No description available.

Two graphene layers placed in close proximity offer a unique system to investigate interacting electron physics as well as to test novel electronic device concepts. In this system, the interlayer spacing can be reduced to value much smaller than that achievable in semiconductor heterostructures, and the zero energy band-gap allows the realization of coupled hole-hole, electron-hole, and electron-electron two-dimensional systems in the same sample. Leveraging the fabrication technique and electron transport study in dual-gated graphene field-effect transistors, we realize independently contacted graphene double layers separated by an ultra-thin dielectric. We probe the resistance and density of each layer, and quantitatively explain their dependence on the backgate and interlayer bias. We experimentally measure the Coulomb drag between the two graphene layers for the first time, by flowing current in one layer and measuring the voltage drop in the opposite layer. The drag resistivity gauges the momentum transfer between the two layers, which, in turn, probes the interlayer electron-electron scattering rate. The temperature dependence of the Coulomb drag above temperatures of 50 K reveals that the ground state in each layer is a Fermi liquid. Below 50 K we observe mesoscopic fluctuations of the drag resistivity, as a result of the interplay between coherent intralayer transport and interlayer interaction. In addition, we develop a technique to directly measure the Fermi energy in an electron system as a function of carrier density using double layer structure. We demonstrate this method in the double layer graphene structure and probe the Fermi energy in graphene both at zero and in high magnetic fields. Last, we realize dual-gated bilayer graphene devices, where we investigate quantum Hall effects at zero energy as a function of transverse electric field and perpendicular magnetic field. Here we observe a development of v = 0 quantum Hall state at large electric fields and in high magnetic fields, which is explained by broken spin and valley spin symmetry in the zero energy Landau levels. / text

Nanoporous carbons have become a material of interest in many applications such as electrochemical double layer capacitors (supercapacitors). Supercapacitors are being studied for their potential in storing electrical energy storage from intermittent sources and in use as power sources that can be charged rapidly. However, a lack of understanding of the charge storage mechanism within a supercapacitor makes it difficult to optimize them. Two components of this challenge are the difficulties in experimentally characterizing the sub-nanoporous structure of carbon electrode materials and the electrical performance of the supercapacitors. This work provides a means to accurately characterize the porous structure of sub-nanoporus carbon materials and identifies the current limitations in characterizing the electrical performance of a supercapacitor cell. Future work may focus on the relationship between the sub-nano porous structure of the carbon electrode and the capacitance of supercapacitors, and on the elucidation of charge storage mechanisms.

Nanoporous carbons have become a material of interest in many applications such as electrochemical double layer capacitors (supercapacitors). Supercapacitors are being studied for their potential in storing electrical energy storage from intermittent sources and in use as power sources that can be charged rapidly. However, a lack of understanding of the charge storage mechanism within a supercapacitor makes it difficult to optimize them. Two components of this challenge are the difficulties in experimentally characterizing the sub-nanoporous structure of carbon electrode materials and the electrical performance of the supercapacitors. This work provides a means to accurately characterize the porous structure of sub-nanoporus carbon materials and identifies the current limitations in characterizing the electrical performance of a supercapacitor cell. Future work may focus on the relationship between the sub-nano porous structure of the carbon electrode and the capacitance of supercapacitors, and on the elucidation of charge storage mechanisms.

Hierarchical Kroll-carbons (KCs) with combined micro- and mesopore systems are prepared from silica and alumina templates by a reductive carbochlorination reaction of fumed silica and alumina nanoparticles inside a dense carbon matrix. The resulting KCs offer specific surface areas close to 2000 m2 g−1 and total pore volumes exceeding 3 cm3 g−1, resulting from their hierarchical pore structure. High micropore volumes of 0.39 cm3 g−1 are achieved in alumina-based KCs due to the enhanced carbon etching reaction being mainly responsible for the evolution of porosity. Mesopore sizes are uniform and precisely controllable over a wide range by the template particle dimensions. The possibility of directly recycling the process exhaust gases for the template synthesis and the use of renewable carbohydrates as the carbon source lead to a scalable and efficient alternative to classical hard- and soft templating approaches for the production of mesoporous and hierarchical carbon materials. Silica- and alumina-based Kroll-carbons are versatile electrode materials in electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). Specific capacitances of up to 135 F g−1 in an aqueous electrolyte (1 M sulfuric acid) and 174 F g−1 in ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) are achieved when measured in a symmetric cell configuration up to voltages of 0.6 and 2.5 V, respectively. 90% of the capacitance can be utilized at high current densities (20 A g−1) and room temperature rendering Kroll-carbons as attractive materials for EDLC electrodes resulting in high capacities and high rate performance due to the combined presence of micro- and mesopores.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo principal desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do procedimento de soldagem empregado, com foco na energia de soldagem, no tipo de chanfro empregado e na tÃcnica de soldagem utilizada, sobre o nÃvel e a distribuiÃÃo das tensÃes residuais resultantes em junta submetida à soldagem multipasse. Foi avaliado tambÃm o efeito da corrente e da velocidade de soldagem de forma isolada sobre estas tensÃes, bem como a correlaÃÃo desses resultados com a microestrutura e dureza encontrada. As tensÃes residuais foram medidas utilizando a tÃcnica de difraÃÃo de raios-x, atravÃs de um minidifratÃmetro para mediÃÃo em campo. As anÃlises metalogrÃficas foram realizadas na seÃÃo transversal da junta, atravÃs de microscopia Ãtica e microscopia eletrÃnica de varredura. Foram levantados os perfis de microdureza na seÃÃo transversal da junta. Os resultados mostraram que as tensÃes residuais originadas da soldagem multipasse na superfÃcie das amostras analisadas sÃo compressivas no metal de solda e trativas da ZAC. As tensÃes residuais encontradas na raiz das amostras analisadas se mostraram trativas tanto no metal de solda quanto na ZAC. A energia de soldagem apresentou uma relaÃÃo nÃo linear com as tensÃes residuais encontradas, sendo encontrado que o parÃmetro que apresentou maior influÃncia foi a velocidade de soldagem, o que representa um problema, pois geralmente tal parÃmetro à o menos controlado nas soldagens manuais. As amostras chanfradas em meio-v foram as que apresentaram os menores nÃveis de tensÃes residuais, devido a alÃvios de tensÃo gerados por deformaÃÃes plÃsticas geradas durante a soldagem, fato que nÃo ocorre nas amostras chanfradas em X. A tÃcnica da dupla camada mostrou-se uma ferramenta bastante Ãtil à soldagem do aÃo ASTM A516 Gr70, pois alÃm de promover o refinamento e revenimento da ZAC-GG das amostras soldadas, acrescentou tensÃes residuais compressivas ao longo de toda a superfÃcie analisada das amostras. As microestruturas e durezas encontradas nas juntas foram bem similares para todas as amostras, sendo a ferrita acicular encontrada no metal de solda uma das provÃveis causas da caracterÃstica compressiva das tensÃes residuais encontradas / The main aim of this work was to evaluate the employed welding procedure effect on the level and profile of the final residual stresses on a multipass joint, with emphasis in the welding energy, chamfer and used welding technique. It was also evaluated the effect of the welding current and speed on these stresses, as well as it was correlated the results with microstructure and microhardness. The residual stress measurement was accomplished through X-ray diffraction, using a minidiffractometer for measurement in field. Metallographic analysis was accomplished in the transverse section of the welded joint, using optic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It were determined the microhardness profiles in the traverse section of the welded joint. The results showed that the multipass welding residual stresses on the surface of the analyzed samples are compressive in the weld metal and tensile in the HAZ. In the weld root, the welding residual stresses are tensile as in the weld metal as in the HAZ. The welding energy showed a non-linear relationship with the founded residual stresses and it was observed that the most influential parameter was the welding speed, what can be a trouble, since this parameter is the less controlled in manual weldings. The semi-v chamfered samples were the ones that present the fewer levels of residual stresses, due to the stress relief created by plastic deformations during the welding, what do not occur in the X chamfered samples. The double layer technique showed that it can be used in the welding of ASTM A516 Gr70 steel, because, besides promote a refinement and a drawing back of the CG-HAZ, it increased compressive residual stress in the whole surface of the analyzed samples. The founded microstructures and microhardness were similar for all samples and it has believed that the acicular ferrite founded in the weld metal was one of the the main causes for the compressive characteristics of the welding residual stresses in the joints

Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um material híbrido inédito carvão ativado/nanotubos de carbono/nanopartículas de prata para as aplicações em bateria de íons de lítio e capacitor eletroquímico de dupla camada. O compósito foi preparado por crescimento dos nanotubos de carbono diretamente sobre o carvão ativado via deposição química de vapor e depois nanopartículas de prata foram incorporadas no carvão ativado/nanotubos de carbono. A morfologia do compósito foi analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Investigação das propriedades de intercalação de lítio no carvão ativado (CA), carvão ativado/nanotubos de carbono (CA/NTC), carvão ativado/prata (CA/Ag) e carvão ativado/nanotubos de carbono/prata (CA/NTC/Ag) foi conduzida por voltametria cíclica e ciclos de carga/descarga, utilizando dois diferentes eletrólitos. Verificou-se que o ânodo de CA/NTC/Ag apresenta mais elevado valor de capacidade específica reversível que a grafita em eletrólito comercial, provavelmente devido à rede tridimensional com elevada condutividade eletrônica formada por nanotubos de carbono e nanopartículas de prata nos poros e nas rugosidades do substrato. Além disso, os nanotubos de carbono podem exibir elevada capacidade de armazenamento de lítio. Outra vantagem do CA/NTC/Ag é que a rede de nanotubos de carbono acomoda a expansão de volume das partículas de prata durante a ciclagem do eletrodo, mantendo-as bem adsorvidas na superfície do CA/NTC. Os resultados confirmaram a existência do sinergismo entre os componentes do CA/NTC/Ag, que promove características eletroquímicas superiores àquelas dos constituintes isolados. / In this work, an unpublished hybrid material activated carbon/carbon nanotubes/silver nanoparticles was developed for lithium ion battery and electrochemical double layer capacitor applications. The composite was prepared by growing carbon nanotubes directly on the activated carbon via chemical vapor deposition and after silver nanoparticles were incorporated on the activated carbon/carbon nanotubes. The composites morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Investigation of lithium intercalation properties in activated carbon (AC), activated carbon/carbon nanotubes (AC/CNT), activated carbon/silver (AC/Ag) and activated carbon/carbon nanotubes/silver (AC/CNT/Ag) was carried out by cyclic voltammetry and charge/discharge cycles by making use of two different electrolytes. It was found that the AC/CNT/Ag anode presents higher reversible specific capacity value in comparison with graphite in commercial electrolyte, probably due to the three dimensional network with high electronic conductivity formed by carbon nanotubes and silver nanoparticles in the substrates pores and roughness. Furthermore, carbon nanotubes can exhibit high lithium storage capacity. Another advantage of the AC/CNT/Ag is that the network of carbon nanotubes accommodates volume expansion of the silver particles during electrode cycling, keeping them well adsorbed on the surface of the AC/CNT. The results confirmed the existence of synergism between the components of the AC/CNT/Ag, which promotes electrochemical characteristics that are higher than those of the individual constituents.

Electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) are an important class of electrical energy storage devices which store energy in the form of electric double layers. The charging mechanism is highly reversible physical adsorption of ions into the porous electrodes, which empower these devices to show a remarkable power performance (15kW/kg) and greater life expectancy (> 1 million cycles). However, they store a small amount of energy (5Wh/kg) when compared with batteries. Optimization of the performance of EDLCs based on porous activated carbons is highly challenging due to complex charging process prevailing in the Nano pores of electrodes. Molecular simulations provide information at the molecular scale which in turn can be used to develop insights that can explain experimental results and design improved EDLCs. The conventional approach to simulate EDLCs places both the electrodes and electrolyte region in a single simulation box. With present day computers, however, this one-box method limits us to system sizes of the order of nanometres whereas the size of a typical EDLC is at least of the order of micrometres. To overcome this system size limitation, a Gibbs-ensemble based Monte Carlo (MC) method was recently developed, where the electrodes are simulated in a separate simulation boxes and each box is subjected to periodic boundary conditions in all the three directions. This allows us to eliminate the electrode-electrolyte interface. The simulation of the bulk electrolyte is avoided through the use of the grand canonical ensemble. The electrode atoms in the electrode are maintained at an equal constant electric potential likewise the case in a pure conductor with the use of the constant voltage ensemble. In this thesis, the Gibbs-ensemble based MC simulations are performed for an EDLC consisting of porous electrodes. The simulations are performed with aqueous electrolytes of type MX and DX2 (where M=Na+, K+; D=Ca+2; X=Cl , F ) for a wide variety of operating conditions. The water is modelled as a continuum background with a dielectric constant value of 30. The electrodes are silicon carbide-derived carbon, whose microstructure generated from reverse MC technique, is used in the simulations. The results from these simulations help us understand the charge storage mechanism, the effect of size and valence of ions on the performance of nonporous carbon based EDLCs when the hydration effects are indignant. The thesis first demonstrates the presence of finite size effects in the simulations performed with the one-box method for KCl electrolyte. The capacitance (ratio of the charged stored on the positive electrode to the voltage applied) values obtained for KCl electrolyte with the one-box method are significantly higher than the corresponding values obtained from the Gibbs-ensemble method. This shows the presence of finite size effects in the one-box method simulations and justices the use of the Gibbs-ensemble based method in our simulations. The fundamental characteristics of aqueous electrolytes in the EDLC are analyzed with the simulation results for KCl electrolyte. In agreement with experiments and modern mean held theory, the capacitance monotonically decreases with voltage (bell-shaped curve) due to overcrowding of ions near the electrode surface. The charge storage mechanism in both the electrodes is mainly a combination of countering (ions oppositely charged to that of the electrode) adsorption and ion exchange, where coins (ions identically charged to that of the electrode) are replaced with countering. However, at higher voltages, the mechanism is predominantly counter ion adsorption because of the scarcity of coins in the electrodes. The mechanism is preferentially more ion exchange for the positive electrode because of its relatively bulky countering, Cl . The shifting of mechanism towards counter ion adsorption at higher voltages and preferential ion exchange process for the positive electrode are in qualitative agreement with the recent experimental results. The constraint of equal electric potential on all the electrode atoms of the amorphous electrode in the simulations resulted in a non-uniform average charge distribution on the electrodes. It shows that the Gibbs-ensemble simulation approach can account for the polarization effects which arises due to a complex topology of the electrodes. In agreement with earlier experiments and simulation studies, the local structure analyses of the electrodes shows that the highly conned ions store charge more efficiently. On the application of voltage difference between the electrodes, the electrolyte ions move towards higher degree of con ned regions of the electrodes indicating the charging process involves local rearrangement and rescuing of electrolyte ions. The thesis also discusses the effect of temperature and bulk concentration on the performance of EDLCs. The Gibbs-ensemble based simulations are performed for the EDLC with varying temperature and bulk concentration for the KCl electrolyte independently. In agreement with the Guo -Chapman theory and experiments, the capacitance decreases with the temperature and increases with the bulk concentration. This is because the concentration of countering in the electrodes decreases with an increase in the temperature but increases with an increase in the bulk concentration. Lastly, the effect of ion size and valency on the performance of EDLCs is analyzed. The capacitance monotonically decreases with voltage (bell-shaped curve) for all the electrolytes, except for NaF, where a maximum is observed at a non-zero finite voltage (camel-shaped curve). The capacitances of NaCl and NaF are greater than that for KCl and KF, respectively. This is because the smaller Na+ ions have more accessibility to narrow con ned regions, where the charge storage efficiency is high. As expected, the capacitance for CaCl2 and CaF2 are highest among their monovalent counterparts, NaCl and KCl; NaF and KF, respectively. This is attributed to the relatively smaller double layer thickness of the bivalent Ca+2 ions. Interestingly, at higher voltages, the capacitance for the bivalent electrolytes approaches the capacitance for the monovalent electrolytes because the concentration of Ca+2 ions in the negative electrode increases sluggishly with voltage due to a strong electrostatic repulsion between Ca+2 ions.

Hierarchical Kroll-carbons (KCs) with combined micro- and mesopore systems are prepared from silica and alumina templates by a reductive carbochlorination reaction of fumed silica and alumina nanoparticles inside a dense carbon matrix. The resulting KCs offer specific surface areas close to 2000 m2 g−1 and total pore volumes exceeding 3 cm3 g−1, resulting from their hierarchical pore structure. High micropore volumes of 0.39 cm3 g−1 are achieved in alumina-based KCs due to the enhanced carbon etching reaction being mainly responsible for the evolution of porosity. Mesopore sizes are uniform and precisely controllable over a wide range by the template particle dimensions. The possibility of directly recycling the process exhaust gases for the template synthesis and the use of renewable carbohydrates as the carbon source lead to a scalable and efficient alternative to classical hard- and soft templating approaches for the production of mesoporous and hierarchical carbon materials. Silica- and alumina-based Kroll-carbons are versatile electrode materials in electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). Specific capacitances of up to 135 F g−1 in an aqueous electrolyte (1 M sulfuric acid) and 174 F g−1 in ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) are achieved when measured in a symmetric cell configuration up to voltages of 0.6 and 2.5 V, respectively. 90% of the capacitance can be utilized at high current densities (20 A g−1) and room temperature rendering Kroll-carbons as attractive materials for EDLC electrodes resulting in high capacities and high rate performance due to the combined presence of micro- and mesopores.

Das unerwünschte Aufwachsen oder Anhaften von Eis an z.B. Windenergieanlagen und Wärmetauschern kann zum Funktionsverlust oder zur temporären Stilllegung der gesamten technischen Anlage führen. Bekannte Abwehrmechanismen sind das aktive Beheizen der Oberflächen oder der Einsatz von Enteisungschemikalien. Um den Verbrauch der hierfür benötigten elektrischen Energie oder Enteisungsmittel zu minimieren, werden in zunehmendem Maß passive Oberflächenbeschichtungen zur Gefrierverzögerung und Adhäsionsminimierung entwickelt. Der Einsatz pyroelektrischer Materialien bietet einen Lösungsansatz, der über bisher bekannte Abwehrstrategien hinausgeht. Es wird angenommen, dass pyroelektrisch generierte Oberflächenladungen während der Abkühlung entweder förderlich oder verzögernd auf die Eiskeimbildung wirken können. Dünne Schichten aus pyroelektrischem Poly-(Vinylidenfluorid - co - Trifluorethylen) haben wegen ihrer leichten Verarbeitbarkeit, hohen Flexibilität und pyroelektrischen Eigenschaften Interesse an ihrer Anwendung als funktionelle Beschichtung geweckt. Für eine industrielle Anwendung von P(VDF-TrFE) ist jedoch ein vertieftes Verständnis darüber erforderlich, wie sich der Beschichtungsprozess auf die resultierende Kristallinität, kristallographische Orientierung und Rauheit auswirkt. Die Morphologie teilkristalliner P(VDF-TrFE)-Beschichtungen wurde in dieser Arbeit in Abhängigkeit der Beschichtungsmethode, des Lösungsmittels, der Schichtdicke und der Wärmebehandlung mithilfe von Röntgenweitwinkelstreuung, Röntgenreflektometrie und Infrarot-Reflexions-Absorptions-Spektroskopie untersucht. Mit Hilfe von Rasterkraftmikroskopie- und Kontaktwinkel-Messungen wurden die resultierende Topographie und Rauheit der Schichten überprüft. Auf Grundlage der Ergebnisse dieser Messungen kann die dominierende edge-on Orientierung der P(VDF-TrFE)-Polymerketten entweder mit einem transkristallin-artigen Mechanismus oder Konfinement-Effekten erklärt werden. An den P(VDF-TrFE)-Dünnschichten wurde eine Vielzahl von Vereisungsexperimenten mit aufliegenden Wassertropfen durchgeführt, um den Einfluss der verschiedenen Schichtparameter wie Polarisierungsrichtung, Schichtdicke, verwendetes Lösungsmittel, Beschichtungstechnologie, Substrat und Wärmebehandlung auf die erreichbare Gefrierverzögerung unabhängig voneinander zu ermitteln. Die Rauheit der Schichten sowie substratspezifische Entnetzungserscheinungen veränderten hierbei signifikant die Verteilung der Gefriertemperaturen von Wassertropfen in Kontakt mit den P(VDF-TrFE)-Dünnschichten. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde kein signifikanter Einfluss der Dicke, Morphologie oder des pyroelektrischen Effekts auf die erreichbare Gefrierverzögerung gefunden. Es kann demnach geschlussfolgert werden, dass die heterogene Eiskeimbildung stärker durch lokale Rauheiten im nm-Bereich beeinflusst wird als durch integrale Eigenschaften wie beispielsweise Oberflächenladungen. Die Eisadhäsion auf P(VDF-TrFE) wird hauptsächlich durch Rauheiten im µm-Bereich, die Umgebungstemperatur und den Ionengehalt der flüssigen Phase bestimmt. Auch hier konnte kein signifikanter Einfluss geladener Oberflächen auf die Haftfestigkeit von Eis ausfindig gemacht werden. Statistische Tests ergaben, dass die Verteilung der Gefriertemperaturen unabhängiger Tropfen auf Oberflächen einem Spezialfall der Extremwertstatistik, der so genannten Gumbel-Verteilung, entspricht. Dies ermöglicht die Definition neuartiger Temperaturkennwerte für die Weiterentwicklung und Prüfung von Anti-Eis-Oberflächen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung und Motivation 2. Stand der Forschung 2.1. Pyroelektrika 2.1.1. Der pyroelektrische Effekt 2.1.2. Pyroelektrische Werkstoffe 2.1.3. Stabilität pyroelektrischer Materialien in wässrigen Medien 2.1.4. PVDF und P(VDF-TrFE) 2.2. Elektrochemische Doppelschicht 2.2.1. Aufbau und Modelle 2.2.2. Ursachen für Ladungen an Grenzflächen 2.2.3. Isoelektrischer Punkt und Ladungsnullpunkt 2.2.4. Orientierung von Wassermolekülen in der EDL 2.3. Vereisung 2.3.1. Wasser und Eis 2.3.2. Anti-Eis Strategien 2.3.3. Gefrierverzögerung 2.3.4. Eisadhäsion 2.4. Pyroelektrika in wässrigen Medien 2.4.1. Charakterisierungsmöglichkeiten 2.4.2. Anwendungsfelder 3. Materialien und Methoden 3.1. Materialien 3.2. Herstellung pyroelektrischer Beschichtungen 3.3. Schichtcharakterisierung 3.4. Vereisungsneigung 3.5. Statistische Methoden 4. Ergebnisse 4.1. Charakterisierung der P(VDF-TrFE) Beschichtungen 4.1.1. Schichtdicke (Ellipsometrie) und mechanische Eigenschaften 4.1.2. Morphologie (DSC, GIWAXS, XRR, IRRAS) 4.1.3. Elektrische Eigenschaften 4.1.4. Topographie (AFM und Kontaktwinkel) 4.2. Vereisungsneigung von P(VDF-TrFE) 4.2.1. Gefrierverzögerung 4.2.2. Eisadhäsion 4.3. Vergleichsmessungen auf poliertem Aluminium 4.3.1. Kontaktwinkel 4.3.2. Gefrierverzögerung 4.3.3. Eisadhäsion 5. Diskussion 5.1. Schichtherstellung, -charakterisierung und -eignung 5.1.1. Schichtdicke 5.1.2. Eignung der Charakterisierungsmethoden 5.1.3. Vergleich von Dip- und Spin-Coating 5.1.4. Eignung von P(VDF-TrFE) für Anti-Eis-Beschichtungen 5.2. Anti-Eis-Eigenschaften 5.2.1. Erreichbare Gefrierverzögerung 5.2.2. Eisadhäsion 6. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Symbol- und Abkürzungsverzeichnis Veröffentlichungen Anhang / Active de-icing of technical surfaces, such as for wind turbines and heat exchangers, currently requires the usage of heat or chemicals. Passive coating strategies that either postpone the freezing of covering water droplets or lower the ice adhesion strength would be beneficial in order to save costs and energy. One hypothesis is that pyroelectric active materials can either delay or promote heterogeneous ice nucleation because of the surface charges generated when these materials are subject to a temperature change. Pyroelectric poly-(vinylidene fluoride - co - trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) thin films have created interest in their application because of their easy processibility, high flexibility and ferroelectric properties. The industrial application of P(VDF-TrFE) requires an understanding of the deposition process of films and in particular the resulting crystallinity, crystallographic orientation and roughness. In this work it has been proposed that an interface-mediated crystallization process occurs when P(VDF-TrFE) thin films are deposited from a solvent, resulting in a dominantly edge-on orientation caused either by a transcrystallinity mechanism or confinement effect. The morphology of the semi-crystalline thin film was studied as a function of the deposition method, solvent, film thickness and annealing temperature by grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray reflectometry and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. Atomic force microscopy measurements were used to examine the resulting topography and contact angle measurements to additionally verify the low roughness of the coatings. Freezing experiments with water droplets subjected to a cooling rate of 1K/min were made on P(VDF-TrFE) coatings in order to separate the effect of the different film parameters such as the poling direction, film thickness, used solvent, deposition process, underlying substrate and annealing temperature on the achievable supercooling. The topography and substrate-specific dewetting effects significantly changed the distribution of freezing temperatures of water droplets in contact with the P(VDF-TrFE) thin films. In contrast, no significant effect of the thickness, morphology or pyroelectric effect of the as-prepared domain-state on the freezing temperatures was found. Statistical tests revealed that the distribution of freezing temperatures of individual droplets deposited on surfaces match a special case of extreme-value statistics, the so-called Gumbel-distribution. This allows for the definition of novel parameters for the development and testing of anti-icing surfaces. The adhesion strength of ice to P(VDF-TrFE) is mainly determined by the topography, temperature and ion-content of the liquid phase. In contrast, surface charges do not significantly influence the ice adhesion strength.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung und Motivation 2. Stand der Forschung 2.1. Pyroelektrika 2.1.1. Der pyroelektrische Effekt 2.1.2. Pyroelektrische Werkstoffe 2.1.3. Stabilität pyroelektrischer Materialien in wässrigen Medien 2.1.4. PVDF und P(VDF-TrFE) 2.2. Elektrochemische Doppelschicht 2.2.1. Aufbau und Modelle 2.2.2. Ursachen für Ladungen an Grenzflächen 2.2.3. Isoelektrischer Punkt und Ladungsnullpunkt 2.2.4. Orientierung von Wassermolekülen in der EDL 2.3. Vereisung 2.3.1. Wasser und Eis 2.3.2. Anti-Eis Strategien 2.3.3. Gefrierverzögerung 2.3.4. Eisadhäsion 2.4. Pyroelektrika in wässrigen Medien 2.4.1. Charakterisierungsmöglichkeiten 2.4.2. Anwendungsfelder 3. Materialien und Methoden 3.1. Materialien 3.2. Herstellung pyroelektrischer Beschichtungen 3.3. Schichtcharakterisierung 3.4. Vereisungsneigung 3.5. Statistische Methoden 4. Ergebnisse 4.1. Charakterisierung der P(VDF-TrFE) Beschichtungen 4.1.1. Schichtdicke (Ellipsometrie) und mechanische Eigenschaften 4.1.2. Morphologie (DSC, GIWAXS, XRR, IRRAS) 4.1.3. Elektrische Eigenschaften 4.1.4. Topographie (AFM und Kontaktwinkel) 4.2. Vereisungsneigung von P(VDF-TrFE) 4.2.1. Gefrierverzögerung 4.2.2. Eisadhäsion 4.3. Vergleichsmessungen auf poliertem Aluminium 4.3.1. Kontaktwinkel 4.3.2. Gefrierverzögerung 4.3.3. Eisadhäsion 5. Diskussion 5.1. Schichtherstellung, -charakterisierung und -eignung 5.1.1. Schichtdicke 5.1.2. Eignung der Charakterisierungsmethoden 5.1.3. Vergleich von Dip- und Spin-Coating 5.1.4. Eignung von P(VDF-TrFE) für Anti-Eis-Beschichtungen 5.2. Anti-Eis-Eigenschaften 5.2.1. Erreichbare Gefrierverzögerung 5.2.2. Eisadhäsion 6. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Symbol- und Abkürzungsverzeichnis Veröffentlichungen Anhang