Resumo: Esta pesquisa é fruto do desenvolvimento de uma sequência didática sobre o comportamento das entidades físicas: partícula, onde e partícula-onda no Experimento da Supla Fenda, numa versão adaptada de Feynman e colaboradores e foi desenvolvida com estudantes de terceira série do ensino superior do curso de Química, disciplina Química Quântica, de uma universidade pública estadual. O objetivo geral do estudo foi discutir os fundamentos e práticas de experimentos mentais, tendo como parâmetro a utilização de diversas alternativas didáticas e seus desdobramentos para o ensino nas disciplinas científicas. A pesquisa de cunho qualitativo ancora-se nos fundamentos dos experimentos mentais e tem por base as teorias que visam promover a comunicação verbal e escrita dos conhecimentos científicos. O problema de pesquisa originou-se das dificuldades que os estudantes demonstravam em sala de aula para explicar e debater suas idéias, de maneira significativa, inteligível e dinâmica, quando estas exigiam deles o domínio da verbalização de conhecimentos científicos sobre o experimento da dupla fenda. Para interpretação e análise dos dados, utilizou-se a vertente interpretativa por meio de instrumentos e técnicas que permitem, principalmente, a descrição e interpretação de fatos e fenômenos, a recuperação de sentidos, tendo como base a investigação interpretativa do conjunto de materiais empíricos que se transformaram em textos. Os resultados revelam que os procedimentos didáticos utilizados são relevantes por possibilitarem a problematização, a discussão, o uso da imaginação e da linguagem verbal e escrita, pouco usuais em contextos de aulas de Química Quântica. Com relação aos textos, tanto aqueles transcritos das discussões e das falas dos estudantes quanto os que foram produzidos durante o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, por solicitação do professor... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research is the result of the development of a didactic sequence on the behavior of physical entities: particle, wave and wave-particle in the Double-Slit Experiment, in an adapted version from Feynman and assistants, which was developed with university students from the third grade of the Chemistry course, in the discipline of Quantum Chemistry, at a Brazilian public state university. The study aimed to discuss the fundaments and practices of thought experiments by using several didactic alternatives and its unfoldings to the teaching of scientific disciplines. The research, of qualitative basis, is anchored to the fundaments of thought experiments grounded on theories aiming to promote verbal and written communication of scientific knowledge. The research problem focuses on the difficulties that the students show in the classroom in order to explain and discuss their ideas when theses require that they master verbalization of scientific knowledge on the double-slit experiment in a meaningful, significant and dynamic manner. To the purpose of data interpretation and analysis, we used the interpretative perspective by means of the methodological and theoretical. Results revealed that the didactic procedures used are relevant since they allow problematization, discussion, the use of imagination and of verbal and written language, quite rare in classroom contexts of Quantum Chemistry. Regarding the texts, both the ones transcribed during the discussions and the students' speeches and those produced during the development of the research, required by the teacher, deserve attention. The text productions were found considerably reduced, fragmented, lacking progression and continuity of ideas, and also lacking the interconnected sequence of the parts that constitute an articulated whole. By means of discourse analysis, we detected loss of the line of unity that assures its interpretability... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Aguinaldo Robinson de Souza / Coorientador: Ourides Santin Filho / Banca: Luiz Carlos de Menezes / Banca: Luiz Henrique Ferreira / Banca: João José Caluzi / Banca: Eduardo Adolfo Terrazzan / Doutor

The interest in creating and detecting electromagnetic waves carryingangular momentum in such a way that they form helical wavefronts,so called "twisted light'', has increased in recent decades.One possible way of generating such waves at radio frequenciesis to use a circular phased antenna array, where a larger relativephasing of the antenna elements corresponds to more twist of thewavefront per wavelength.However, analytical computations of the radiated power, and in turn theamountof emitted angular momentum, displays a quite rapid decrease with increasedphasing. This decrease in intensity may cause problems when alarge range of twisting is desired; for instance, as a means to encodeand transmit information. We have found that the decrease in radiatedpower does not haveany explicit relation to the beam being endowed with angular momentum.Instead, the decrease in emitted power can be explained byelectromagnetic couplingof the antenna elements in the array and that energy conservationholds, because an equal decrease in power is seen at the input of the array.We also show that a similar discrepancy is seen between the incomingand the total diffracted power in Young's classic double slit experiment,which, having only two slits, cannot provide any twisted light.The source of that discrepancy should be of a different origin.Although an explanation in terms of surface plasmons was recently givenin the literature, that is only applicable to metal screens. A general explanation of the problem therefore remains to be found.

Submitted by DANILO CARDOSO FERREIRA null (danilofunesp@hotmail.com) on 2016-01-15T16:37:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DaniloCardosoFerreiraDissertação.pdf: 18302953 bytes, checksum: 3c2360f40af22ce571ff0f502e07fce0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-01-18T11:54:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_dc_me_prud_par.pdf: 828636 bytes, checksum: 12854c3c461e55dc7897bb0c5127d4a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-18T11:54:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_dc_me_prud_par.pdf: 828636 bytes, checksum: 12854c3c461e55dc7897bb0c5127d4a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A mecânica quântica é uma das áreas da Física que surgiu em meados de 1900 e permanece em desenvolvimento até os dias atuais. Diversos aparatos tecnológicos são consequência deste importante ramo da Física que também contribui com a Medicina, Matemática, Filosofia, Literatura e Biologia. Logo, é imprescindível que o contato com esta ciência ocorra no contexto do ensino médio. Para inserir o estudante no mundo da mecânica quântica, isto é, na física do infinitamente pequeno, o aluno deve abandonar o pensamento clássico e pensar em termos do comportamento quântico e do indeterminismo no processo de medida, isto é, desenvolver a capacidade de abstração. Sendo este, o objetivo deste trabalho. Para tanto, foi escolhido o experimento da dupla fenda que permite trabalhar com a dualidade onda-partícula do elétron e do fóton. Por meio deste experimento, o aluno pode ser inserido paulatinamente numa trajetória rumo a descrição quântica necessária para o exame dos fenômenos subatômicos. A análise experimental é cuidadosamente realizada com o auxílio de laboratórios virtuais, disponibilizados gratuitamente em sítios eletrônicos, os quais representam um recurso que permite realizar procedimentos experimentais que necessitariam de grande aparato laboratorial. O experimento da dupla fenda é analisado em três etapas, relatadas a seguir: (i) a dupla fenda com partículas clássicas; (ii) a dupla fenda com ondas clássicas e; (iii) a dupla fenda com objetos quânticos como elétrons e fótons. O objetivo é demonstrar o comportamento dual do elétron. Posteriormente, para concluir de forma precisa e justificar o comportamento quântico do elétron é apresentado o princípio da indeterminação de Heisenberg e suas implicações filosóficas. Sendo assim, o objetivo central desta pesquisa é buscar integrar o comportamento quântico, que acontece na escala atômica, principalmente no contexto do ensino médio. Algumas orientações sobre como aplicar este trabalho em outros níveis de ensino aparecem no decorrer do texto e nos apêndices. Apresentando o comportamento dual, onda–partícula, do elétron, a interpretação probabilística e o princípio de incerteza. Acreditamos que o aluno será capaz de compreender um grande número de fenômenos que acontece em escalas que não são do domínio da mecânica clássica quando, em contato com estes temas. Este tema faz parte do conteúdo de física moderna contemporânea que vem sendo abordado em livros textos e vestibulares. Além disso, algumas das novas tecnologias utilizam a física quântica, desde microscópios eletrônicos, nanotecnologia, computação quântica, semicondutores, diodos (incluindo o LED), transistores, computadores, tablets, GPS, satélites, radares, aviões, lasers, scanners de código de barras, sistemas militares de defesa, CD e Blu-Ray players, criptografia, células fotoelétricas, sensores diversos, basicamente, tudo que é eletrônico. Um dos objetivos do trabalho é verificar quais os conhecimentos prévios o corpo discente possui, antes do contato com o conteúdo de física quântica, ou seja, o que faz parte do senso comum sobre este tema. Além disso, pretendemos verificar se o aluno consegue: i) distinguir, no final da aplicação desta pesquisa, que as leis da física em escalas atômicas são diferentes das leis da física clássica, ii) a importância da mecânica quântica na tecnologia e na sociedade. / Quantum mechanics is one of the areas of physics that emerged in mid-1900 and remains in development to the current day. Several technological devices are a result of this important branch of physics that also helps to Medicine, Mathematics, Philosophy, Literature and Biology. Therefore, it is essential that contact with this science occurs at the high school level, what actually occurs in a limited way, when it happens. To place the student in the world of quantum mechanics, that is, the infinitely small of physics, the student must leave the classical thought and think in terms of the quantum behavior and indeterminacy in the measurement process, namely to develop the capacity for abstraction. This is accurately the aim of this work. Thus, the double-slit experiment that lets you work with the wave-particle duality of the electron and the photon was chosen. Through this experiment, students can be gradually inserted on a path toward quantum description necessary for the examination of subatomic phenomena. The experimental analysis is carefully performed with the aid of virtual laboratories, available for free in electronic sites, which represent a resource to perform experimental procedures that would require large laboratory apparatus. The double slit experiment is analyzed in the following three steps, reported: (i) the slit paired with classical particles; (ii) the double slit and with classical waves; (iii) the double slit with quantum objects such as electrons and photons. The goal is to demonstrate the electron dual behavior. Later to complete accurately and justify the electron quantum behavior shows the principle of indeterminacy of Heisenberg and its philosophical implications. Thus, the main objective of this research is to seek to integrate quantum behavior, which takes place at the atomic scale, especially in the high school level. Some guidance on how to apply this work in other levels of education appear throughout the text and in the appendices. Introducing the dual behavior wave-particle, the electron, the probabilistic interpretation and the uncertainty principle. We believe that students will be able to understand a number of phenomena that occurs on scales that are not the classical mechanics of the domain when in contact with these topics. This topic is part of the contemporary modern physics content that is being addressed in texts and entrance exam books. In addition, some of the new technologies using quantum physics, from electronic microscopes, nanotechnology, quantum computing, semiconductors, diodes (including LED), transistors, computers, tablets, GPS, satellites, radar, aircraft, lasers, code scanners bars, military defense systems, CD and Blu-Ray players, encryption, photoelectric cells, various sensors, basically, everything is electronic. One of the goals of the work is to check what prior knowledge the student body has, before contact with quantum physics content, so the part of common sense on this issue. In addition, we intend to verify that the student is able to: i) distinguish, at the end of the application of this research, that the laws of physics at atomic scales are different from the laws of classical physics, ii) the importance of quantum mechanics in technology and society.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:02:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kiouranis_nmm_dr_bauru.pdf: 28976036 bytes, checksum: 3a8492dd7821465a9e1d894cc6bdd088 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta pesquisa é fruto do desenvolvimento de uma sequência didática sobre o comportamento das entidades físicas: partícula, onde e partícula-onda no Experimento da Supla Fenda, numa versão adaptada de Feynman e colaboradores e foi desenvolvida com estudantes de terceira série do ensino superior do curso de Química, disciplina Química Quântica, de uma universidade pública estadual. O objetivo geral do estudo foi discutir os fundamentos e práticas de experimentos mentais, tendo como parâmetro a utilização de diversas alternativas didáticas e seus desdobramentos para o ensino nas disciplinas científicas. A pesquisa de cunho qualitativo ancora-se nos fundamentos dos experimentos mentais e tem por base as teorias que visam promover a comunicação verbal e escrita dos conhecimentos científicos. O problema de pesquisa originou-se das dificuldades que os estudantes demonstravam em sala de aula para explicar e debater suas idéias, de maneira significativa, inteligível e dinâmica, quando estas exigiam deles o domínio da verbalização de conhecimentos científicos sobre o experimento da dupla fenda. Para interpretação e análise dos dados, utilizou-se a vertente interpretativa por meio de instrumentos e técnicas que permitem, principalmente, a descrição e interpretação de fatos e fenômenos, a recuperação de sentidos, tendo como base a investigação interpretativa do conjunto de materiais empíricos que se transformaram em textos. Os resultados revelam que os procedimentos didáticos utilizados são relevantes por possibilitarem a problematização, a discussão, o uso da imaginação e da linguagem verbal e escrita, pouco usuais em contextos de aulas de Química Quântica. Com relação aos textos, tanto aqueles transcritos das discussões e das falas dos estudantes quanto os que foram produzidos durante o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, por solicitação do professor... / This research is the result of the development of a didactic sequence on the behavior of physical entities: particle, wave and wave-particle in the Double-Slit Experiment, in an adapted version from Feynman and assistants, which was developed with university students from the third grade of the Chemistry course, in the discipline of Quantum Chemistry, at a Brazilian public state university. The study aimed to discuss the fundaments and practices of thought experiments by using several didactic alternatives and its unfoldings to the teaching of scientific disciplines. The research, of qualitative basis, is anchored to the fundaments of thought experiments grounded on theories aiming to promote verbal and written communication of scientific knowledge. The research problem focuses on the difficulties that the students show in the classroom in order to explain and discuss their ideas when theses require that they master verbalization of scientific knowledge on the double-slit experiment in a meaningful, significant and dynamic manner. To the purpose of data interpretation and analysis, we used the interpretative perspective by means of the methodological and theoretical. Results revealed that the didactic procedures used are relevant since they allow problematization, discussion, the use of imagination and of verbal and written language, quite rare in classroom contexts of Quantum Chemistry. Regarding the texts, both the ones transcribed during the discussions and the students' speeches and those produced during the development of the research, required by the teacher, deserve attention. The text productions were found considerably reduced, fragmented, lacking progression and continuity of ideas, and also lacking the interconnected sequence of the parts that constitute an articulated whole. By means of discourse analysis, we detected loss of the line of unity that assures its interpretability... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Pour la première fois, en associant un microscope à effet tunnel (STM) et un microscope optique inversé,nous avons imagé les plasmons de surface excités électriquement sur un film d’or avec la pointe d’un STM.Par microscopie de fuite radiative, en observant l’image de l’interface air/or et celle du plan de Fourierassocié, nous avons distingué les plasmons propagatifs des plasmons localisés sous la pointe. Les plasmonspropagatifs sont caractérisés par une distance de propagation et une direction d’émission en accord aveccelles de plasmons propagatifs créés par excitation laser sur des films d’or de mêmes épaisseurs. Les fuitesradiatives des plasmons localisés s’étalent jusqu’à l’angle maximum d’observation. Plasmons propagatifs etlocalisés ont une large bande spectrale dans le visible. Si la pointe est plasmonique (en argent), lesplasmons localisés ont une composante supplémentaire due au couplage associé. Pour différents types depointe, nous avons déterminé les intensités relatives des plasmons localisés et propagatifs. Nous trouvonsque chaque mode plasmon (propagatif ou localisé) peut être préférentiellement sélectionné en modifiant lematériau de la pointe et sa forme. Une pointe en argent produit une intensité élevée de plasmons localisés,tandis qu’une pointe fine de tungstène (rayon de l’apex inférieur à 100 nm) produit essentiellement desplasmons propagatifs. Nous avons étudié la cohérence spatiale des plasmons propagatifs excités par la pointe du STM. Avec un film d’or opaque (épaisseur 200 nm) percé de paires de nanotrous nous avons réalisé une expérienceanalogue à celle des fentes d’Young. Des franges d’interférences sont observées. La mesure de leurvisibilité en fonction de la distance des nanotrous donne une longueur de cohérence des plasmons de 4.7±0.5 μm. Cette valeur, très proche de la valeur 3.7± 1.2 μm déduite de la largeur de la distribution spectraledes plasmons, indique que l’élargissement spectral des plasmons propagatifs est homogène.Nous avons aussi étudié la diffusion des plasmons propagatifs excités par la pointe du STM par desnanoparticules d’or déposées sur un film d’épaisseur 50 nm. Nous observons une diffusion élastique et unediffusion radiative. Des franges d’interférences sont observées dans la région d’émission lumineuseinterdite du plan de Fourier, dont la période est inversement proportionnelle à la distancepointe-nanoparticule d’or avec un facteur de proportionnalité égal à la longueur d’onde moyenne desplasmons. Il y a donc interférence entre la radiation des plasmons localisés et la radiation provenant de ladiffusion des plasmons propagatifs sur les nanoparticules d’or. Ceci indique que les plasmons localisés etpropagatifs excités électriquement par la pointe du STM sont différentes composantes du plasmon uniqueproduit par effet tunnel inélastique avec la pointe du STM. Ces résultats originaux sur les plasmons créés sur film d’or par un effet tunnel inélastique localisé à l’échelle atomique (i) élargissent la compréhension du processus et (ii) offrent des perspectives intéressantes pour une association de la nanoélectronique et de la nanophotonique. / For the first time, using a equipment combining a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and an invertedoptical microscope, we excite and directly image STM-excited broadband propagating surface plasmons ona thin gold film. The STM-excited propagating surface plasmons have been imaged both in real space andFourier space by leakage radiation microscopy. Broadband localized surface plasmons due to the tip-goldfilm coupled plasmon resonance have also been detected. Quantitatively, we compare the intensities ofSTM-excited propagating and localized surface plasmons obtained with different STM tips. We find that the intensity of each plasmon mode can be selectively varied by changing the STM tip shape or material composition. A silver tip produces a high intensity of localized surface plasmons whereas a sharp (radius < 100 nm) tungsten tip produces mainly propagating surface plasmons. We have investigated the coherence of STM-excited propagating surface plasmons by performingexperiments on a 200 nm thick (opaque) gold film punctured by pairs of nanoholes. This work is analogousto Young’s double-slit experiment, and shows that STM-excited propagating surface plasmons have acoherence length of 4.7±0.5 μm. This coherent length is very close to the value 3.7±1.2 μm expected fromthe spectrum, which indicates that the spectrum broadening of STM-excited surface plasmons ishomogeneous. We have also studied the in-plane and radiative scattering of STM-excited propagating surface plasmons bygold nanoparticles deposited on a 50 nm thick gold film. In the Fourier space images, interference fringesare observed in the forbidden light region. This interference occurs between STM-excited localized surfaceplasmons (radiating at large angles from the tip position) and the radiative scattering by the goldnanoparticle of STM-excited propagating surface plasmons. This indicates that STM-excited localized andpropagating surface plasmons are different components of the same single plasmon produced by inelasticelectron tunneling with the STM tip. These results not only broaden the understanding about the excitation process of STM excited surface plasmons but also offer interesting perspectives for the connection between nanoelectronics andnanophotonics.

Designing mechanical products in a competitive environment can present unique challenges, and designers constantly search for innovative ways to increase efficiency. One way to save space and reduce cost is to use ortho-planar compliant mechanisms which can be made from sheets of material, or lamina emergent mechanisms (LEMs). This thesis presents principles which can be used for designing LEMs. Pop-up paper mechanisms use topologies similar to LEMs, so it is advantageous to study their kinematics. This thesis outlines the use of planar and spherical kinematics to model commonly used pop-up paper mechanisms. A survey of common joint types is given, as well as an overview of common monolithic and layered mechanisms. In addition, it is shown that more complex mechanisms may be created by combining simple mechanisms in various ways. The principles presented are applied to the creation of new pop-up joints and mechanisms, which also may be used for lamina emergent mechanisms. Models of the paper mechanisms presented in Chapter 2 of the thesis are found in the appendix, and the reader is encouraged to print, cut out and assemble them. One challenge associated with spherical and spatial LEM design is creating joints with the desired motion characteristics, especially where complex spatial mechanism topologies are required. Hence, in addition to a study of paper mechanisms, some important considerations for designing joints for LEMs are presented. A technique commonly used in robotics, using serial chains of revolute and prismatic joints to approximate the motion of complex joints, is presented for use in LEMs. Important considerations such as linkage configuration and mechanism prototyping are also discussed. Another challenge in designing LEMs is creating multi-stable mechanisms with the ability to have coplanar links. A method is presented for offsetting the joint axes of a spatial compliant mechanism to introduce multi-stability. A new bistable spatial compliant linkage that uses that technique is introduced. In the interest of facilitating LEM design, the final chapter of this thesis presents a preliminary design method. While similar to traditional methods, this method includes considerations for translating the mechanism topology into a suitable configuration for use with planar layers of material.