.1N. Treated both cells with EPA and DHA showed significant increased in cellular EPA, DPA and DHA. 46BR.1N fibroblasts produced higher levels of prostaglandins (PG) compared to HaCaT keratinocytes: PGE2 and PGD2 were the main PG in both HaCaT (7.96±3.18 and 1.48±1.19 pg/million cell; respectively) and 46BR.1N with (44.2±23.00 and 17.1±9.71 pg/million cell; respectively). Significant increase in PGE1 and PGE2 occurred when cells were exposed to 15mJ/cm2 UVR. Treatment with n-3 PUFA decreased the level of PGE1 and PGE2, and increase production PGE3 at the baseline and post UVR. Both cell lines produced hydroxy fatty acids and the concentration of these mediators was higher in 46BR.1N than HaCaT. The concentrations of these mediators were significant increased post UVR: treatment with n-3 PUFA decreased the level of HODE and HETE, and increase production of HEPE and HDHA at baseline and post UVR. Overall, n-3PUFA treatment led to increases in the content of EPA and DHA on RBC, dermal tissue and human skin cell lines. EPA and DHA in skin cell lines appear to offer protection by increasing cellular apoptosis, decreasing inflammatory mediators specifically PGE2 and 12-HETE, and increasing anti-inflammatory mediators such as PGE3, 15-HEPE and 17-HDHA.