The newly published Highway Safety Manual (HSM) has defined six different driveway types based on land use and parking lot size, including major commercial, minor commercial, major industrial/institutional, minor industrial/institutional, major residential, and minor residential. Major driveways are defined as having more than 50 parking spaces, while minor driveways are defined as those having less than 50 parking spaces. The HSM crash prediction models require the inputs of driveway type and density. However, the actual impacts of different types of driveways on the number of crashes are not clear. The crash modification factors were provided based on few past studies, with high standards of error. The purpose of this research is to develop a method to quantify the impact of driveway types and density on traffic crash frequencies, types, and severities. The different driveway types were collected in the State of Illinois and crashes occurring in the function area of each driveway were identified from the IDOT crash database (from 2005 to 2009). A cross section comparison was conducted to compare the mean crash frequency among different driveways. A further statistical analysis was used to develop a relationship between the density of each driveway type and crash frequency and rates.

Urban homes are vertical. Suburban homes are horizontal. They are two distinct typologies. Both urban and suburban homes relate to their location, vertical like the city, and horizontal like the suburbs. These homes are very recognizable in the American landscape. Suburban homes are 1-2 stories with a garage, a yard, and tree-lined streets. Urban homes are many apartments stacked on top of each other within a single building, each with a small balcony and a parking garage underneath. What about the in between? What happens in the spaces that are not quite urban, and yet not quite suburban? So many people live in these spaces today. They want the excitement and jobs the city offers, but they also want the comfort and space of the suburbs, especially for their families. This building is a response to those spaces, a building that is urban, but is also suburban. / Master of Architecture

A driveway is needed to get to and from a property. Sometimes there are no opportunities to locate the driveway on the own property. One possibility is to use someone else´s land for locating a driveway in exchange for compensation. The purpose of this study was to examine how the compensation is determined for both long and short driveways outside zoning by doing a case study and compare the result with the various reimbursement rules. The work also addresses the different methods of profit distribution and how they are applied in practice. The conclusion from the case study is that the average value principle is used the most because it is expected to be similar to the case in “normal voluntary agreement”, which is the purpose with the reimbursement rules. To make the reimbursement correspond with the value decrease of the waiver property, adjustments are made on the average value in different ways. The cadastral files to the case study did not match the purpose completely. Therefore, the result can be questioned, but another conclusion drawn from the case study is that in the cadastral files no one discusses about the size of the driveway. It may be that the size of the road is not considered to be a problem or that there is a well-tested method to solve this problem. / För att ta sig till och från en fastighet behövs en utfart. Det är dock inte alltid möjligt att placera utfarten på egen fastighet. Då finns möjligheten att mot ersättning nyttja annans mark för utfart. Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur ersättningen bestäms för både långa och korta utfarter utanför detaljplan genom att göra en fallstudie och jämföra resultatet med de olika ersättningsreglerna som finns. Uppsatsen berör också de olika vinstfördelningsmetoderna och hur dessa tillämpas i praktiken. Slutsatsen av fallstudien är att den vinstfördelningsmetod som används mest är genomsnittsvärdeprincipen för att den förväntas likna fallet vid ”normal frivillig överenskommelse”, som också är syftet med ersättningsreglerna. För att ersättningen ska stämma överens med marknadsvärdeminskningen på den upplåtande fastigheten justeras genomsnittsvärdet på olika sätt. Förrättningsakterna som användes till fallstudien stämde inte överens med syftet helt. Därför kan resultatet ifrågasättas, men ännu en slutsats som dragits utifrån fallstudien är att i förrättningarna är det ingen som diskuterar storleken av utfarten. Det kan vara för att vägens storlek inte anses vara ett problem eller för att det finns en väl beprövad metod för att lösa detta problem.

The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) has completed a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data inventory that includes access locations across the UDOT network. The new data are anticipated to be extremely useful in better defining safety and in completing a systemwide analysis of locations where safety could be improved, or where safety has been improved across the state. The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Brigham Young University (BYU) has worked with the new data to perform a safety analysis of the state related to access management, particularly related to driveway spacing and raised medians. The primary objective of this research was to increase understanding of the safety impacts across the state related to access management. These objectives were accomplished by using the LiDAR database to evaluate driveway spacing and locations to aid in hot spot identification and to develop relationships between access design and location as a function of safety and access category (AC). Utah Administrative Rule R930-6 contains access management guidelines to balance the access found on a roadway with traffic and safety operations. These guidelines were used to find the maximum number of driveways recommended for a roadway. ArcMap 10.3 and Microsoft Excel were used to visualize the data and identify hot spot locations. An analysis conducted in this study compared current roadway characteristics to the R930-6 guidelines to find locations where differences occurred. This analysis does not indicate the current AC is incorrect; it simply means that the assigned AC does not meet current roadway characteristic based on the LiDAR data analysis. UDOT can decide what this roadway will become in the future and help shape each segment using the AC outlined in the R930-6. A hierarchal Bayesian statistical before-after model, created in previous BYU safety research, was used to analyze locations where raised medians have been installed. Twenty locations where raised medians were installed in Utah between 2002 to 2014 were used in this model. The model analyzed the raised medians by AC. Only three AC were represented in the data. Regression plots depicting a decrease in crashes before and after installation, posterior distribution plots showing the probability of a decrease in crashes after installation, and crash modification factor (CMF) plots presenting the CMF values estimated for different vehicle miles traveled (VMT) values were all created as output from the before-after model. Overall, installing a raised median gives an approximate reduction of 53 percent for all crashes. Individual AC analysis yielded results ranging from 32 to 44 percent for all severity groups except severity 4 and 5. When the model was only run for crash severity 4 and 5, a larger reduction of 57 to 58 percent was found.

The thesis deals with possible ways of drainage and wastewater disposal. The issue of wastewater discharge to the environment has been closely monitored in recent years, and there is an apparent effort to improve the current situation.The dissertation discusses and compares three selected options – access to improved sanitation, building reservoirs and domestic wastewater treatment plant.The final section is dedicated to a comparison of acquisition and operating costs over time and to subsequent evaluation of the most suitable option. For the sake of clarity and assessment of potential solutions, the locality in the administrative area Vysoké Mýto - Domoradice has been selected as a model. The local authorities have been designing a public storm sewer, and given that it is surrounded by land, this issue will need to be addressed.