This thesis comprises of a theoretical taxation background of German and Dutch holding companies with respect to the Czech Republic. It analyzes different incomes generated by the holding companies and focuses on comparison of possible tax scenarios. The scope of the work extends beyond mere description and analysis of relevant taxation - it attempts to add value by comparing advantages and disadvantages of the aforesaid countries for establishing a holding company. The work has always its firm foundations in the Czech legislation and continues to scrutinize a network of international double taxation treaties and a system of European directives. The core lies in analysis of different holding structures and in analysis of different income taxation, in particular income from dividends, capital gains, interests and royalties. Additionally, the thesis touches on issues related to permanent establishments, transparent entities and beneficial owners of the entire holdings. There are three real-based examples of individuals or entities which plan on establishing a holding company either in Germany or in the Netherlands and follows their decision making process. They are (i) US based software producer, (ii) individual investor in organic farming, and (iii) investment fund with minority shares in projects....

Submitted as Ph.D thesis. Bibliography: leaves 225-235.

The continued growth of world commerce has led to the advance of the permanent establishment principles. These principles are, however, constantly challenged by the developments of e-commerce. This thesis considers the taxing of a permanent establishment and the influence of e-commerce on the concept of a permanent establishment. In 2000, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) developed and introduced guidelines on how to deal with e-commerce in the context of a permanent establishment. Since the OECD guidelines on e-commerce were issued, the permanent establishment principles have come under further scrutiny. The latest development came about in 2013 with the release of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) Action Plan. This Action Plan addresses the intention of the OECD to deal with the taxing of the digital economy. With the development of e-commerce and the result of e-commerce creating intangible boundaries between countries, the concept of a virtual permanent establishment has emerged. This has resulted in the need to tax a presence of an enterprise in a jurisdiction where no actual physical connection can be established. Various authors have made suggestions on how to ensure that an economy in which business is being carried on is correctly compensated for in the form of taxes. The source of income is the driving force for the imposition of taxation today. The main goal of this thesis was to explore the alignment of the concepts of a permanent establishment and e-commerce in the digital economy. This study therefore examined the concepts of both permanent establishments and e-commerce, and explored authors’ views and suggestions on how to deal with the inter-related effects of these two concepts. The relevant Action Points in the OECD Action Plan were also considered. / Maiden name: Venter, Michelle

Trabajo de investigación que analiza el concepto de establecimiento permanente contenida en nuestra legislación y se irán identificando los problemas que surgen a la hora de aplicarlas; sumado a esto se analizaran los distintos convenios para evitar la doble tributación (CDI) suscritos por el Perú y por ultimo las iniciativas BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting), que son aplicables a los paises pertenecientes y adherentes de la OCDE. / Trabajo de investigación

published_or_final_version / Law / Master / Master of Laws

M.Com. (South African and International Taxation) / The term “beneficial ownership” was first included in Articles 10, 11 and 12 of the OECD’s Model Tax Convention in 1977 but it is not defined in the OECD’s Model Tax Convention and most countries do not have a definition in their domestic tax laws. There is a need for South African revenue authorities to consider how the concept of beneficial ownership will be applied in an international tax context especially with the introduction of withholding tax on dividends and the pending implementation of withholding tax on interest. A review and analysis of interpretation principles from the Vienna Convention, the OECD, selected countries and experts revealed that there are common interpretation principles which are being applied consistently when determining beneficial ownership for international tax purposes. When applied against relevant, recent international tax case law, it was interesting to note that these common interpretation principles did not consistently yield results which were in line with the courts’ judgements. The common interpretation principles represent attributes which can be used to determine beneficial ownership in international tax and could prove useful to South African revenue authorities in constructing a domestic definition for “beneficial ownership.”

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-14T11:45:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Larissa Pimentel de Lima.pdf: 1354555 bytes, checksum: a67dc7c22badee005ae08f53d681d012 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-14T11:45:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Larissa Pimentel de Lima.pdf: 1354555 bytes, checksum: a67dc7c22badee005ae08f53d681d012 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-27 / This paper’s purpose is to analyze the application of the legal regime for the taxation of profits obtained abroad in cases involving companies located in countries that have signed a Treaty to Avoid Double Taxation (DTTs). Current Brazilian legislation establishes the prevalence of international treaties and conventions over domestic legislation. The Brazilian Federal Revenue Service understands that there is a supposed compatibility between the section 74 of Provisory Measure No. 2158 (taxation of foreign profits) and DTTs, so that the taxation of these profits earned abroad is due by Brazilian companies. Moreover, despite change in the legislation with Law No. 12,973/2014, the discussions of the past remain equally applicable, since this issue was not addressed in the text of the new Law. . In the present work, we intend to analyze the possibility of taxation of the profits obtained by the subsidiaries located in countries that have DTTs with Brazil in light of the new legal regime introduced by Law 12,973/2014, in order to guarantee greater legal certainty for the taxpayers. Our conclusion is that the application of DTTs should be sustained and taxation provided in Law 12,973/2014 should not be applicable in this situation, but this lack of harmony generates insecurity for the taxpayer and complexity in the interpretation of the rules. Thus, there is high expectation that litigation in our administrative and judicial courts will continue on this issue / O presente trabalho tem por objeto a análise aplicação do regime jurídico da tributação dos lucros auferidos no exterior nos casos em que envolvem empresas localizadas em países que celebraram Tratado para Evitar a Dupla Tributação (“TDT”). A legislação brasileira vigente prevê a prevalência dos Tratados e Convenções internacionais sobre a legislação interna. A Receita Federal do Brasil entende que existe uma suposta compatibilidade entre o preceito do art. 74 da Medida Provisória nº 2158 (tributação de lucros no exterior) e os TDTs, de forma que a tributação desses lucros auferidos no exterior é devida pelas empresas brasileiras. E ainda, apesar da instituição da nova sistemática de tributação dos lucros no exterior da Lei nº 12.973/2014, as discussões do passado permanecem igualmente aplicáveis, visto que essa questão não foi tratada no texto da nova Lei. Nesse sentido, a escolha do tema em análise decorreu da necessidade de aprofundar o estudo acerca da possibilidade de tributação dos lucros auferidos pelas controladas localizadas em países que possuem TDTs com o Brasil à luz do novo regime jurídico introduzido pela Lei nº 12.973/2014, a fim de garantir uma maior segurança jurídica aos contribuintes. Nossa conclusão é que deve ser sustentada a aplicação dos TDTs e afastada a tributação nos termos da Lei 12.973/2014, porém essa falta de harmonia gera insegurança para o contribuinte e complexidade na interpretação das normas. Desta forma, há grande expectativa de que os litígios em nossos tribunais administrativos e judiciais continuem sobre esse tema

This thesis deals with international taxation, which is becoming an increasingly important issue due to the globalization of world economy in recent decades. International taxation is a broad topic including a variety of problems concerning it. Among the most important recognized phenomena are International double taxation and tax evasion. The conclusion of bilateral tax treaties seems to be the most efficient instrument for their solutions so far. Model Tax Conventions have been prepared by international organizations for the purposes of coordination of structure, wording and interpretation of numerous bilateral agreements. The OECD Model Treaty and the UN Model Treaty are widespread worldwide, being legally non- binding models for negotiations of bilateral agreements. In addition to those, the proposal of a new multilateral European Union Treaty has appeared. It should be signed by all members of the European Union, and it would replace all bilateral agreements concluded between the EU member states. Within the global community of other states and nations, the Czech Republic has an open and liberal economy. Therefore, it is necessary for the Czech Republic to have all international tax issues ensured with each economic partner. Over the past twenty years, the Czech Republic has concluded 67 out...

Diploma thesis "Tax Havens in Europe- Case Study" analyses offshore business in Europe at the turn of years 2017 and 2018 from legal and economic perspective. The first chapter is an introduction to tax havens. The second chapter clarifies legal regulations of offshore business in Europe. The third chapter applies theoretical knowledge from previous chapters in a case study.

Submitted by Dalton Yoshio Hirata (dyhirata@msn.com) on 2012-11-29T01:33:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 daltonhirata.dissertacao - v.final.pdf: 810658 bytes, checksum: 805785e4ab36ac0256b27b4682527771 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-11-29T12:36:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 daltonhirata.dissertacao - v.final.pdf: 810658 bytes, checksum: 805785e4ab36ac0256b27b4682527771 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-29T12:41:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 daltonhirata.dissertacao - v.final.pdf: 810658 bytes, checksum: 805785e4ab36ac0256b27b4682527771 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-31 / This work intends to analyze, from the perspective of the 'rent seeking' theory, the historical evolution of the legislation and case law about the tax on profits, capital gains and income earned by corporations established abroad. The hypothesis is that this legislation and its many interpretations reflect rent seeking interests by both some government sectors as well as the private sector. Accordingly, the theory of rent seeking is analyzed and its relation to the theory of 'patrimonialismo' in Brazil is demonstrated. Afterwards, the theory is applied to the proposed tax theme. To reach this objective, this work analyzes the evolution of the legislation until the last relevant law: Provisional Measure No. 2158-35 / 01. The main controversies will be identified as well as possible economic (rent seeking) interests in the various interpretations of the rules in question. Afterwards, this works verifies in the decisions of the Superior Court of Justice (STJ), the Supreme Federal Court (STF) and the Administrative Tax Court (CARF) the evolution of courts’ understanding about the various interpretations. It will be analyzed if any consensus could be obtained and which economic interests would be affected by the course taken by the case law on the theme. In this context, the analysis of legislative and jurisprudential evolution will address the following controversial issues: (1) characterization of the Brazilian rules as CFC rules (antiavoidance feature), (2) taxation of a deemed profit distribution or of the own Brazilian company profits; (3) the constitutionality of Article 43, paragraph 2, of the National Tax Code, and Article 74 of the Provisional Measure No. 2158-35/01; and (4) the compatibility of this regime with the Treaties on Double Taxation. Finally, a conclusion will be made from the findings, regarding how the changing tax rules in question may represent a rent seeking situation without public benefits that may unduly benefit both the public and the private sectors. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar, pela ótica da teoria do rent seeking, a evolução da legislação e da jurisprudência administrativa e judicial acerca do regime da tributação dos lucros, ganhos de capital e rendimentos auferidos por sociedades controladas e coligadas no exterior. Observar-se-á a hipótese da legislação e das suas diversas interpretações refletirem interesses predominantemente de apropriação de renda, tanto por parte da Administração Pública quanto dos agentes privados. Nesse sentido, após uma exposição da teoria do rent seeking e da sua relação com a teoria do patrimonialismo no Brasil, ela será aplicada no tema tributário proposto. Para tanto, verificar-se-á a evolução da legislação até o último diploma normativo relevante sobre o tema: a Medida Provisória nº 2.158-35/01. Neste momento, serão identificadas as principais controvérsias e os possíveis interesses nas diversas interpretações dadas às regras em questão, associando-os com os diversos problemas de rent seeking observáveis. A seguir, verificar-se-á, nas decisões do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ), do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), e do Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais (CARF) qual a evolução do entendimento dos tribunais a respeito das referidas interpretações, verificando se algum consenso foi atingido e quais interesses estariam atingidos pelo rumo tomado pela jurisprudência sobre o tema. Neste contexto, a análise da evolução legislativa e jurisprudencial abordará os seguintes pontos controversos: (1) caracterização das regras brasileiras como CFC rules (característica antielisiva); (2) tributação de distribuição ficta ou de lucro da própria controladora ou coligada no Brasil; (3) constitucionalidade do artigo 43, parágrafo 2º, do Código Tributário Nacional, bem como do artigo 74 da Medida Provisória nº 2.158-35/01; e (4) a compatibilização com os Tratados contra a Dupla Tributação. Por fim, far-se-á uma conclusão, a partir dos resultados verificados, a respeito de como a evolução das regras tributárias em questão pode representar uma apropriação de renda sem benefícios públicos que pode favorecer indevidamente tanto o setor público como o privado.