With experimental realization of micro-structures, the feasibility of achieving high brightness, low efficiency droop blue LED was implemented based on InGaN/GaN micro-LED-pillar design. A significantly high current density of 492 A/cm2 in a 20 μm diameter (D) micro-LED-pillar was achieved, compared to that of a 200 μm diameter LED (20 A/cm2), both at 10 V bias voltage. In addition, an increase in sustained quantum efficiency from 70.2% to 83.7% at high injection current density (200 A/cm2) was observed in micro-LED-pillars in conjunction with size reduction from 80 μm to 20 μm. A correlation between the strain relief and the electrical performance improvement was established for micro-LED-pillars with D < 50 μm, apart from current spreading effect. The degree of strain relief and its distribution were further studied in micro-LED-pillars with D ranging from 1 μm to 15 μm. Significant wavenumbers down-shifts for E2 and A1 Raman peaks, together with the blue shifted PL peak emission, were observed in as-prepared pillars, reflecting the degree of strain relief. A sharp transition from strained to relaxed epitaxy region was discernible from the competing E2 phonon peaks at 572 cm-1 and 568 cm-1, which were attributed to strain residue and strain relief, respectively. A uniform strain relief at the center of micro-pillars was achieved, i.e. merging of the competing phonon peaks, after Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA) at 950℃ for 20 seconds, phenomenon of which was observed for the first time. The transition from maximum strain relief to a uniform strain relief was found along the narrow circumference (< 2.5 μm) of the pillars from the line-map of Raman spectroscopy. The extent of strain relief is also examined considering the height (L) of micro-LED-pillars fabricated using FIB micro-machining technique. The significant strain relief of up to 70% (from -1.4 GPa to -0.37 GPa), with a 71 meV PL peak blue shift, suggested that micro-LED-pillar with D < 3 μm and L > 3 μm in the array configuration would allow the building of practical devices. Overall, this work demonstrated a novel top-down approach to manufacture large effective-area, high brightness emitters for solid-state lighting applications.

La coupe de Droop attique* est un vase sur pied haut, produit à Athènes dans la 2e moitié du VIe s. av. J.-C. et, plus exceptionnellement, dans le 1er quart du Ve avant J.-C. Par la forme de sa vasque et la distribution de son décor, elle se rapproche davantage de la coupe à bande des « Petits Maîtres », dont elle est très probablement une variante. Il n’y a eu jusqu’à présent que très peu d’études approfondies sur cette classe, John Percival Droop et Percy Neville Ure faisant figures de pionniers dans ce domaine. Pourtant, deux de ses potiers, Antidoros et Nikosthénès, ont été repérés par leurs signatures dès la fin du XIXe et du début du XXe siècles et une dizaine de peintres ou groupes de peintres ayant décoré des exemplaires de cette forme avait déjà été identifiée par John Beazley. Depuis les travaux de ces chercheurs dans les années 1950, de nombreux spécimens de coupes de Droop ont été découverts et publiés, sans toutefois être insérés dans une étude d’ensemble. Cette recherche de doctorat propose de revoir les informations anciennes livrées par l’archéologie des coupes de Droop, et d’analyser les nouvelles données à travers un corpus d’exemplaires découverts en Grèce du Nord, sur l’île de Thasos et dans sa colonie, Néapolis (Kavala). *Il existe un équivalent laconien. / The Attic* Droop cup is a vase with high foot, produced in Athens in the 2nd half of the VI and first quarter of the V century B.C. By the shape of its bowl and the distribution of its decoration, it is close to the Little Master band cup and very probably a variant of this one. Although two of its potters (Antidoros and Nikosthénès) were identified by their signatures from the XIXth century, there were until now very few in-depth studies on this class, John Percival Droop and Percy Neville Ure being real pioneers in this field. John Beazley established a list of less than about ten painters or groups of painters having decorated some of the Droop cups Since the works of these researchers in the Fiftie’s, numerous specimens of Droop cups were discovered and published, without having however been inserted into a more general study. This Ph.D. research suggests revising the former informations delivered by Archaeology of Droop cups, and analyzing the new data through a corpus of exemplaries discovered in Northern Greece, on the island of Thasos and in its colony, Néapolis (Kavala).*There is a Laconian equivalent.

In the past decade, GaN-based nitrides have had a considerable impact in solid state lighting and high speed high power devices. InGaN-based LEDs have been widely used for all types of displays in TVs, computers, cell phones, etc. More and more high power LEDs have also been introduced in general lighting market. Once widely used, such LEDs could lead to the decrease of worldwide electrical consumption for lighting by more than 50% and reduce total electricity consumption by > 10%. However, there are still challenges for current state-of-the art InGaN-based LEDs, including ‘efficiency droop’ issues that cause output power quenching at high current injection levels (> 100 A/cm2). In this dissertation, approaches were investigated to address the major issues related to state-of-the-art nitride LEDs, in particular related to (1) efficiency droop investigations on m-plane and c-plane LEDs: enhanced matrix elements in m-plane LEDs and smaller hole effective mass favors the hole transport across the active region so that m-plane LEDs exhibit 30% higher quantum efficiency and negligible efficiency droop at high injection levels compared to c-plane counterparts; (2) engineering of InGaN active layers for achieving high quantum efficiency and minimal efficiency droop: lower and thinner InGaN barrier enhance hole transport as well as improves the quantum efficiencies at injection levels; (3) double-heterostructure (DH) active regions: various thicknesses were also investigated in order to understand the electron and hole recombination mechanism. We also present that using multi-thin DH active regions is a superior approach to enhance the quantum efficiency compared with simply increasing the single DH thickness or the number of quantum wells (QWs, 2 nm-thick) in multi-QW (MQW) LED structures due to the better material quality and higher density of states. Additionally, increased thickness of stair-case electron injectors (SEIs) has been demonstrated to greatly mitigate electron overflow without sacrificing material quality of the active regions. Finally, approaches to enhance light extraction efficiency including using Ga doped ZnO as the p-GaN contact layer to improve light extraction as well as current spreading was introduced.

The grid voltage is normally required to avoid transient current of the inverter due to asynchronously grid-paralleling connection. This paper presents a seamless transition method to allow the inverter to connect to the grid at any time with no requirement of the grid voltage. The control of the inverter consists of the droop control and the riding-through control. In the droop-controlled mode, the inverter can connect to the utility and supply power according to its rated capacity. On the other hand, the riding-through mode is proposed to suppress the transient current due to asynchronous paralleling. In this mode, the zero-current control is realized to reduce transient current and a phase-locked loop is designed to correct the angle of the inverter output voltage. In addition, the virtual inductance is implemented to improve transient current resulting from the mode transition back to the droop control mode. Design considerations of the seamless transition method are provided and test results are conducted to verify its effectiveness.

This thesis proposes a method and develops a mathematical model for determining the effects of hydro power plants&rsquo / governor settings on the Turkish power system frequency. The Turkish power system suffers from frequency oscillations with 20 &ndash / 30 seconds period. Besides various negative effects on power plants and customers, these frequency oscillations are one of the most important obstacles before the interconnection of the Turkish power system with the UCTE (Union for the Coordination of Transmission of Electricity) network. Taking observations of the system operators and statistical studies as an initial point, the effects of hydro power plants&rsquo / governor settings on the Turkish power system frequency are investigated. In order to perform system wide simulations, initially mathematical models for two major hydro power plants and their stability margins are determined. Utilizing this information a representative power system model is developed. After validation studies, the effects of hydro power plants&rsquo / governor settings on the Turkish power system frequency are investigated. Further computer simulations are performed to determine possible effects of changing settings and structure of HPP governors to system frequency stability. Finally, further factors that may have negative effects on frequency oscillations are discussed. The results of study are presented throughout the thesis and summarized in the &ldquo / Conclusion and Future Work&rdquo / chapter.

Driven by technical, economic and environmental benefits for different stakeholders in the power industry, the electric distribution system is currently undergoing a major paradigm shift towards having an increasing portion of its growing demand supplied via distributed generation (DG) units. As the number of DG units increase; microgrids can be defined within the electric distribution system as electric regions with enough generation to meet all or most of its local demand. A microgrid should be able to operate in two modes, grid-connected or islanded. The IEEE standard 1547.4 enumerates a list of potential benefits for the islanded microgrid operation. Such benefits include: 1) improving customers’ reliability, 2) relieving electric power system overload problems, 3) resolving power quality issues, and 4) allowing for maintenance of the different power system components without interrupting customers. These benefits motivate the operation of microgrid systems in the islanded mode. However the microgrid isolation from the main grid creates special technical challenges that have to be comprehensively investigated in order to facilitate a successful implementation of the islanded microgrid concept. Motivated by these facts, the target of this thesis is to introduce new analysis and operational control algorithms to tackle some of the challenges associated with the practical implementation of the islanded microgrid concept. In order to accomplish this target, this study is divided into four perspectives: 1) developing an accurate steady-state analysis algorithm for islanded microgrid systems, 2) maximizing the possible utilization of islanded microgrid limited generation resources, 3) allowing for the decentralized operation of islanded microgrid systems and 4) enabling the islanded microgrid operation in distribution systems with high penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). First for the steady-state analysis of islanded microgrid systems, a novel and generalized algorithm is proposed to provide accurate power flow analysis of islanded microgrid systems. Conventional power flow tools found in the literature are generally not suitable for the islanded microgrid operating mode. The reason is that none of these tools reflect the islanded microgrid special philosophy of operation in the absence of the utility bus. The proposed algorithm adopts the real characteristics of the islanded microgrid operation; i.e., 1) Some of the DG units are controlled using droop control methods and their generated active and reactive power are dependent on the power flow variables and cannot be pre-specified; 2) The steady-state system frequency is not constant and is considered as one of the power flow variables. The proposed algorithm is generic, where the features of distribution systems i.e. three-phase feeder models, unbalanced loads and load models have been taken in consideration. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, in providing accurate steady-state analysis of islanded microgrid systems, is demonstrated through several case studies. Secondly, this thesis proposes the consideration of a system maximum loadability criterion in the optimal power flow (OPF) problem of islanded microgrid systems. Such consideration allows for an increased utilization of the islanded microgrid limited generation resources when in isolation from the utility grid. Three OPF problem formulations for islanded microgrids are proposed; 1) The OPF problem for maximum loadability assessment, 2) The OPF for maximizing the system loadability, and 3) The bi-objective OPF problem for loadability maximization and generation cost minimization. An algorithm to achieve a best compromise solution between system maximum loadability and minimum generation costs is also proposed. A detailed islanded microgrid model is adopted to reflect the islanded microgrid special features and real operational characteristics in the proposed OPF problem formulations. The importance and consequences of considering the system maximum loadability in the operational planning of islanded microgrid systems are demonstrated through comparative numerical studies. Next, a new probabilistic algorithm for enabling the decentralized operation of islanded microgrids, including renewable resources, in the absence of a microgrid central controller (MGCC) is proposed. The proposed algorithm adopts a constraint hierarchy approach to enhance the operation of islanded microgrids by satisfying the system’s operational constraints and expanding its loading margin. The new algorithm takes into consideration the variety of possible islanded microgrid configurations that can be initiated in a distribution network (multi-microgrids), the uncertainty and variability associated with the output power of renewable DG units as well as the variability of the load, and the special operational philosophy associated with islanded microgrid systems. Simulation studies show that the proposed algorithm can facilitate the successful implementation of the islanded microgrid concept by reducing customer interruptions and enhancing the islanded microgrid loadability margins. Finally, this research proposes a new multi-stage control scheme to enable the islanded microgrid operation in the presence of high PEVs penetration. The proposed control scheme optimally coordinates the DG units operation, the shedding of islanded microgrid power demand (during inadequate generation periods) and the PEVs charging/discharging decisions. To this end, a three-stage control scheme is formulated in order to: 1) minimize the load shedding, 2) satisfy the PEVs customers’ requirements and 3) minimize the microgrid cost of operation. The proposed control scheme takes into consideration; the variability associated with the output power of renewable DG units, the random behaviour of PEV charging and the special features of islanded microgrid systems. The simulation studies show that the proposed control scheme can enhance the operation of islanded microgrid systems in the presence of high PEVs penetration and facilitate a successful implementation of the islanded microgrid concept, under the smart grid paradigm.

abstract: The growth of energy demands in recent years has been increasing faster than the expansion of transmission facility construction. This tendency cooperating with the continuous investing on the renewable energy resources drives the research, development, and construction of HVDC projects to create a more reliable, affordable, and environmentally friendly power grid. Constructing the hybrid AC-HVDC grid is a significant move in the development of the HVDC techniques; the form of dc system is evolving from the point-to-point stand-alone dc links to the embedded HVDC system and the multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) system. The MTDC is a solution for the renewable energy interconnections, and the MTDC grids can improve the power system reliability, flexibility in economic dispatches, and converter/cable utilizing efficiencies. The dissertation reviews the HVDC technologies, discusses the stability issues regarding the ac and HVDC connections, proposes a novel power oscillation control strategy to improve system stability, and develops a nonlinear voltage droop control strategy for the MTDC grid. To verify the effectiveness the proposed power oscillation control strategy, a long distance paralleled AC-HVDC transmission test system is employed. Based on the PSCAD/EMTDC platform simulation results, the proposed power oscillation control strategy can improve the system dynamic performance and attenuate the power oscillations effectively. To validate the nonlinear voltage droop control strategy, three droop controls schemes are designed according to the proposed nonlinear voltage droop control design procedures. These control schemes are tested in a hybrid AC-MTDC system. The hybrid AC-MTDC system, which is first proposed in this dissertation, consists of two ac grids, two wind farms and a five-terminal HVDC grid connecting them. Simulation studies are performed in the PSCAD/EMTDC platform. According to the simulation results, all the three design schemes have their unique salient features. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2017

Ingeniero Civil Eléctrico / Las microrredes se presentan como un tema que rompen con los paradigmas de transmisión de energía tradicionales. Esto se debe a que las microrredes incorporan la generación eléctrica en cercanía de los consumos, mediante redes en media y baja tensión, y en algunos casos, de forma aislada de los sistemas eléctricos de potencia. Este genera grandes desafíos tanto en operación de régimen permanente como en situaciones de contingencia. Entre estos desafíos se pueden destacar: la mayor variación temporal de la demanda y de la generación dada la significativa variabilidad de los recursos renovables; mayores niveles de pérdida y acoplamiento entre variables eléctricas y el déficit inercial debido a la baja presencia de máquinas rotatorias conectadas a la microrred. En microrredes, el control droop con pendiente fije es aplicado sobre los inversores de las unidades de generación y es el encargado de mantener una operación segura, confiable y correcta del sistema. Sin embargo, existen ocasiones en que el margen de potencia disponible para realizar el control droop no es constante dada la variabilidad de los recursos renovables de las unidades de generación. Bajo este desafío es que en esta memoria se realiza el estudio de una estrategia de control droop con pendiente variable aplicado a microrredes aisladas, con el objetivo de ajustarse ante las variaciones del margen de potencia disponible. En esta memoria se estudian los modelos de pequeña señal de una microrred específica, el impacto de los puntos de operación en cuanto a módulo de la impedancia de las cargas y de las pendientes del control droop para las variables de tensión y frecuencia; se obtiene una zona de operación estable que es utilizada posteriormente en simulaciones dinámicas, donde el sistema mide variaciones de carga para la elección de las pendientes máximas que garanticen la estabilidad del sistema. Finalmente se demuestra que es posible aplicar una estrategia de control con pendiente variable y compararla con una de pendiente fija, obteniendo resultados estables e inestables, para ciertas condiciones de operación del control droop variable. Además se presentan diferencias menores al 0,4% para el caso de frecuencia y 1,5% para el caso de tensión entre la estrategia de pendiente variable respecto a la de pendiente fija, para cuando el sistema operó de forma estable. Con lo anterior se plantea que la estrategia de control variable es limitada en cuanto a variaciones del punto de operación y es efectiva al momento de establecer criterios de elección de una pendiente para un punto de operación sabiendo niveles de generación disponibles.

Les coccolithophoridés sont des microalgues unicellulaires calcifiantes qui jouent un rôle important dans le cycle du carbone océanique via leurs processus cellulaires de photosynthèse (puits de CO2) et de calcification (source de CO2). L'espèce la plus abondante dans l'océan moderne est l'espèce cosmopolite Emiliania huxleyi, qui est caractérisée par une forte tolérance à de larges gammes de température, d'irradiance et de concentrations en nutriments. La distribution d'E. huxleyi qui s'étend des régions subarctiques aux régions subéquatoriales et des eaux eutrophes aux eaux oligotrophes en fait l'espèce de coccolithophoridés la plus étudiée jusqu'à présent. Cependant, sa réponse physiologique à des conditions environnementales clés comme la co-limitation en lumière et en nutriments reste peu étudiée, que ce soit in situ, où ces conditions sont rencontrées dans les niches profondes de coccolithophoridés des gyres oligotrophes, ou en laboratoire. J'ai ainsi réalisé des expériences de culture et une approche de modélisation numérique afin d'étudier la réponse physiologique d'E. huxleyi en conditions de limitation en nutriments et en lumière, avec pour objectif d'améliorer notre compréhension du contrôle environnemental des niches profondes de coccolithophoridés. / Coccolithophores are unicellular calcifying marine algae that play an important role in the oceanic carbon cycle via their cellular processes of photosynthesis (a CO2 sink) and calcification (a CO2 source). The most abundant coccolithophore species in the modern ocean is the cosmopolitan species Emiliania huxleyi that is characterized by a strong tolerance to a wide range of light, nutrient and temperature conditions. The distribution of Emiliania huxleyi from subarctic to subequatorial regions and from eutrophic to oligotrophic waters makes it the most widely studied coccolithophore species. However, its physiologic response under key environmental conditions such as the co-limitation of light and nutrients remains poorly investigated, both in the laboratory and in the field, such as in deep niches of coccolithophores in oceanic gyres. I conducted laboratory culture and numerical modeling experiments to understand the controls on the physiology of Emiliania huxleyi in low-nutrient and low-light conditions, with the aim of better understanding environmental controls on deep ecological niches of coccolithophores.

Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería - Mención Eléctrica / El presente proyecto de tesis se centra en el estudio de diferentes estrategias de control droop de potencia activa y reactiva monofásica para aplicar en micro-redes de 4 hilos. El proyecto consiste en implementar las estrategias de control droop monofásico en un sistema simulado en el software Plecs y en un sistema experimental de 4 hilos construido en el Laboratorio de Control de Micro-Redes, de la Universidad de Chile. El control droop de potencia activa tradicional opera modificando la frecuencia de las tensiones que generan cada una de las unidades de generación, con lo cual se logra que las diferentes unidades compartan la potencia activa que se encuentran generando de acuerdo a sus capacidades nominales y sin necesidad de contar con un canal de comunicación entre ellas. Adicionalmente, en esta tesis se estudia la estrategia de control droop de potencia activa modificando el desfase entre las tensiones, con lo cual se cumple el mismo objetivo final mencionado previamente. Por otro lado, el control droop de potencia reactiva tradicional se realiza modificando la amplitud de la tensión que genera cada unidad, logrando el mismo objetivo de compartir la carga reactiva sin necesidad de contar con un canal de comunicación. Si bien el control droop tradicionalmente se realiza de forma trifásica, esto presenta inconvenientes en las micro-redes de 4 hilos (principalmente redes de distribución) debido a la gran cantidad de cargas desbalanceadas presentes en estas topologías, ya que es posible que se comparta la potencia de forma trifásica pero no de forma monofásica. Es así como surge la necesidad de mejorar las técnicas existentes y lograr el mismo resultado en redes con un grado de libertad extra como son las micro-redes de 4 hilos. Debido a que las estrategias de control droop operan sobre variables como la frecuencia, desfase o amplitud de la tensión, es posible que el sistema se encuentre compartiendo la potencia, pero operando en un punto diferente al nominal. Es así como se hace necesario implementar un lazo extra de control llamado control secundario, el cual se encarga de restablecer las variables globales del sistema a su valor nominal. En este caso de estudio debido a que cada fase puede tener una frecuencia o una fase diferente, es necesario contar con un lazo extra de control secundario que se encargue de restablecer los desfases entre las tensiones, es decir, que asegure que el sistema opere de forma balanceada. De este modo es posible evitar incrementos ficticios en la corriente circulante por el neutro o cuarto hilo. Se identifican al menos 2 aportes en este trabajo de tesis. El primero es la implementación de estrategias de control droop monofásicas en micro-redes de 4 hilos, logrando que las unidades compartan su potencia por fase y sin perder la condición nominal de operación del sistema eléctrico. Además, se considera un aporte la implementación de la micro-red experimental en el laboratorio, la cual será la base para futuras investigaciones en el área de micro-redes.