<p>Microscale environments provide significant resolution and distortion challenges with respect to measurement techniques; however, with improvements to existing techniques, it is possible to gather relevant data to better understand the thermal and fluidic mechanisms at such small scales in evaporating droplets.</p> <p> </p> <p>Infrared thermography provides several unique challenges at small scales. A primary issue is that the low native resolution of traditional infrared cameras significantly hamper the collection of details of microscale features. Furthermore, surfaces exhibiting vastly different emissivities, results in inaccurate temperature measurements that can only be corrected with irradiance-based emissivity maps of the surface; however, due to the resolution limitations of infrared thermography, these emissivity maps can also display significant errors. These issues are overcome through the use of multi-frame super-resolution. The enhanced resolution allows for better capture of microscale features, therefore, enhancing the emissivity map. A quantitative error analysis of the system is conducted to quantify the feature size resolution improvement as well as the smoothing effect of super-resolution reconstruction. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to quantify the impact of registration uncertainty on the accuracy of the reconstruction. Finally, the improved emissivity map from super-resolution is demonstrated to show the increased accuracy over low-resolution mapping.</p> <p> </p> <p>When applied to water droplets, particularly on nonwetting surfaces, infrared thermography is confounded by the presence of nonuniform reflectivities due to the spherical curvature of the liquid-air interface. Thus, when measuring the temperature along the vertical axis of a water droplet, it is necessary to correct the reflection. Using a controlled background environment, in conjunction with the Fresnel equations, it is possible to correct the reflective effects on the interface and calculate the actual temperature profile. This allows for a better understanding of the governing mechanisms that determine the thermal transport within the droplet. While thermal conduction is the primary transport mechanism along the vertical axis of the droplet, it is determined that the temperature drop is partially dampened by the convective transport from the ambient air to the liquid interface. From this understanding revealed by the measurements, the vapor-diffusion-based model for evaporation was enhanced to better predict evaporation rates.</p> <p> </p> <p>Further exploration into the mechanisms behind droplet evaporation on nonwetting surfaces requires accurate knowledge of the internal flow behavior. In addition, the influence of the working fluid can have a significant impact on the governing mechanisms driving the flow and the magnitude of the flowrate. While water droplet evaporation has been shown to be governed by buoyancy-driven convection on nonwetting substrates, similar studies on organic liquid droplets are lacking. Particle image velocimetry is effective at generating a velocity flow field, but droplets introduce distortion due to the refraction from the spherical interface of the droplet. As such, velocity correction using a ray-tracing approach was conducted to correct the velocity magnitudes and direction. With the velocity measurements, the flow was determined to be surface-tension-driven and showed speeds that are an order of magnitude higher than those seen in buoyancy-driven flow in water droplets. This resulted in the discovery that advection plays a significant role in the transport within the droplet. As such, the vapor-diffusion-governed evaporation model was adjusted to show a dramatic improvement at predicting the temperature gradient along the vertical axis of the droplet.</p> <p> </p> <p>Armed with the knowledge of flow behavior inside droplets, it is expected that droplets with aqueous solutions should exhibit buoyancy-driven convection. The final part of this work, therefore, leverages this phenomenon to enhance mixing during reactions. Colorimetry is a technique that is widely utilized to measure the concentration of a desired sample within some liquid; the sample reacts with a reagent dye the color change is measured, usually through absorbance measurements. In particular, the Bradford assay is used to measure protein concentration by reacting the protein to a Coomassie^TM Brilliant Blue G-250. The absorbance of the dye increases, most significantly at the 590 nm wavelength, allowing for precise quantitation of the amount of protein in the solution. A droplet-based reaction chamber with buoyancy-enhanced mixing has the potential to speed up the measurement process by removing the need for a separate pre-mixing step. Furthermore, the reduced volume makes the process more efficient in terms of reactant usage. Experimental results of premixed solutions of protein sample and reagent dye show that the absorbance measurement through a droplet tracks strongly with the protein concentration. When the protein sample and dye reagent are mixed <i>in situ</i>, the complex interaction between the reactants, the mixing, and the adsorption of protein onto the substrate creates a unique temporal evolution in the measured absorbance of the droplet. The characteristic peaks and valleys of this evolution track strongly with concentration and provide the framework for measurement of concentration in a droplet-based system.</p> <p> </p> <p>This thesis extends knowledge about droplet thermal and fluidic behavior through enhanced measurement techniques. This knowledge is then leveraged in a novel application to create a simple, buoyancy-driven colorimetric reaction setup. Overall, this study contributes to the field of miniaturized, efficient reaction and measurement devices.</p>

Recently, considerable attention has been focused on the generation of nano- and micrometer scale multicomponent polymer particles with specifically tailored mechanical, electrical and optical properties. As only a few polymer-polymer pairs are miscible, the set of multicomponent polymer systems achievable by conventional methods, such as melt blending, is severely limited in property ranges. Therefore, researchers have been evaluating synthesis methods that can arbitrarily blend immiscible solvent pairs, thus expanding the range of properties that are practical. The generation of blended microparticles by evaporating a co-solvent from aerosol droplets containing two dissolved immiscible polymers in solution seems likely to exhibit a high degree of phase uniformity. A second important advantage of this technique is the formation of nano- and microscale particulates with very low impurities, which are not attainable through conventional solution techniques. When the timescale of solvent evaporation is lower than that of polymer diffusion and self-organization, phase separation is inhibited within the atto- to femto-liter volume of the droplet, and homogeneous blends of immiscible polymers can be produced. We have studied multicomponent polymer particles generated from highly monodisperse micrordroplets that were produced using a Vibrating Orifice Aerosol Generator (VOAG). The particles are characterized for both external and internal morphology along with homogeneity of the blends. Ultra-thin slices of polymer particles were characterized by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and the degree of uniformity was examined using an Electron Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX). To further establish the homogeneity of the polymer blend microparticles, differential scanning calorimeter was used to measure the glass transition temperature of the microparticles obtained. A single glass transition temperature was obtained for these microparticles and hence the homogeneity of the blend was concluded. These results have its significance in the field of particulate encapsulation. Also, better control of the phase morphologies can be obtained by simply changing the solvent/solvents in the dilute solutions. Evaporation and drying of a binary droplet containing a solute and a solvent is a complicated phenomenon. Most of the present models do not consider convection in the droplet phase as solvent is usually water which is not very volatile. In considering highly volatile solvents the evaporation is very rapid. The surface of the droplet recedes inwards very fast and there is an inherent convective flow that is established inside the solution droplet. In this dissertation work, a model is developed that incorporates convection inside the droplet. The results obtained are compared to the size obtained from experimental results. The same model when used with an aqueous solution droplet predicted concentration profiles that are comparable to results obtained when convection was not taken into account. These results have significance for more rigorous modeling of binary and multicomponent droplet drying.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19685号 / 工博第4140号 / 新制||工||1639(附属図書館) / 32721 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小森 悟, 教授 中部 主敬, 教授 稲室 隆二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23614号 / 工博第4935号 / 新制||工||1771(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 黒瀬 良一, 教授 花崎 秀史, 教授 岩井 裕 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

During a rocket launch, the point at which the most thrust is needed is at lift-off where the rocket is the heaviest since it is full of propellant. Unfortunately, this is also the point at which rocket engines perform the most poorly due to the relatively high atmospheric pressure at sea level. The Thrust Augmenting Nozzle (TAN) investigated in this paper provides a solution to this dilemma. By injecting extra propellant into the nozzle but downstream of the throat, the internal nozzle pressure is raised and the thrust is increased, and the nozzle efficiency, or specific impulse is potentially improved as well. Using this concept, the payload capacity of a launch vehicle can be increased and provides an excellent option for single stage to orbit vehicles.

The development of a new deposition technique called evaporative vapor deposition (EVD) is reported, allowing deposition and formation of atomically-thin, large area materials on arbitrary substrates. This work focuses on the highly popular monolayer material – graphene oxide (GO). A droplet of a GO solution is formed on a heated polymer substrate, and maintained at steady-state evaporation (all droplet parameters are held constant over time). The polymer substrate is laser patterned to control the droplet's contact line dynamics and the droplet's contact angle is maintained using a computer controlled syringe pump. A room temperature silicon wafer is translated through the vapor field of the evaporating GO droplet using a computer controlled translation stage. Dropwise condensation formed on the silicon wafer is monitored using both optical and infrared cameras. The condensation rate is measured to be ~50pL/mm2?s – 500 pL/mm2?s and dependent on the substrate translation speed and height difference between the droplet's apex and substrate surface. Nano-sized GO flakes carried through the vapor phase are captured in the condensate, depositing on the translating wafer. Deposition rate is dependent on the stability of the solution and droplet condensate size. Characterization with Raman spectroscopy show expected shifts for graphene/graphite. The presented EVD technique is promising toward formation of large scale 2D materials with applications to developing new technologies.

<p>Understanding the drying of droplets is of interest for processes such as spray drying, where particulate materials are produced by evaporating moisture. Even though spray-drying is a widely used method, there are still challenges, such as undesired agglomeration or controlling the morphology and size of the final dried product. This dissertation develops a physics based model that is used to examine the droplet dynamics and drying kinetics at large and small scales.  In addition, the model simulates the internal motion of insoluble particles and  is used to better understand particle formation during spray drying type processes.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The first part of this work examines the effect of droplet-droplet collisions on evaporation and the size distribution at a large scale. Droplet collision dynamics are implemented into an Eulerian-Lagrangian framework, where droplets are tracked in the Lagrangian frame, and the background gas is modeled as a continuum. The modeling framework includes fully coupled interphase heat and momentum transfer between the droplet and gas phases. Binary collision of droplets could result in coalescence, reduction in surface area, or separation of droplets, resulting in the generation of satellite droplets and an increase in total surface area. By capturing the change in size distribution due to the collision of particles, our results show a linear relationship between the Weber number and the evaporation rate at low droplet number densities. Further, it is shown that droplet number density is a critical factor influencing the evaporation rate. At high droplet number densities, the relationship between the evaporation rate and the Weber number becomes non-linear, and at extremely high droplet number densities, the evaporation rate decreases even at high Weber numbers.</p> <p><br></p> <p>In the next part of this dissertation, the drying of a single droplet containing insoluble solid particles is investigated. Using a volume-of-fluid framework coupled with the Lagrangian phase, we study the particle transport within a droplet, and how it is affected by airflow, phase properties (e.g., viscosity and density of each phase), surface tension, and evaporation. Unlike the traditional one-dimensional modeling approach, our multi-dimensional model can capture the generation of internal flow patterns due to shear flow and the accumulation of solid particles on the surface of the drying droplet. Our results show that the surface tension effect is more pronounced at larger droplet diameters and low airflow velocities. Our approach also provides a quantitative method for modeling crust growth and formation. </p> <p>Our results show that increasing solids mass fraction, and decreasing particle diameter, slow down the internal transport of solid particles, leading to a more quick accumulation near the surface of the droplet. Further, despite the droplet undergoing a constant-rate drying stage, the accumulation of solids near the surface is non-linear. In addition, the inclusion of solids within the droplet drastically reshapes the formation of internal vortices compared to the uncoupled case, which determines solids distribution.</p>

Η διδακτορική διατριβή πραγματεύεται την πειραματική διερεύνηση της αλληλεπίδρασης δέσμης εκροής νέφους σταγονιδίων νερού με το θερμικά στρωματοποιημένο,τυρβώδες ρευστο-θερμικό πεδίο που αναπτύσσεται πάνω από οριζόντια θερμαινόμενη επίπεδη επιφάνεια. Τα φαινόμενα και οι φυσικοί μηχανισμοί που διέπουν την ως άνω αλληλεπίδραση πέρα από τη σημασία τους σε σχέση με τη βασική έρευνα στο πεδίο των ρευστοθερμικών φαινομένων, παρουσιάζουν ενδιαφέρον σε πληθώρα πρακτικών προβλημάτων όπως κατά τον ψεκασμό καυσίμου σε κινητήρες εσωτερικής καύσης και καυστήρες, στη διφασική ψύξη ηλεκτρονικών, στην μετεωρολογία, στην πυρόσβεση, σε διεργασίες απόθεσης και επικάλυψης κ.α. Το ρευστο-θερμικό πεδίο αναπτύσσεται πάνω από οριζόντια θερμαινόμενη επιφάνεια μεταλλικής πλάκας μέσα σε ορθογωνική κοιλότητα με ανοικτή οροφή. Το νέφος σταγονιδίων δημιουργείται σε έναν νεφελοποιητή και εκτοξεύεται μέσα από ένα ακροφύσιο κυλινδρικού σωλήνα εσωτερικής διαμέτρου 4mm, κάθετα προς την οριζόντια επίπεδη επιφάνεια και σε σημαντική απόσταση από αυτήν (50cm), δημιουργώντας αρχικά μια διφασική δέσμη εκροής σταγονιδίων. Για την δημιουργία βάσης δεδομένων αναφοράς, σημαντικό μέρος της εργασίας αναφέρεται στην καταγραφή και μελέτη του θερμικού πεδίου ελεύθερης συναγωγής που δημιουργείται πάνω από τη θερμαινόμενη πλάκα χωρίς την παρουσία σταγονιδίων. Αντίστοιχα μελετήθηκε η ανάπτυξη της δέσμης εκροής σταγονιδίων σε ισοθερμοκρασιακές συνθήκες. Η παραμετρική μελέτη της αλληλεπίδρασης δέσμης εκροής σταγονιδίων και θερμικά στρωματοποιημένου πεδίου πραγματοποιήθηκε για δέσμες σε δύο αριθμούς Reynolds και για δύο ρυθμούς ροής θερμότητας από την πλάκα. Οι αριθμοί Reynolds που επιβάλλονται στη ροή δέσμης του νέφους (mistjet) είναι σχετικά χαμηλοί έτσι ώστε να ισχυροποιηθεί σχετικά η επίδραση του τοιχώματος και κυρίως οι ροϊκές δομές που δημιουργούνται λόγω των ανωστικών δυνάμεων κοντά στη θερμαινόμενη επιφάνεια. Η σύνθετη ροή που παράγεται λόγω της σημαντικής απόστασης μεταξύ του ακροφυσίου και της επίπεδης επιφάνειας - στόχου κατατάσσεται στην κατηγορία των δεσμών εκροής ασθενούς πρόσκρουσης. Οι παράμετροι που εξετάζονται περιλαμβάνουν μέσα και τυρβώδη χαρακτηριστικά τόσο των σταγόνων (μέγεθος και ταχύτητα), όσο και της θερμοκρασιακής κατανομής πάνω από την θερμαινόμενη πλάκα. Το θερμικό πεδίο σε συνθήκες ελεύθερης μεταφοράς και υπό την επίδραση της ροής των σταγονιδίων καταγράφτηκε με τη βοήθεια θερμοζεύγους πολύ μικρών διαστάσεων ώστε να αλλοιώνει όσο το δυνατόν λιγότερο τη ροή. Οι διαστάσεις του αισθητηρίου είναι σημαντικά μικρότερες της κλίμακας μήκους Kolmogorov και επομένως το αισθητήριο κρίθηκε ικανό για την ανάλυση όλων των σχετικών κλιμάκων της ροής. Το πεδίο νέφους σταγονιδίων μελετήθηκε με την τεχνική Ανεμομετρίας Φάσης Doppler (PhaseDopplerAnemometry - PDA) η οποία επιτρέπει την μέτρηση τόσο της ταχύτητας όσο και του μεγέθους των σταγονιδίων παρέχοντας τη δυνατότητα συσχέτισης των δύο μεγεθών για τον ενδελεχή χαρακτηρισμό της συμπεριφοράς των σταγονιδίων. Η τεχνική αυτή είναι μια από τις λίγες μη παρεμβατικές μεθόδους σημειακών μετρήσεων σε διφασικά ροϊκά πεδία η οποία δίνει πληροφορία για τη συγκέντρωση και την παροχή, με την τελευταία να αποτελεί σημαντικό εργαλείο στον υπολογισμό της εξάτμισης. Τα αποτελέσματα των μετρήσεων κατά την αλληλεπίδραση των πεδίων (θερμικού και σταγονιδίων) μελετώνται και συγκρίνονται με τις συνθήκες αναφοράς της στρωματοποιημένης ροής του θερμοκρασιακού πεδίου και της ισόθερμης ροής του πεδίου ταχυτήτων δίνοντας πληροφορία για την επίδραση του νέφους σταγονιδίων στους μηχανισμούς τυρβώδους μεταφοράς. Αναγνωρίστηκε ως κυρίαρχη δομή του πεδίου συναγωγής το κινούμενο πλούμιο συχνά μορφής μανιταριού. Η μορφή των κατανομών πυκνότητας πιθανότητας (PDF) ερμηνεύθηκε σε σχέση με το ιστορικό δημιουργίας και ανταλαγών θερμότητας των επί μέρους αερίων μαζών που διέρχοτναι από τη θέση μέτρησης. Στις κατανομές φασματικής ισχύος (PSD) του σήματος της θερμοκρασίας αναγνωρίσθηκε ιδιοσυχνότηταπου υποδεικνύει την παρουσία δομής μεγάλης κλίμακας. Αναφορικά με το πεδίο σταγονιδίων παρατηρήθηκε ότι η παρουσία της επιφάνειας – στόχου επιβραδύνει τις δέσμες πρόσπτωσης ελαττώνοντας και τις διακυμάνσεις στην περιοχή του τοιχώματος. Η θέρμανση επηρεάζει τις μέσες και κυμαινόμενες ταχύτητες σε σημαντική απόσταση από την οριζόντια πλάκα, ενώ το μέγεθος των σταγονιδίων μειώνεται κατάντη της ροής με διαφορετικές τάσεις ως προς τον Re. Αυξημένες τιμές της μέσης διαμέτρου Sauter (D32) παρατηρούνται κοντά στην επιφάνεια ειδικά για την περίπτωση ισόθερμου ψεκασμού του υψηλότερου Re. Η θέρμανση της επιφάνειας έχει σημαντική επίπτωση στον περιορισμό της αυξητικής τάσης της παροχής αέρα λόγω συμπαράσυρσης, που είναι πιο εμφανής στις περιπτώσεις χαμηλού Re. / The interaction of a water mist jet with the thermally stratified turbulent field developing over a horizontal heated flat plate, in an open top cavity, is investigated experimentally. The physical phenomena dominating this interaction, besides their importance for theoretical thermo-fluids, influence a wide spectrum of applications including fuel injection in internal combustion engines and burners, electronics cooling, meteorology, fire extinguishing, deposition and coating processes etc. Water mist, generated in a nebulizer, is sprayed through a cylindrical orifice of internal diameter 4mm, vertically, towards the horizontal surface and at considerable distance from it (50cm). In order to establish a reference case data base, a significant part of the work refers to data collection and study on the thermal convection field characteristics, in the absence of the spray mist, as well as on the isothermal mist jet development. The interaction field has been investigated for mist jets of two Reynolds numbers and at two flat plate heating rates. The mist jet Reynolds numbers were rather low in order to enhance the influence of the plate and the flow structures generated due to buoyancy. Mean and turbulent characteristics of the spray (velocity and size) and the temperature distribution were monitored. A small thermocouple, significantly smaller than the Kolmogorov length scale, was used for temperature measurements. Droplet velocities and sizes were measured with Phase Doppler Anemometry, which also provided concentration and flux measurements. Moving plumes, often in the form of mushrooms, were identified as the dominant structures in the convection field. The form of temperature probability density functions was related to the past history of formation and heat exchange of air masses crossing the measuring point. An eigenfrequency, identified in the temperature power spectra indicates the presence of a large scale structure. The presence of the target plate decelerates the mist jets reducing also turbulent fluctuations close to the surface. Heating influences the mean and fluctuating velocities at considerable distance from the plate, reducing the rate of jet mass flux growth due to entrainment, more evidently for the low Re jet. Droplet sizes decrease downstream, presenting different trends in relation to Re. Increased values of the Sauter mean diameter (D32) are observed very close to the plate surface, particularly for the high Re number, isothermal jet.

Στην παρούσα διατριβή μελετάται η εξέλιξη του φαινομένου της εξάτμισης σταγονιδίου που βρίσκεται πάνω σε στερεό επίπεδο υπόστρωμα, καθώς, και η διεργασία απόθεσης των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων κατά την εξάτμιση υγρών σωμάτων με κυλινδρική γεωμετρία που αποτελούνται από κολλοειδή αιωρήματα. Παρουσιάζεται η μοντελοποίηση της διεργασίας εξάτμισης μικροσταγονιδίων πάνω σε στερεά υποστρώματα. Υπολογίζεται αναλυτικά το πεδίο ροής στο εσωτερικό διδιάστατων σταγονιδίων κατά την εξάτμισή τους από επίπεδα υποστρώματα για τις περιπτώσεις δυναμικής και έρπουσας ροής. Εξετάζεται η επίδραση του μηχανισμού που ελέγχει την εξάτμιση (αλλαγή φάσης, διάχυση ατμών), καθώς, και ο ρόλος των γραμμών επαφής (σταθερές γραμμές επαφής, σταθερή γωνία επαφής). Η διεργασία απόθεσης των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων προσομοιώνεται με τη μέθοδο τροχιών σωματιδίων και τη μέθοδο συναγωγής-διάχυσης δικτύου Boltzmann. Τα σωματίδια κινούνται υπό την επίδραση του πεδίου ροής και της θερμικής κίνησής τους. Μελετάται η επίδραση του υποστρώματος στη διάχυση των σωματιδίων και η αλληλεπίδραση των σωματιδίων με την ελεύθερη επιφάνεια του σταγονιδίου. Παρουσιάζονται αποτελέσματα προσομοιώσεων για διάφορους αριθμούς Peclet, τόσο για υδρόφιλα όσο και για ισχυρά υδρόφοβα υποστρώματα και εξάγονται συμπεράσματα για τις συνθήκες δημιουργίας ομοιόμορφων αποθέσεων. / In this thesis the evaporation of droplets lying on substrates and the deposition process during the evaporation of colloidal liquid lines are investigated. The evaporation process has been mathematically modeled. The flow field inside an evaporating two dimensional microdroplet has been analytically calculated for the cases of potential and creeping flow. The effect of the evaporation controlling mechanism (phase change, vapor diffusion) and the behavior of the contact lines (pinned contact lines, depinned contact lines with constant contact angle) have been investigated. The deposition process of the suspended particles is simulated using the method of particle trajectories as well as the lattice Boltzmann convection-diffusion method. The particles move due to the flow field and their Brownian motion. The effect of solid substrate on the diffusivity, as well as, the particles interactions with the free surface of the droplet have been, also, investigated. Simulations results are presented for different Peclet numbers for hydrophilic and strongly hydrophobic substrates and useful conclusions have been arrived about the conditions that favor the formation of uniform deposits.