This is a study of government and governance in the Audiencia of Santa Fe during the last two decades of Habsburg rule and the first two decades of Bourbon rule, a period largely neglected by historians of New Granada and of Spanish America in general. However, it is not simply an administrative history. Rather than focus primarily on the structure of government and formal mechanisms of power and authority, this study aims, as the title indicates, to examine the political activity contained within the formal structure of institutions and laws. It looks at the ways in which institutions of government actually functioned within the society they were designed to govern and control, in other words the workings of government. These are themes which have been little studied by historians of the region, despite the importance which has been attached to the colonial state as a force which played a primary role in shaping New Granada's history. Studies of the colonial state have tended to portray it as a hierarchy of institutions, closely controlled from the centre, which developed as Spain's monarchs sought to legitimise their dominion and impose their control over the vast territories of the Americas. They have presented royal institutions of government in the Indies, the audiencia and provincial governors in the case of New Granada as the tools of an absolutist monarchy, employed by the Spanish crown to expand royal power over Spanish American subjects. The present study thus aims to challenge this picture by making detailed reference to contemporary documentation and taking into account recent research on early modern government and governance in areas outside New Granada. We will attempt to show that government in the Audiencia of Santa Fe was not a rigid structure but very political in nature.

Zugl.: München, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2007

A marriage between the English Prince and the Spanish Infanta was deemed desirable following the signing of the Anglo-Spanish peace treaty in London in 1604. After several years of tortuous negotiations, the match failed in 1624 and England declared war on Spain the following year. This thesis addresses the end of the Anglo-Spanish Match negotiations in the period 1617-1624 by placing reasons for its failure in the global context of European diplomacy and dynastic politics in the early seventeenth century. Traditional historiography has considered the failure of the marriage diplomacy as the inevitable consequence of religious differences and cultural misunderstandings between England and Spain. Consequently, scholars have only looked within Europe when investigating the end of the union. My research, however, depicts a more composite picture not only by expanding the geographical boundaries of the investigation but also by demonstrating the extent to which new imperial rivalries played a much greater role in the marriage diplomacy than has previously been recognised. In the first chapter, I discuss the notion of reason of state in the relationship between England and Spain at the beginning of the seventeenth century and I investigate the way in which the choice politically and/or economically most favourable was often taken regardless of religious considerations and increasingly in response to extra-European concerns. The body of the thesis is then dedicated to a few episodes when the imperial rivalry between England and the Iberian Peninsula influenced the end of the negotiations. In the second chapter, I look at Walter Raleigh’s second expedition to Guyana and the actions of the Spanish ambassador in London, Count of Gondomar, who asked that Raleigh should receive an exemplary punishment in order to maintain the marriage agreement after the English explorer had attacked Spanish settlements. In the following chapter, I move towards the East and analyse the taking of the Portuguese port of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf by the English East India Company in 1622. In doing so, I outline the complex dynamics underlying the union of the Iberian crowns (1580-1640) as well as the specific repercussions of this episode on the Infanta’s dowry to be given by Spain to England. The fourth chapter introduces a further key player in both European diplomacy and the imperial rivalry between Spain and England, which is to say the Dutch. By looking at the ‘massacre’ at Amboyna in 1623, I prove that the rivalry with the Dutch in the Spice Islands, and especially the executions at Amboyna, initially pushed King James to pursue the marriage alliance with the Spanish Habsburgs with even greater commitment. In the last chapter, I look back at Europe to discuss how the two composite monarchies reacted to the arrival at their respective courts of the news of recent episodes of conflict in the West and East Indies. This concluding chapter argues that the awareness in Madrid and London of what had happened in the Indies put additional burdens onto the already deteriorating marriage negotiations and fundamentally contributed to their failure. Thus, the thesis sheds light on a well-known episode of Anglo-Spanish relations by observing it through a new lens. As a result, I improve our traditional understanding of the end of Anglo-Spanish Match as well as of global connectedness in the early seventeenth century.

This work is a study of the Catalan nationalist experience under the Franco regime, (1939-1975). Its aim is to account for the transformed status of Catalan nationalism at the dictatorship's end and explain the emergence of Convergencia i Unio (Convergence and Union), which since 1980 has become the political embodiment of Catalanism. Prior to 1939, with the achievement of the Catalan autonomy statute, Catalan nationalism had seemed to be embarked on a programme of the Catalanisation of society. In 1939, with Francoist victory in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), it appeared certain that the Catalan nationalist movement would be crushed. Yet, this did not happen and it emerged in 1975 with more widespread social acceptance than ever before. This study is principally concerned with the relations between Catholicism and Catalanism. The Catalan Church had been involved in the Catalanist movement in the late nineteenth century but it became marginalised by the time of the Second Spanish Republic (1931-39). In 1936 the Catalan Church underwent a ferocious assault that included the execution of over 2,000 priests and members of religious orders. The victory of Spanish Nationalism in 1939 not only restored the Church, but gave it unprecedented power and influence over Catalan society. This new position in Catalan society gave the Church an opportunity to re-create Catalanism. This study argues that, for most of the Franco regime, Catalanism underwent a Catholicisation. Until the mid-1960s the only legally permitted Catalan-language publications were religious. Furthermore, Catholicism was greatly influential in civil society and in the re-formulation of Catalan culture. The origins of Convergencia i Unio are also to be found in the activities of the Catalan-nationalist business class. As will be seen, this sector was also transformed by the Franco dictatorship. No study in English or Catalan has examined Catalonia 1939-75 that has explained the emergence of the Catholic-influenced Convergencia i Unio or the changes that have taken place in Catalan culture and Catalanist ideology during this period.

Between 1810 and 1826 Spain lost most of her possessions in the Americas, and the inhabitants of Spanish America ceased to be subjects of the king, and became citizens of a series of new republics such as Mexico, Peru, Chile and Colombia. This thesis explores how the transition from colonial to republican rule was experienced by the inhabitants of the provinces of Santa Marta and Riohacha (Colombia), and the extent to which the transition implied a radical break with the colonial past. Santa Marta was among the most important royalist strongholds in the northern part of Spanish South America, and the thesis offers an interpretation of the much-neglected theme of Spanish American royalism during the independence period. It focuses on the social and 'ethnic' configuration of the provinces, and it discusses how different social/ 'ethnic' groups were constructed in the colonial period, how they responded and acted during the wars of independence and what the transition to republican rule implied for the make-up of nineteenth-century society. The analyses of late colonial and early republican society are done principally (but not exclusively) through a detailed discussion of marriage practices and patterns. The study is based primarily on archival sources from Spanish and Colombian depositories.

The full text of this thesis/dissertation is not available online. Pending permission from the author/supervisor access may be provided on <a href="mailto:upetd@up.ac.za">request.</a> Read the abstract in the section 00front of this document. / Dissertation (MA (Setswana))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / African Languages / unrestricted

A hypothetical journey from the moment a soldier was wounded to his discharge from the field hospital was detailed in order to provide an idea of the organisation of military health services, evacuation strategy and roles of health care personnel during the Spanish Civil War. It was observed that despite both Nationalists and Republicans formally banning female nurses as part of the military units stationed on the front lines, nurses working at the auto-chirs, advanced surgical units and some field hospitals often found themselves only metres from the firing lines. Both men and women volunteered to nurse the war casualties from the start. It was soon observed, however, that untrained nursing staff could often cause more harm than benefit to patients, hence training courses for both nurses and orderlies were organised by a variety of organisations and political groups all over Spain. Due to the circumstances of war, nursing experienced a clear practical development expanding its professional boundaries from core to complex procedures which, until the outbreak of war, had been the sole responsibility of another professional group known as practicante. Nursing's unchallenged evolutionary process during the Spanish Civil War was explained by a number of factors including not only the war situation itself but the large number of nurses available, their determination, adaptability and capacity to evolve in order to meet the new health care needs of the population. The impact of key individuals such as Mercedes Mil, Inspector General of all Female Hospital Personnel, in the Nationalist side, and the nurses of the International Brigades, in the Republican side, on Spanish nursing was also significant. The evidence confirmed the hypothesis that the Civil War exerted a positive impact on Spanish nursing.

In this diploma thesis the differences between single pulse and double pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) methods are discussed. The time evolution of laser induced plasma (LIP) parameters, such electron density, plasma temperature, density of ions and atoms is shown. Selected methods for evaluation of plasma parameters (Boltzmann equation, Saha-Boltzmann equation etc.) are also stated. The theoretical bases of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), which is necessary condition for using of previously stated methods for computation of plasma parameters, are discussed. Diploma thesis also contains the description of each component of our LIBS experimental set up and the way of their optimization. Presented theoretical advantages of DP LIBS method are demonstrated on results of experimental measurements of steel standards.

The objective of this study was to compare the microstructural response of various DP 600 products subjected to low velocity, dynamic impact tests, typically encountered in a car crash. Since the response of steel is sensitive to its microstructure as controlled by the alloying elements, phase content, and processing; various DP 600 products may respond differently to crashes. The microstructure before and after dynamic impact deformation at 5 and 10 mph was characterized with regards to grain size, morphology, and phase content among vendors A, B, and C to evaluate efficiency in absorbing energy mechanisms during a crash simulated by dynamic impact testing in a drop tower.

El interés industrial por la formabilidad de chapas de aceros de doble fase (DP) se ha incrementado en las últimas décadas, impulsado principalmente por la reciente popularidad de los aceros avanzados de alta resistencia (AHSS) para reducir el peso de partes automotrices. Esto resulta en una fuerte necesidad de determinar la respuesta límite del material frente a solicitaciones típicas de operaciones de conformado y el estudio de los factores que la influencian. La presente Tesis Doctoral aborda el estudio numérico de los factores microestructurales que influyen en el diagrama límite de conformado (FLD) de chapas de acero DP-780. El comportamiento límite del material se modela mediante la técnica de Marciniak-Kuczynski (MK), la cual asume la presencia de una imperfección inicial precursora del proceso de localización; mientras que la descripción constitutiva del material se realiza en el marco de la plasticidad cristalina. El comportamiento anisótropo, la presencia de una distribución preferencial de orientaciones y el efecto de las fases constituyentes – ferrita/martensita – se obtiene mediante una homogeneización autoconsistente de la respuesta viscoplástica a nivel del cristal simple (VPSC). El acople de ambas técnicas (MK-VPSC) permite modelar exitosamente la respuesta límite de las chapas de acero DP-780. Se investiga numéricamente el efecto de parámetros microestructurales típicos de aceros DP, la influencia de la anisotropía y su evolución, así como el efecto del comportamiento del endurecimiento post-estricción en las deformaciones límite. Tanto la fracción en volumen como la plasticidad de la martensita presentan una influencia significativa en la predicción del diagrama FLD, mientras que la evolución de la textura cristalográfica sólo afecta las deformaciones límite bajo solicitaciones biaxiales. El mejor acuerdo con los datos experimentales se encuentra cuando se utiliza una ley de endurecimiento de saturación y cuando la deformación de la martensita es impedida o es retardada hasta el punto de estricción. Un análisis de la actividad de los sistemas de deslizamiento sugiere que, dentro del marco de trabajo del modelo MK-VPSC, la localización ocurre mucho más rápido en la ferrita que en la martensita. Se presenta una extensión del modelo MK-VPSC que permite evitar problemas de convergencia y reducir el costo computacional. Esto se alcanza aplicando directamente las condiciones en velocidad de deformación y tensión, resultantes de las restricciones de equilibrio y compatibilidad, en la banda de inestabilidad del modelo MK. Además, los estados mecánicos dentro y fuera de ésta se resuelven en el marco de referencia de la muestra, evitando rotar las orientaciones cristalográficas y las variables internas a la orientación de la banda para cada incremento, mejorando la eficiencia computacional. Las condiciones de borde generalizadas incorporadas al modelo permiten calcular diagramas FLD basados en trayectorias de carga en deformación (FLDρ) como en tensión (FLDα). / Triggered by the recent popularity of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) for weight-reduction in automotive components, industrial interest in the formability of dual-phase (DP) steel sheets has increased in the last decades. Thus, there is a strong need in the determination of the material’s limit behavior for typical loading conditions in sheet forming operations, as well as the analysis of the influencing factors. This thesis addresses the numerical study of microstructural factors influencing the forming limit diagram (FLD) of DP-780 steel sheets. The material’s limit behavior is modeled by the Marciniak-Kuczynski (MK) model, which assumes an initial imperfection, precursor of the localization process; whereas the material’s constitutive description is performed within the crystal plasticity framework. The anisotropic behavior, the presence of preferred orientation distributions and the effect of the constituent phases – ferrite/martensite – is obtained by a self-consistent homogenization of the single crystal viscoplastic response (VPSC). The coupled techniques (MK-VPSC) can successfully model the limit response of the DP-780 steel sheet. The effect of typical microstructural parameters of DP steels, the influence of anisotropy and its evolution with deformation, as well as the extrapolated post-necking hardening behavior, on the forming limits is numerically investigated. Both the martensitic volume fraction and plasticity have a significant influence on the FLD prediction, while the evolution of crystallographic texture only affects the limit strains under biaxial deformation. The best agreement with experimentation is found when using the saturation hardening law and when the martensite deformation is either not allowed or retarded to occur after the point of necking. An analysis of the slip systems activity suggests that, within the MK-VPSC framework, localization occurs much faster in the ferritic than in the martensitic phase. An extension to the MK-VPSC model is presented in this thesis in order to avoid convergence problems and reduce the computational cost. This is achieved by directly applying the stress and strain-rate boundary conditions, resulting from the equilibrium and compatibility restrictions, at the MK instability band. Moreover, the mechanical states outside and inside the groove are solved in the sample reference frame. This avoids rotating the crystallographic orientations and the internal variables to the current groove orientation for each increment, improving the computational performance. The generalized boundary conditions in the polycrystal model allow calculating either strain ratio (FLDρ) or stress ratio (FLDα) based FLDs.