Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Florestais, 2016. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-04-11T20:15:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_RobertRossiSilvadeMesquita.pdf: 2849670 bytes, checksum: 024ae361c80eb32ea3ec6c6f4176e8ac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-04-20T11:55:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_RobertRossiSilvadeMesquita.pdf: 2849670 bytes, checksum: 024ae361c80eb32ea3ec6c6f4176e8ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-20T11:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_RobertRossiSilvadeMesquita.pdf: 2849670 bytes, checksum: 024ae361c80eb32ea3ec6c6f4176e8ac (MD5) / O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento de madeiras das espécies Micropholis sp. (curupixá) e Couratari sp. (tauari), sem produtos de acabamento e tratadas com verniz e polisten, submetidas ao intemperismo artificial. Para a execução do experimento foi utilizada câmara de envelhecimento artificial seguindo a norma ASTM G154 (2006). As amostras foram submetidas a 7 períodos de intemperismo totalizando 700 horas de exposição. Entre cada período foram analisados os parâmetros de cor, rugosidade e as modificações químicas presentes na superfície das madeiras. Para a obtenção dos parâmetros colorimétricos foi utilizado aparelho de espectrocolorimetria. Os dados de rugosidade foram obtidos com rugosímetro de arraste e analisados de acordo com a norma JIS 0601 (2001). As modificações químicas estruturais das superfícies das madeiras foram detectadas por espectrometria de reflectância difusa no infravermelho médio (DRIFT). Após o processo de intemperismo, as madeiras de curupixá e tauari sofreram variação da cor em todos os tratamentos, variando de apreciável a muito apreciável, indicando um processo de fotodegradação. O processo de intemperismo acarretou em aumento da rugosidade da superfície das espécies em todos os tratamentos, sendo maior o aumento em amostras das madeiras que não possuíam produtos de acabamentos. Menores variações de rugosidade superficial foram encontradas em amostras tratadas com verniz, mostrando que, este produto é mais indicado para aplacar alterações na textura superficial da madeira frente ao intemperismo. As análises utilizando espectroscopia no infravermelho médio se mostraram promissoras para estudos sobre degradação superficial da madeira. Para as duas espécies foi observado durante os tratamentos um aumento de concentração nos compostos carbonílicos resultantes da degradação da lignina pelo intemperismo artificial que após sua total eliminação, em conjunto com a ação de lixiviação na madeira, causaram redução nas concentrações carbonílicas. Os produtos de acabamentos mantiveram as concentrações de ligninas por mais tempo, garantindo maior proteção à madeira frente ao intemperismo. A única espécie de madeira que manteve algum nível de concentração de lignina ao final do tratamento foi o tauari tratado com polisten, indicando ser a mais resistente ao intemperismo. As técnicas utilizadas neste estudo (colorimetria, rugosidade e infravermelho médio) se mostraram eficientes para acompanhar o processo de intemperismo na madeira, sendo boas ferramentas no auxílio à compreensão deste processo. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / This research aimed to evaluate how woods from the Micropholis sp. (curupixá) and Couratari sp. species without finishing products, and treated with Varnish and Polisten, behave when submitted to artificial weathering. In order to execute the experiment, a chamber of artificial aging was used, as stated by the ASTM G154 standard (2006). The samples were submitted to seven weathering periods, summing 700 hours. Between every period, the following parameters where analyzed: color, roughness and chemical changes on the surface of the woods. To obtain the colorimetric parameters was used the spectrum-colorimetry tool. Data of roughness was obtained using the rugosimeter and analyzed in accordance to the JIS 0601 standard (2001). A spectrometer was used to obtain the chemical modifications of wood surfaces, detected by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the mid-infrared (DRIFT). After the weathering process, the curupixá and tauari woods varied in color during all treatments, from appreciable to very appreciable, indicating a photo-degradation process. The weathering process increased the roughness on the surface of the species on all treatments, highlighting the increasing in woods that did not have finishing products. Lower variations regarding surface roughness were found on woods with varnish treatment; therefore, this product is indicated to modify the surface texture on wood against the weathering. The analysis using mid-infrared spectroscopy seemed promising for studies regarding surface damage on the wood. For both species, was observed that during the treatments the increasing of carbonyl compounds, resulted on the lignin damage caused by the artificial weathering, which after their elimination, along the leaching action on wood reduced the carbonyl compounds. The finishing products kept the lignin compounds for a little longer, assuring more protection against the weathering. The only wood that kept some level of lignin compounds by the end of the treatment was the tauari treated with polisten, being more resistant to the weathering. The techniques applied in this study (colorimetry, roughness and mid-infrared) were efficient to follow the weathering process on the wood, being good tools to help understanding the process.

Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering / Kimberly Waggle Kramer / The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) has developed standards for the design of snow loads that occur on buildings and structures. These standards are published in the Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, or ASCE 7, and are based on the findings of case studies and other scientific tests. However, design guidance on the possible reduction of leeward snow drifts at the junction of a roof parapet and a moderately sized roof step is limited and not specifically addressed in the ASCE 7. Therefore, a literature review and parametric study were performed to evaluate possible leeward snow drift reduction that could occur at the junction of parapets and roof steps. Leeward drift reduction was estimated using the Fetch Modification Method, the Direct Reduction Method, and the Simplistic Reduction Method for parapets with heights of 30 in. and 48 in. with upwind snow fetch distances from 100 to 300 ft and ground snow loads from 20 to 50 psf. More drift reduction was seen with the 48 in. parapets than with the 30 in. parapets. The Fetch Modification Method and the Direct Reduction Method gave relatively similar reductions across the range of upwind fetch distances, while the Simplistic Reduction Method gave larger reductions overall. Reductions in height for the Fetch Modification Method were between 0.25 ft and 0.42 ft, while the Direction Reduction Method returned 0.08 to 0.63 ft and the Simplistic Reduction Method returned 1.61 to 3.09 ft. Due to the large magnitude of reduction estimated by the Simplistic Reduction Method, the method was considered unconservative. From the results of the Fetch Modification Method and Direct Reduction Method, it could be suggested that parapets 30 in. or 48 in. tall could only provide a small amount of leeward drift reduction, roughly 7% to 8% of the original leeward drift height. Further research should be done to expand the heights of parapets examined and to incorporate testing and full scale observations to verify the reduction of the leeward drift.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:18:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 takahashi_en_me_jabo.pdf: 374500 bytes, checksum: 91c4b9c66141fafc6fde0277d2b00c0b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Votorantim de Celulose e Papel Vcp / Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos de deriva dos herbicidas clomazone e sulfentrazone em dois clones comerciais de E. grandis x E. urophylla da Votorantim Celulose e Papel, Unidade Florestal. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas. O Ensaio 1 foi o exploratório, para determinação da dose crítica dos herbicidas clomazone e sulfentrazone e, o Ensaio 2, o efeito das aplicações de subdoses destes herbicidas em plantas de eucalipto, determinadas previamente no Ensaio 1. A metodologia de plantio e condução do experimento foram semelhantes para os dois ensaios, sendo as mudas previamente selecionadas de dois clones (VCP1 e VCP2) e plantadas em vasos com capacidade para 5,0 L, preenchidos com Neossolo Quartzarênico. Ao redor de 80 dias após o plantio foi realizada a aplicação dos herbicidas. O delineamento experimental do Ensaio 1 utilizado para cada herbicida foi o de blocos casualizados com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 2x9, com três repetições, onde constituíram como fatores principais dois clones de eucalipto expostos a oito doses do herbicida para o Ensaio 1. No caso do Ensaio 2 o delineamento experimental foi o mesmo, no entanto, no esquema fatorial de 2x8. A avaliação de ambos ensaios foram realizados 30 dias após a aplicação, e no caso do Ensaio 2 fez uma avaliação dos sintomas da aplicação dos herbicidas ao longo do experimento. O Ensaio 1 indicou como sendo as doses críticas entre 18 a 180 mL ha-1 e 22 a 220 mLha-1, para clomazone e sulfentrazone, respectivamente. Em função disso foi estabelecido as doses para o Ensaio 2, sendo para o herbicida clomazone de 0 a 2000 mL ha-1 e para o sulfentrazone de 0 a 1500 mL ha-1. No Ensaio 2 observou-se que a aplicação do clomazone resultou em folhas novas rosadas, amareladas e em alguns casos esbranquiçadas como um todo ou parte dela, e as nervuras mantiveram-se verdes... / This research aimed to develop accurate information about effects of unintentional drift of two herbicides drift (clomazone and sulfentrazone) on growth of two Votorantim Celulose e Papel Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla commercial clones. The first step of the project this research were carried out on two steps, being first the exploitore trial (Trial 1) reaching determined the critical doses of clomazone e sulfentrazone application under Eucalyptus. The second step (Trial 2) as being trial to evaluated the herbicides’ subdoses effects on Eucalyptus plants. Application rates of Trial 1 indicated doses ranging between 18 and 180 mL ha-1 to clomazone and 22 and 220 mL ha-1 to sulfentrazone, so we tested the sensitivity of Eucalyputs clonelets to critical, as being the critica. Through these results second research imposed to doses to clomazone ranging between 0 and 2000 mL ha-1 for clomazone, and 0 and 1500 mL ha-1 for sulfentrazone. One cutting of each clone were planted in 5.0 liter plastic pots filled with sandy soil. 80 days after planting the herbicides application were carried out. The treatments were applied to plots with a completely randomized blocks with 2x8 factorial design, replicated three times, using two hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clones and eight herbicides doses. xi Visual herbicide injury evaluation and growth measurements were made 30 days after application. Clomazone drift application led to changes in Eucalyptus leaf color, typically exhibit in younger leaves yellowing, pinking and some cases whitening between leaves veins and older leaves turned strongly green and thicker. Growth parameters reduced between 13 and 57% when clomazone were applied. Critical doses to clomazone were 800 to 1200 mL ha-1, to clone VCP1 e VCP2, respectively. The symptoms of sulfentrazone treatment included speckling and spotting to younger and older leaves, usually there with were...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos de deriva dos herbicidas clomazone e sulfentrazone em dois clones comerciais de E. grandis x E. urophylla da Votorantim Celulose e Papel, Unidade Florestal. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas. O Ensaio 1 foi o exploratório, para determinação da dose crítica dos herbicidas clomazone e sulfentrazone e, o Ensaio 2, o efeito das aplicações de subdoses destes herbicidas em plantas de eucalipto, determinadas previamente no Ensaio 1. A metodologia de plantio e condução do experimento foram semelhantes para os dois ensaios, sendo as mudas previamente selecionadas de dois clones (VCP1 e VCP2) e plantadas em vasos com capacidade para 5,0 L, preenchidos com Neossolo Quartzarênico. Ao redor de 80 dias após o plantio foi realizada a aplicação dos herbicidas. O delineamento experimental do Ensaio 1 utilizado para cada herbicida foi o de blocos casualizados com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 2x9, com três repetições, onde constituíram como fatores principais dois clones de eucalipto expostos a oito doses do herbicida para o Ensaio 1. No caso do Ensaio 2 o delineamento experimental foi o mesmo, no entanto, no esquema fatorial de 2x8. A avaliação de ambos ensaios foram realizados 30 dias após a aplicação, e no caso do Ensaio 2 fez uma avaliação dos sintomas da aplicação dos herbicidas ao longo do experimento. O Ensaio 1 indicou como sendo as doses críticas entre 18 a 180 mL ha-1 e 22 a 220 mLha-1, para clomazone e sulfentrazone, respectivamente. Em função disso foi estabelecido as doses para o Ensaio 2, sendo para o herbicida clomazone de 0 a 2000 mL ha-1 e para o sulfentrazone de 0 a 1500 mL ha-1. No Ensaio 2 observou-se que a aplicação do clomazone resultou em folhas novas rosadas, amareladas e em alguns casos esbranquiçadas como um todo ou parte dela, e as nervuras mantiveram-se verdes...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research aimed to develop accurate information about effects of unintentional drift of two herbicides drift (clomazone and sulfentrazone) on growth of two Votorantim Celulose e Papel Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla commercial clones. The first step of the project this research were carried out on two steps, being first the exploitore trial (Trial 1) reaching determined the critical doses of clomazone e sulfentrazone application under Eucalyptus. The second step (Trial 2) as being trial to evaluated the herbicides' subdoses effects on Eucalyptus plants. Application rates of Trial 1 indicated doses ranging between 18 and 180 mL ha-1 to clomazone and 22 and 220 mL ha-1 to sulfentrazone, so we tested the sensitivity of Eucalyputs clonelets to critical, as being the critica. Through these results second research imposed to doses to clomazone ranging between 0 and 2000 mL ha-1 for clomazone, and 0 and 1500 mL ha-1 for sulfentrazone. One cutting of each clone were planted in 5.0 liter plastic pots filled with sandy soil. 80 days after planting the herbicides application were carried out. The treatments were applied to plots with a completely randomized blocks with 2x8 factorial design, replicated three times, using two hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clones and eight herbicides doses. xi Visual herbicide injury evaluation and growth measurements were made 30 days after application. Clomazone drift application led to changes in Eucalyptus leaf color, typically exhibit in younger leaves yellowing, pinking and some cases whitening between leaves veins and older leaves turned strongly green and thicker. Growth parameters reduced between 13 and 57% when clomazone were applied. Critical doses to clomazone were 800 to 1200 mL ha-1, to clone VCP1 e VCP2, respectively. The symptoms of sulfentrazone treatment included speckling and spotting to younger and older leaves, usually there with were...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Orientador: Pedro Luís da Costa Aguiar Alves / Coorientador: Ken McNabb / Banca: Rinaldo Cesar de Paula / Banca: Edivaldo Domingues Velini / Mestre

This dissertation documents a study of the performance characteristics of algorithms designed to mitigate the effects of concept drift on online machine learning. Several supervised binary classifiers were evaluated on their performance when applied to an input data stream with a non-stationary class distribution. The selected classifiers included ensembles that combine the contributions of their member algorithms to improve overall performance. These ensembles adapt to changing class definitions, known as “concept drift,” often present in real-world situations, by adjusting the relative contributions of their members. Three stream classification algorithms and three adaptive ensemble algorithms were compared to determine the capabilities of each in terms of accuracy and throughput. For each< run of the experiment, the percentage of correct classifications was measured using prequential analysis, a well-established methodology in the evaluation of streaming classifiers. Throughput was measured in classifications performed per second as timed by the CPU clock. Two main experimental variables were manipulated to investigate and compare the range of accuracy and throughput exhibited by each algorithm under various conditions. The number of attributes in the instances to be classified and the speed at which the definitions of labeled data drifted were varied across six total combinations of drift-speed and dimensionality. The implications of results are used to recommend improved methods for working with stream-based data sources. The typical approach to counteract concept drift is to update the classification models with new data. In the stream paradigm, classifiers are continuously exposed to new data that may serve as representative examples of the current situation. However, updating the ensemble classifier in order to maintain or improve accuracy can be computationally costly and will negatively impact throughput. In a real-time system, this could lead to an unacceptable slow-down. The results of this research showed that,among several algorithms for reducing the effect of concept drift, adaptive decision trees maintained the highest accuracy without slowing down with respect to the no-drift condition. Adaptive ensemble techniques were also able to maintain reasonable accuracy in the presence of drift without much change in the throughput. However, the overall throughput of the adaptive methods is low and may be unacceptable for extremely time-sensitive applications. The performance visualization methodology utilized in this study gives a clear and intuitive visual summary that allows system designers to evaluate candidate algorithms with respect to their performance needs.

Detta arbetes syfte är att göra en jämförelse av olika organisationer och undersöka vad som kännetecknar den organisation som finns uppbyggd kring intranätet och hur drift och förvaltning bedrivs av intranätet. Även frågan om vem eller vilka som ansvarar för intranätet behandlas i denna rapport. För att kunna göra jämförelser utifrån problemställningen har intervjuer genomförts i sju organisationer, som har eller är på väg att införa ett intranät, där alla är verksamma inom olika områden. Slutsatserna visar att många av de större organisationerna har någon form av organisation runt sitt intranät, för de mindre organisationerna, som även har mindre intranät, är det oftast en eller kanske några som hanterar drift och förvaltning av intranätet. Även i avseende på ansvaret för intranätet visar slutsatserna att det främst är de större organisationerna som har en specifik person som ansvarar för intranätet.

This report is made as a literature review, focusing on the work done to increase understanding of efficiency in the categories of substations and secondary heating systems, with respect to the deviation from the theoretically possible cooling off in the distribution network as well as the economic benefit that appear. The main purpose of a considerable part of the literature used in this report addresses the issue of identifying individual causes of reduced cooling in district heating systems. These literature resources have been compiled and summarized as part of the report. The technology of district heating is associated with benefits such as better use of the energy in a fuel. This is the case of cogeneration plants where serial generation of electricity and thermal energy increases efficiency compared with the parallel generation where heat is generated locally and electricity is generated centrally. Serial generation thus allows for lower primary energy demand. Another benefit from combustion in units with higher capacity installed is that a higher control of emission with environmental impact is permitted. Additionally local environment change drastically when a few large supply units replace a large number of local supply units. It has also been shown that district heating can reduce greenhouse gas emissions in a cost efficient way. Thus being a part of the energy system to achieve the EU climate goals In Sweden, district heating is developed to a high degree. In connection with decreasing focus on expansion, the focus on maintenance and optimization and how district heating should look like in the future increases. In conjunction with lower heat demand from new and renovated buildings distribution cost will increase. For district heating to maintain competitiveness a development in distribution technology that move toward the next generation of distribution technology is necessary. Average temperatures today in Swedish district heating systems are for supply water 86 ° C and for return water 47 ° C. In the future temperature levels could decrease to current with temperatures down against 55 ° C supply temperature and 25-20 ° C return temperature. The latter system temperature levels moves towards the ideal possible. It is possible to distinguish four generations of district heating distribution technology. The differences between generations are essentially depending on temperature levels but also depend on state of matter. The first generation district heating used high-temperature steam for heat transfer and then the newer distribution technologies resulted in lower temperatures and change of phase, from gas to liquid. The third generation of district heating distribution technology meant lower temperature than the second generation, and likewise the fourth generation will have a lower temperature level than the third-generation distribution technology for district heating. The development is driven by the benefits of lower temperature levels. One of the more appealing benefits of lower supply temperature is the possibility to use low exergy heat, resulting in reduced need of primary energy. The potential heat sources where increased heat supply with lower system temperatures becomes available can be seen in the four next bullets. Waste heat Geothermal heat Solar heat Heat pump Other advantages obtained with lower temperature levels in heat distribution are. Lower distribution losses Higher electrical power efficiency in CHP Increased efficiency in flue gas condensation Increased capacity in the distribution network Reduced need for pump power in the distribution network Lower risk of serious scalding Increased capacity in heat storage Ability to use other materials for distribution at lower cost There seem to be a consensus in the literature that lower temperature levels in district heating systems are a desirable change. The reason for this is likely that there are mostly advantages of lower temperature levels. The drawbacks of lower temperature levels are negligible which make the risk of investment low.

M.Sc. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

We consider transformations of a given random walk on a countable group determined by Markov stopping times. We prove that these transformations preserve the Poisson boundary. Moreover, under some mild conditions, the asymptotic entropy (resp., rate of escape) of the transformed random walks is equal to the asymptotic entropy (resp., rate of escape) of the original random walk multiplied by the expectation of the corresponding stopping time. This is an analogue of the well-known Abramov's formula from ergodic theory.

When it comes to monitoring human health, accuracy is not a choice. Accuracy in blood pressure (BP) estimation is essential for proper diagnosis and management of hypertension. An error of 5 mmHg is so serious, it can be responsible for doubling or halving number of patients diagnosed with hypertension. Motion artifacts are external sources of inaccuracy and can be due to sudden arm motion, muscle tremor, shivering, and transport vehicle vibration. Medium term drift, due to changing environmental factors, such as ambient temperature, can also contribute to the inaccuracy. Long term drift (ageing), can reach 9 mmHg during the first three months of usage. In this thesis, a new stage is added to current cuff based BP devices. This stage is responsible for adjusting the pressure reading before displaying it to end users. The proposed stage is provided with a 3-axis accelerometer, which makes the detection of motion artifacts during measurement possible. Moreover, it monitors changes in the ambient temperature and sensor ageing, so that it will adaptively compensate for these inaccuracies. These sources of inaccuracy are suppressed using algorithms based on Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), which has the feature of removing unwanted noise components little effect on the phase or the frequency distribution of the measured signal. With motion artifacts, measurements show that the proposed algorithms considerably improved the accuracy of the blood pressure estimates in comparison with the commonly-used conventional oscillometric algorithm that does not include a stage for artifact suppression, and allowed the estimates to consistent with the international ANSI/AAMI/ISO standard. Moreover, simulations based on experimental results show that the system is able to compensate for drift due to temperature changes and ageing with excellent performance. Results show promise towards building a robust BP monitor, with very low errors due to motion artifacts, environmental changes, and ageing.