The objective of this research is double: 1) to study the factors associated with the problems of quality with drinking water on the physicochemical and biological level in the municipality of Abomey-Calavi in Benin ; 2)to study its relationships with public health. The goal is to bring on one hand, the tools of improvement to the quality of water and public health in this commune. In addition, to contribute to the reduction of the rate of morbidity and mortality generated by the diseases related to drinking water contamination in this locality Methods: For the purpase of this study, we made a preliminary investigation in the municipality (households 55898 and almost all the households have the traditional wells). In the same way the information provided by the National Society of Water in Benin gave the indications on the level koverage of drinkable water conveyance of the commune. This study carried out within a general logical framework of the durable development based on an DPSIR analysis in the municipality of Abomey-Calavi of the Atlantic district in Benin made it possible to provide information on the main sources of contamination of the drinking water. We also carried out a random sampling of 110 wells and 110 households by taking account into the geographical distribution of the households in the commune. We selected 60 taps and 60 households by random sampling for those using water drink distributed by the national Society of Water in Benin. In each zone or district, three households consuming either well water or tap water were drawn randomly. A retrospective study on the number of cases of the hydrous diseases and other symptoms of hydrous diseases was carried out by consultation of medical registers of the commune from 2007 to 2009. Cases of diarrhoeas used as basic variable of health were compared with the other cases of hydrous diseases available in the files. Results: The results show that: the most al the well water taken in the households has temperatures beyond the recommendation of the World Health Organization (25 °C) and 98.2 % have a pH below the normal which is 6.5 to 8.5. We note a strong mercury and cadmium, complete iron, aluminum, nitrate nitrite pollution of the sampled wells (n=110) which is respectively 32.73%, 11.82%,10%, 43.64%, 6.36% and 14.55%. The results of the bacteriological analysis of water revealed that the totality of the wells is contaminated. The germs identified during the analysis of the well water are: Escherichia coli, fecal streptococcus species, bacterial salmonella ,Shigella , Clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus species, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Most frequent among these germs are: Escherichia coli (100%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (97.27%), bacterial salmonella and Shigella (96,36%) with regard to the coliformes and enterobacteries. As for the cocci with Gram (+) they are staphylococcus species (97.27%) and the fecal streptococcus (88.18%). It is useful to stress that all the wells are strongly contaminated by Clostridium perfringens (95.45%). The differences between the respective prevalence of parasitic coprology, uroculture, diarrhoeas, pains abdominal and saddles bloody for exposed (45.4%, 71.8%, 76.4% and 59.1%) : those who consume the water of wells not exposed (8.3%, 1.7%,13.3%, 16.7): those who consume tap water, are statistically significant (p<0.001). For diarrhoeas according to the characteristics of the people reached of hydrous diseases and other symptoms of hydrous diseases we have: • in 2007: - 18.9 %, 20%, 35,1% and 33.9 % of the patients respectively between 0 at 3 year, more 3 at 5 year more 5 at 55 year and more 55 at 85 years had presented diarrhoea with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05); - 45.2% of those which made an ascariasis had presented the diarrhoea with a statistically significant difference; - 87.7 % of those which presented a salmonellose made the diarrhoea with a statistically significant difference; - 52.2% those which presented gastro-enteritis had presented diarrhoea with a statistically significant difference; - and finally other infections found not being correlated with the variable diarrhoea, just as the profession, educational level and sex. • in 2008: - 40.5% of those which make the diarrhoeas present an ascariasis with a statistically significant difference; - 40 % of those which make the diarrhoeas present an amoebiasis with a statistically significant difference; - 43.5% of the subjects which make the diarrhoeas present anaemias with a statistically significant difference. • in 2009 - 74.2%, 67.8%, 46.9%, 71.4% of those which make the diarrhoeas are respectively not provided education for, of primary education, secondary level and of higher level with a statistically significant difference; - 74.7%, 62.5%, 55.6%, 45.8% of those which make the diarrhoeas are respectively without profession, of the workmen, tradesmen and of the civils servant with a statistically significant difference; - 81.7 % of those which make the diarrhoeas present a salmonellose with a statistically significant difference; - 90% those which make the diarrhoeas present an amoebiasis with a statistically significant difference. Conclusions: This study had enabled us to demonstrate that well water with domestic use in the municipality of Abomey-Calavi in Benin is of public health concern insofar as most of the wells were contaminated with in particular an incidence of 17,4% diarrhoeas. It arose that the problem of the availability of drinking water continued to be a major concern for the population. It is urgent to implement suitable technical provisions in order to improve the access to drinkable water in this community. As the drinkable water supply is a public prerogative, the authority which they came within province of health, hydraulics, or political world should develop anet work of terminals fountains of drillings equipped with pumps with arm for the water supply of good quality,a regional planning to avoid pathologies of hydrous origin and to improve health and water quality for the inhabitant in this commune. /L’objectif de cette recherche est double : 1) étudier les facteurs associés à la problématique de la qualité de l’eau de boisson sur le plan physico-chimique et biologique dans la commune d’Abomey-Calavi au Bénin ; 2) étudier ses liens avec la santé de la population. Le but est d’apporter d’une part, les outils d’amélioration à la qualité de l’eau et à la santé des populations dans cette commune. D’autre part, de contribuer à la réduction du taux de morbidité et de mortalité engendrée par les maladies liées à la contamination de l'eau de boisson dans cette commune. Méthodes: Pour la réalisation de cette étude, nous avons fait une enquête préliminaire dans la commune qui nous a permis d’avoir une idée sur le nombre de ménages (55898) et de constater que presque tous les ménages disposent des puits traditionnels. De même les renseignements fournis par la Société Nationale des Eaux du Bénin ont donné les indications sur le niveau de couverture d’adduction d’eau potable de la commune. Cette étude réalisée dans un cadre logique général du développement durable basé sur une analyse DPSIR dans la commune d’Abomey-Calavi du département de l’Atlantique au Bénin, a permis de fournir des informations sur les principales sources d’eau de boisson. Nous avons également procédé à un tirage aléatoire de 110 puits et de 110 ménages en tenant compte de la répartition géographique des ménages de la commune. Nous avons sélectionné 60 robinets et 60 ménages par tirage aléatoire pour ceux qui sont alimentés par l’eau de boisson distribuée par la société nationale des eaux du Bénin. Dans chaque zone ou quartier, trois ménages consommant de l’eau de puits ont été tirés au hasard et ensuite un puits et robinet ont été tirés au sort parmi les puits et robinets de ces 3 ménages. L’étude rétrospective sur le nombre de cas des maladies hydriques et autres symptômes de maladies hydriques a été réalisée par consultation de registres sanitaires de la commune de 2007 à 2009. Les cas de diarrhées utilisés comme variables principales de santé ont été comparés aux autres cas de maladies hydriques dont les données étaient disponibles dans les dossiers. Résultats : Les résultats avaient montré que : la quasi-totalité des eaux de puits prélevées dans les ménages avaient des températures au-delà de la recommandation fixée par l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé qui était de 25 °C et 98,2 % avait un pH en dessous de la normale qui était de 6,5 à 8,5. Sur les 110 puits prélevés, nous avions noté une forte pollution en nitrites en nitrates, en aluminium, en fer total, en cadmium et en mercure qui étaient respectivement de 32,73%, 11,82%,10%, 43,64%, 6,36% et 14,55% . Les résultats de l’analyse bactériologique des eaux avaient révélé que la totalité des puits prélevés étaient contaminés. Les germes indice de pollution bactériologique que nous avions identifiés au cours de l’analyse de l’eau de puits étaient : Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella Spp ,Shigella Spp ,Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae et Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Les plus fréquents parmi ces germes étaient : Escherichia coli (100%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (97,27%) , Salmonella Spp et Shigella Spp (96,36%) en ce qui concernait les coliformes et entérobactéries. Quant aux cocci à Gram(+) il s’agissait des Staphylococcus aureus (97,27%) et des streptococcus faecalis (88,18%). Il était utile de souligner que tous les puits étaient fortement contaminés par le Clostridium perfringens (95,45%). Les différences entre les prévalences respectives de coprologie parasitaire, uroculture, diarrhées, douleurs abdominales et selles sanguinolentes chez les exposés (45,4%, 71,8%, 76,4% et 59,1%) c’est-à-dire ceux qui consommaient l’eau de puits et chez les non exposés (8,3%, 1,7%, 13,3%, 16,7) c’est-à-dire ceux qui consommaient l’eau de robinet étaient statistiquement significatives (p<0,001). Pour le pourcentage de diarrhées en fonction des caractéristiques des personnes atteintes de maladies hydriques et autres symptômes de maladies hydriques nous avions : • en 2007 : - 18,9 % ; 20% ; 35,1% et 33,9 % des patients respectivement entre 0 à 3 ans, plus de 3 ans à 5 ans plus de 5 à 55 ans et plus de 55 à 85 ans avaient présenté de la diarrhée avec une différence statistiquement significative (p<0,05); - 45,2% de ceux qui faisaient une ascaridiose avaient présenté la diarrhée avec une différence statistiquement significative; - 87,7 % de ceux qui présentaient une salmonellose avaient présenté de la diarrhée avec une différence statistiquement significative ; -52,2% de ceux qui présentaient une gastro-entérite avaient présenté de la diarrhée avec une différence statistiquement significative ; - et enfin les autres infections trouvées n’étant pas corrélé avec la variable diarrhée, de même que le niveau d’instruction, la profession et le sexe. • en 2008 : - 40,5% de ceux qui présentaient une ascaridiose avaient présenté les diarrhées avec une différence statistiquement significative; - 40 % de ceux qui présentaient une amibiase avaient présenté des diarrhées avec une différence statistiquement significative ; - 43,5% des sujets qui présentaient des anémies avaient présenté des diarrhées avec une différence statistiquement significative. • en 2009 : - 74,2% ; 67,8% ; 46,9% ; 71,4% de ceux qui étaient respectivement non scolarisé, de niveau primaire, secondaire et de niveau supérieur avaient présenté des diarrhées avec une différence statistiquement significative; - 74,7% ; 62,5% ; 55,6% ; 45,8% de ceux qui étaient respectivement sans profession, des ouvriers, commerçants et des fonctionnaires avaient présenté des diarrhées avec une différence statistiquement significative; - 81,7 % de ceux qui présentaient une salmonellose présentaient les diarrhées avec une différence statistiquement significative ; - 90% ceux qui présentaient une amibiase avient présenté les diarrhées avec une différence statistiquement significative. Conclusion : Cette étude nous a permis de noter à travers les résultats obtenus que la qualité des eaux de puits à usage domestique dans la commune d’Abomey-Calavi au Bénin pose un problème de santé publique dans la mesure où l’ensemble des puits sont contaminés avec une incidence notamment de diarrhées de 17,4%. Il ressort que le problème de la disponibilité de l’eau potable continue d’être une préoccupation majeure pour la population. Il est urgent de mettre en œuvre des dispositions techniques appropriées afin d’améliorer l’accès à l’eau potable dans cette communauté. Comme l’alimentation en eau potable est une prérogative publique, les autorités qu’elles soient du domaine de la santé, de l’hydraulique, ou du monde politique doivent développer l’installation de bornes fontaines, l’implantation de forages équipés de pompes à bras pour l’alimentation en eau de bonne qualité , l’aménagement du territoire dans cette commune pour éviter les pathologies d’origine hydrique et améliorer la santé et la qualité de l’eau pour les habitants.

The rise of unhealthy beverage consumption, such as soft drinks, in children and youth for the last 25 years has increased the risk of low bone mass density by replacing milk (a major source of calcium intake), compromised dental health, and possibly contributed obesity. A school-based nutrition education intervention was developed to promote a change in this behavior. This study examined the effectiveness of this nutrition education program, called FUEL (Fluids Used Effectively in Living), in promoting healthy beverage consumption among high school students. The FUEL nutrition education manual consisted of six classroom sessions; it was delivered in four classes of grade nine students using different approaches, either multiple or single strategies. The nutrition intervention used multiple teaching methods which included six lessons delivered as visual, group interaction, tactile, individual, and auditory teaching styles. The multiple strategies approach was delivered through peer educators (led by a dietitian) in one class and dietitian-only in another class. In the single strategy approach, also called self-taught, two classes received only the handouts in the FUEL manual. This latter approach was considered the control to the nutrition intervention. The two classes that received either peer education or self-taught approach were in two high schools in Saskatoon. The two classes with either dietitian-taught or self-taught approaches were in a high school in Prince Albert. The beverage intake, knowledge, and attitude of students were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire before the intervention, a week after the intervention, and three months after the intervention. In Saskatoon only, a one year follow-up beverage intake assessment was performed. None of the schools in the FUEL study provided healthy beverage choices for the students. Generally, students in our study consumed an adequate amount of milk, but they drank sugary beverages daily. There was a tendency to replace milk and 100% fruit juices with sugary drinks. After the intervention, students in multiple teaching strategies decreased their sugary beverage intake significantly. The findings indicated that a school-based nutrition education with multiple teaching strategies may lead to positive knowledge, attitude and behavioural change which will have beneficial effect on long-term health.

The rise of unhealthy beverage consumption, such as soft drinks, in children and youth for the last 25 years has increased the risk of low bone mass density by replacing milk (a major source of calcium intake), compromised dental health, and possibly contributed obesity. A school-based nutrition education intervention was developed to promote a change in this behavior. This study examined the effectiveness of this nutrition education program, called FUEL (Fluids Used Effectively in Living), in promoting healthy beverage consumption among high school students. The FUEL nutrition education manual consisted of six classroom sessions; it was delivered in four classes of grade nine students using different approaches, either multiple or single strategies. The nutrition intervention used multiple teaching methods which included six lessons delivered as visual, group interaction, tactile, individual, and auditory teaching styles. The multiple strategies approach was delivered through peer educators (led by a dietitian) in one class and dietitian-only in another class. In the single strategy approach, also called self-taught, two classes received only the handouts in the FUEL manual. This latter approach was considered the control to the nutrition intervention. The two classes that received either peer education or self-taught approach were in two high schools in Saskatoon. The two classes with either dietitian-taught or self-taught approaches were in a high school in Prince Albert. The beverage intake, knowledge, and attitude of students were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire before the intervention, a week after the intervention, and three months after the intervention. In Saskatoon only, a one year follow-up beverage intake assessment was performed. None of the schools in the FUEL study provided healthy beverage choices for the students. Generally, students in our study consumed an adequate amount of milk, but they drank sugary beverages daily. There was a tendency to replace milk and 100% fruit juices with sugary drinks. After the intervention, students in multiple teaching strategies decreased their sugary beverage intake significantly. The findings indicated that a school-based nutrition education with multiple teaching strategies may lead to positive knowledge, attitude and behavioural change which will have beneficial effect on long-term health.

This study investigated the effects of progressive dehydration by 1.5-2.0% body mass (BM) (NF) on core temperature (Tc), heart rate (HR), on-ice performance, and mental fatigue during a 70-min scrimmage, compared to maintaining BM with a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CES). Compared to CES, Tc was significantly higher throughout the scrimmage in NF. Players in NF had reduced mean skating speed and time at high effort between 30-50 min of the scrimmage. Players in NF committed more puck turnovers and completed a lower percentage of passes in the last 20 min of play. Post-scrimmage shuttle skating time was higher in NF. Hockey fatigue questionnaire total score and Profile of Mood States fatigue score was higher in NF. The results indicate that mild dehydration compared to maintaining BM with a CES resulted in increased Tc, decreased skating and puck handling performance, and increased mental fatigue during an ice hockey scrimmage. / Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

It is claimed that economic and social changes are having effects on innovations. Today, innovations have shifted from being only techno-scientific to increasingly also being based on socio-cultural dynamics, with culture, fashion and aesthetic aspects becoming important factors within products. The aim of this study is to research how small food and drink producers in Skåne region innovate and add value to their products. Data was gathered with semi-structured interviews taken with eleven small food production companies and three interviews with people working with regional development. The thesis uses the differential knowledge base model and theories about the experience economy and regional innovation networks, linking the research to regional development. The results indicate that innovations in the food and drink industry are still technologically driven but showing some signs of non-technological elements. This was observable in the companies´ use of stories and symbols as part of the innovations. Most of the producers were adding value to their products by the use of experience staging and storytelling. Participation in networks seemed to enhance the companies’ innovation capabilities. The thesis contributes to studies within economic geography and regional studies by studying innovation, the experience economy and regional innovation networks.

Concern remains regarding the efficacy of drink driving countermeasures to produce lasting change for repeat offenders, as a wide array of countermeasures have been developed that demonstrate varying levels of success in reducing re-offence rates. This thesis proposes that the collection and examination of repeat offenders' self-reported perceptions, experiences and behavioural changes that result from completing court-ordered interventions can provide valuable contributions to the development of effective sentencing strategies. As a result, the program of research implemented a mixed-method design to investigate the self-reported impact of legal sanctions, a drink driving rehabilitation program, and alcohol ignition interlocks on key outcome measures for a group of recidivist drink drivers.----- Study One incorporated a cross-sectional design to examine the deterrent effect of traditional legal sanctions (e.g., fines and licence disqualification periods), non-legal sanctions, alcohol consumption, recent offending behaviour(s), and the actual severity of sanctions on perceptual deterrence and intentions to re-offend. The study involved face-to-face and telephone interviews with 166 repeat offenders. The analysis indicated that participants perceived legal sanctions to be severe, but not entirely certain nor swift.----- In Study One, self-reported recent drink driving behaviours and alcohol consumption levels were identified as predictors of future intentions to drink and drive. The results suggest that habitual behaviours are difficult to change, and heavy alcohol consumption levels increase the probability of re-offending. At a bivariate level, three non-legal sanctions were negatively associated with intentions to re-offend but were not predictors of future intentions to drink and drive in the model. In addition, a relationship was not evident between: (a) the size of the penalties and perceptions of sanction severity or future intentions to drink and drive, and (b) the number of previous convictions and self-reported deterrence. The findings of the study confirm the popular assumption that some repeat offenders are impervious to the threat and application of legal sanctions.----- Study Two examined the stages of change and self-efficacy levels of 132 repeat offenders - who were all involved in Study One - while they completed an 11 week drink driving rehabilitation program. A repeated measures design was implemented to focus on the impact of the intervention on a number of salient program outcomes such as participants' motivations and self-efficacy levels to control and change their drinking and drink driving behaviour(s). Prior to program commencement, the majority of participants were motivated to change their drinking driving, but not their drinking. The sample also reported high self-efficacy levels to control the two behaviours, but did not have high expectations of the effectiveness of the program.----- Upon completion of the program, significant increases were evident in motivations to change drinking and drink driving behaviours, and a large percentage of participants reported a positive appraisal of the effectiveness of the intervention. Program completion also resulted in a reduction in self-reported alcohol consumption levels, yet the majority of the sample continued to consume harmful levels of alcohol. Self-efficacy levels remained high, although a notable finding was that participants reported higher levels of control over their drinking rather than drink driving behaviours. In general, Study Two provided a positive perspective of the capacity of a drink driving rehabilitation program to produce change for a group of repeat offenders.----- Study Two extended a small body of research and examined the effects that mandated program enrolment has on motivations to change, as well as expectations and appraisals of program effectiveness. Contrary to predictions, mandated participants did not report lower levels of motivation to change drinking and drink driving compared to voluntary attendees, but did indicate lower expectations of the effectiveness of the program, as well as being willing to engage in the program. Furthermore upon program completion, mandated participants also reported lower appraisals of the effectiveness of the program, but this factor was not associated with intentions to re-offend or non-program completion. Rather, not successfully completing the program appeared linked with being unwilling to change drinking behaviours.----- Study Three involved a longitudinal case-study design that utilised both quantitative and qualitative data to conduct one of the first examinations of the impact of alcohol ignition interlocks on a group of recidivist drink drivers from a users' perspective. The study investigated 12 participants' self-reported perceptions and experiences of using an interlock and the effect that the device had on key program outcomes such as drinking levels, operational performance, circumvention attempts and general beliefs regarding the effectiveness of the device in comparison to traditional legal sanctions.----- Participants reported positive appraisals regarding the effectiveness of the device as qualitative themes emerged concerning the educational and practical benefits of interlocks. However, closer examination of individual interlock performances revealed each participant had attempted to start their vehicle after consuming alcohol, and a smaller sample of three drivers were regularly attempting to start their vehicle after drinking. The combination and analysis of self-reported and downloaded interlock data revealed four main themes: (a) initial operational difficulties, (b) a general unwillingness to reduce alcohol consumption levels, (c) an unwillingness to acknowledge/recognise that interlock breath violations resulted from drinking, and (d) an overall decline in the frequency of interlock breath violations over the interlock installation period. Similar to Study Two, a notable finding was that half the sample was still consuming harmful levels of alcohol upon program completion.----- Taken together, the results of the program of research highlight that repeat offenders' entrenched behaviours, such as drinking and drink driving, are resistant to change and that multi-modal interventions are required if the drinking and driving sequence is to be broken for this population. The findings have direct implications for the sentencing and management of repeat offenders and the development of countermeasures that attempt to produce long-term behavioural change.

While overall road deaths in Australia have fallen since the late 1980's and the impact of road-safety advertising appears to be positive, alcohol-related road fatalities remain the leading cause of death among young Australian adults. Fatality and injury rates continue within this cohort despite increases in alcohol-related knowledge, continuing education efforts in the Australian school system, increased funding for police enforcement and high media presence of road safety advertising (Peder et al 2004). Notwithstanding advances in communication technologies, highly graphic, emotional, shock style television advertising remains the primary medium for road safety message dissemination. Rather than targeting those highest at-risk for drink driving, road safety advertisements typically target an undifferentiated general audience. To date understanding the process by which road safety advertising influences attitudes and behaviour has been the centre of fear arousal research. Nonetheless, there has been little examination of how young adults who differ in drink-driving risk-propensity (high versus low) respond to and process anti-drink driving advertisements designed to modify an avoidable behaviour. Taking a receiver oriented approach, the focus of this study examines how young adult, novice drivers who differ in 'need-for-sensation' (NFS) risk propensity respond to, and process, anti-drink driving advertisements that differ in arousal capacity (i.e. high, low sensation-value). The investigation was conducted in two stages: Study 1 (qualitative) and Study II (quantitative). Study I, the qualitative phase, explored by focus group interviews attitudes, perceptions, beliefs and experiences of sixty young adults aged 18 to 25 years towards alcohol consumption, drink-driving, and anti-drink driving advertising. The major qualitative finding is that young adults characterise drink-driving as a rational, deliberate, planned and accepted behaviour. Young adults were aware of the choices available for not drinking and driving and were aware of the health, social and physical (self and property) risks associated with alcohol consumption and associated behaviours. Nonetheless, the short-term personal experiences of revelry and group cohesion were more pertinent to them on an everyday basis. Alcohol consumption and drink-driving behaviour did not appear to differ between university and nonuniversity students or gender, yet there were differences in attitudes and behaviour across the degree studied within the university cohort. Study II, the quantitative phase, was segmented into three sections. First, the study provides empirical support for NFS as a relevant a priori individual differences segmentation variable for differentiating between those more likely, versus less likely, to engage in responsible drink-driving behaviour. As expected low NFS individuals were more likely to not drink and drive. Second, findings support an interaction effect between an advertisement's sensation value and individual differences variable, NFS, on response outcomes. High NFS individuals engaged in higher levels of adaptive appraisal on the high sensation-value advertisement condition as compared to the low sensationvalue advertisement condition. Low NFS individuals did not discriminate across either advertisement condition. Adaptive appraisal was not counteracted by a corresponding increase in maladaptive appraisal. Both high and low NFS individuals viewed the high sensation-value advertisement condition with high levels of perceived threat and viewed the low sensation-value advertisement with higher levels of perceived efficacy. Yet, although high NFS individuals viewed the high sensation-value advertisement with high levels of threat they simultaneously viewed this advertisement with low levels of perceived efficacy. Third, NFS was not found to be a strong predictor moderating the relationship between message processing (cognitive, sensory, narrative) and response outcomes. The findings indicate strong support for a direct relationship between two modes of message processing: cognitive and narrative processing and response outcomes. Message recipients processed anti-drink driving advertisements via two routes to persuasion. There was stronger cognitive processing evident on advertisements possessing high arousal capacity, whereas stronger narrative processing was evident on low arousal capacity advertisements. This study suggests that those advertisements that possess high arousal capacity have the capability of facilitating attention to the central argument, the consequences of drinking and driving, as well as how drinking and driving may affect the message recipients' life. Alternatively, those messages that impart high levels of rational information have the capability of increasing attention to the peripheral cues in the message. It is also suggested that different styles of message processing, central versus peripheral, act in a synergistic way to influence response outcomes which indicates that there is no single route to persuasion. Individuals process messages in a complex manner attending to various signals in order to evaluate various components of the message. For road safety practitioners and social marketers the results of this study illustrates practical benefits for the design of anti-drink driving advertisements based on the segmentation variable NFS. The finding that high NFS individuals require advertisements that possess high levels of arousal capacity (i.e.: high in sensation-value) is an important development. Importantly, low NFS individuals do not discriminate in accepting the recommendations of advertisements that differ in arousal capacity clearly suggests that they accept messages regardless of their arousal capacity. This finding indicates that the goal of road traffic authorities, advertising agencies and social marketers should be directed towards targeting high NFS individuals who are more atrisk for a drink-drive fatality. That message recipients process anti-drink driving messages via two routes to persuasion indicates that message designers need to consider the mix between the sensation-value of the message and consideration of the way message recipients' process the message, i.e. via central/systematic versus peripheral/heuristic components of the advertisement. Further investigation into the dual processing of anti-drink driving advertisements once individuals are exposed to the message is warranted to further understand the psychological processes influencing message processing. The findings of this research have important implications for both practitioners and academics. This research has provided an insight into the complexity of young adult's response outcomes and message processing of fear-based anti-drink driving messages.

Random breath testing (RBT) is one of the most successful drink driving countermeasures employed by police in Australia. Its success over the years has been evidenced by reductions in drink driving behaviour, reductions in alcohol-related crashes and fatal crashes and a corresponding community-wide increase in the disapproval of drink driving. Although a great deal of research has been able to highlight the relationship between increased police enforcement and road safety benefits, little is known about the organisational factors that assist or hinder the management and operation of RBT. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the perceived barriers and facilitators to the effective operation of RBT in the Queensland Police Service (QPS). Findings will have human resource implications for the QPS and will highlight areas that are currently functioning effectively.----- Study One involved 22 semi-structured interviews with 36 QPS managers involved in the day-to-day organisation and delivery of RBT operations. Managers were recruited with assistance from members of the QPS's State Traffic Support Branch. The interviews were approximately one hour long and involved exploration of the perceptions of managers involved in the planning and delivery of RBT operations using the concept of organisational alignment to structure the interviews. The results revealed that RBT management activity is facilitated by a range of factors, including: the belief in the importance of RBT; belief that the purpose of RBT has both a deterrent function and a detection function; the increasing use of intelligence to guide RBT strategies; the increasing use of RBT to support other crime reduction strategies; and a genuine desire to improve the current state of affairs. However, a number of apparent barriers to the effective operation of RBT were identified. These included concern about the strategy of the 1.1 testing strategy (i.e. conducting the equivalent of one test per licensed driver per annum), a misunderstanding of the role of general and specific deterrence and a lack of feedback in relation to the success of RBT.----- The second study involved a questionnaire that was distributed to a random sample of 950 operational police stratified across the regions who are responsible for undertaking RBT on a regular basis. There were 421 questionnaires returned representing a response rate of 44%. Questionnaires were also based on the concepts and constructs of organisational alignment and explored perceptions, beliefs and self- reported behaviour of officers. The results revealed that facilitating factors included a belief in QPS ownership of the RBT program, the agreement that the RBT vision includes road safety goals and apprehension goals, and overall motivation, support and belief in their capability to carry out RBT duties. Barriers included perceived strain related to the 1:1 testing strategy, the lack of feedback in relation to the success of RBT, misunderstanding about the role of deterrence and lack of rewards for participating in RBT duties.----- The results of both studies have implications for the planning and operation of RBT in the QPS. While the findings revealed that there were many aspects of the RBT program that were currently aligned with best practice guidelines, there are areas of misalignment. In particular, the main areas of misalignment included concern about the strain caused by the current 1:1 testing strategy, a lack of feedback about the success of RBT and a lack of education of the nature and role of deterrence in road safety and RBT operations in particular.

abstract: The popularization of energy drink use as a supplement to exercise is steadily increasing, especially among young adult males. However, the effects of energy drinks on muscular performance in young adults have yet to be clearly elucidated. Eight male subjects (mean age: 23.3 &plusmn; 4.3 yrs, height: 181.0 &plusmn; 5.3 cm, fat percent 17.8 &plusmn; 5.2%, and weight 85.3 &plusmn; 12.6 kg) completed this randomized double-blinded cross over study. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in acute muscular strength and endurance and Profile of Mood States (POMS) scores between three treatments (RockStar, sugar-free RockStar, and sugar-free caffeine-free Placebo). It was hypothesized that there would be no significant differences in acute peak torque and endurance of the knee extensors and flexors or on fatigue and vigor subscores from the POMS questionnaire. Each man was tested randomly at least 1 week apart. Diet and time of day were held constant across trials. Peak torque of knee extensors and flexors at 60, 180, 240 degress/second and fatigue index and total work were calculated by performing 50 repetitions at 240 degrees/second. There were no significant differences in peak torque, fatigue index, or total work measures or in subjective measures of fatigue or vigor from the POMS between the treatments. This study indicates that RockStar energy drinks have no acute ergogenic effects in young men performing isokinetic strength or endurance testing. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Exercise and Wellness 2012

The subject of this thesis was to evaluate the use of sweeteners in a selected group of soft drinks in terms of influencing sensory quality. Using selected methods of sensory analysis were five kinds of non-alcoholic drinks evaluated - four orange lemonades and one mandarin, which contained different composition of sweeteners. Three out of five samples were suitable for diabetics, because they only contained synthetic alternative sweeteners, one sample contained fructose-glucose syrup and the last sample contained sucrose. Individual samples were assessed by evaluators divided into three groups according to age. First group were evaluators at the age of 11-14, pupils from primary school Kosova Hora, second group - students of University of South Bohemia and the last group were evaluators above 40. The aim of this thesis was to lead to different results in different groups, depending on the attitudes and habits. There were big differences recorded among studied samples. It is interesting that neither group had failed to identify the best sample E, which is only sucrose. The top rated samples were sample A containing aspartame and acesulfame K, and the sample D with fructose-glucose syrup. The worst samples were clearly identified samples B and C, containing three and four kinds of synthetic sweeteners. Last but not least the paper includes a questionnaire for consumers, whose aim was to find out what influences the respondents while buying soft drinks and what is their attitude towards subsitute sweeteners.