Master of Arts / Department of Economics / William F. Blankenau / This paper describes the socioeconomic determinants of school dropout for Vietnamese children aged 11-18. It seeks to answer the following two questions: 1) What is the magnitude of the dropout rate for children between the ages of 11-18 and how does this figure change over time? 2) What are the determinants that affect the decision to drop out of school? This paper is based largely on the two Vietnam Living Standard Surveys (VLSS) conducted in 2004 and 2006. A probit model is used to ascertain the major determinants affecting the probability to drop out of school. The decision to drop out of school is affected by key factors including the child’s demographic characteristics (such as age, gender, ethnicity, and regions where they are living) and the child’s household’s situation (such as income per capita, cost of schooling, household size, and parental education). In particular, age and household size have significantly positive effects on the dropout probability. The dropout rate is also shown to vary between girls and boys, but this gender gap has narrowed substantially. Minority girls face more obstacles in staying school than minority boys. The school dropout rate is also very sensitive to changes in the household’s income and cost of schooling. However, the cost of schooling has different impacts on families in different quintiles. Region is another determinant affecting child’s decision to drop out of school. Vietnam’s population is unequally distributed in 8 regions with different socio-economic conditions, and hence the dropout situation is also regionally specific. Moreover, the parents’ perception of the value of education may increase the child’s probability of school retention. Since it is difficult to measure parental attitude to schooling, the paper uses parents’ education level instead, assuming that parents who have more education will appreciate education more.

RESUMO Esta dissertaÃÃo procurou identificar os fatores que influenciaram, mais fortemente, os alunos evadidos dos cursos de nÃvel mÃdio integrados à formaÃÃo profissional na modalidade EJA, no Instituto Federal do Cearà (IFCE) - campus de Fortaleza. Na busca de aumentar as chances de encontrar respostas mais confiÃveis e consistentes, procurou-se trabalhar com todos os segmentos envolvidos no processo pedagÃgico: evadidos, alunos, professores, administradores e pedagoga. A pesquisa se caracterizou como um estudo de caso, empÃrica, do tipo explicativa, descritiva, e pretendeu analisar: a) o desenvolvimento do currÃculo, b) a dinÃmica do relacionamento professor/aluno, c) as condiÃÃes de infraestrutura do IFCE para o bom desempenho dos cursos e d) as questÃes de maior relevÃncia que motivam o abandono por parte do aluno. O procedimento metodolÃgico da investigaÃÃo decorreu no recorte temporal entre 2009 e 2011 e se realizou em trÃs tempos e formas: pesquisa bibliogrÃfica, documental e de campo, subsidiadas pelas tÃcnicas de grupo focal, de observaÃÃo participante e de entrevistas semiestruturadas, junto aos segmentos investigados. Buscando uma fundamentaÃÃo para os possÃveis achados, foi feita uma revisÃo sobre as trajetÃrias da EJA e do ensino profissional no Brasil, caracterizou-se o IFCE, e realizou-se uma rÃpida incursÃo sobre o IFCE - campus de Fortaleza, o seu PROEJA e em particular sobre o perfil de seus alunos. Considerou-se como fundamentos teÃricos, trabalhos de Makarenko (1987), Freire (2000) e (2001), Bourdieu (1992), McLaren (1992), os trabalhos de Haddad (2000), Kuenzer (1997), Frigotto (2005), Ciavatta (2008), de Oliveira (2003), de Andriola (2003), Almeida (2008), Marconatto (2009) entre outros. Obteve-se pela tÃcnica da anÃlise de conteÃdo, um total de 580 recortes das falas dos participantes, destacando-se 188 (32,41%) para as questÃes relacionadas à prÃtica pedagÃgica, 163 (28,10%) relacionados à evasÃo, 161 (27,76%) relacionados à permanÃncia e 68 (11,72%) relacionados à infraestrutura. Na anÃlise do conjunto de recortes, do perfil dos alunos e das observaÃÃes realizadas, constatou-se que os âfatores internosâ relacionados à instituiÃÃo tiveram uma prevalÃncia bastante acentuada no aumento da evasÃo naquele campus. / ABSTRACT In this work, we aimed at identifying the stronger factors that contributed to the dropping out of high school integrated to the professional education. The analyzed sample group belongs to the EJA modality at Federal Institute of Cearà (IFCE) â Fortaleza Campus. In order to improve the probabilities of finding more reliable and consistent answers, we worked with all involved segments in the pedagogical process: current ones and students that drop out, teachers, administrative staff and the pedagogue. This research was defined as an empirical case study with descriptive and explanatory features. Moreover, we intended to analyze: a) the composition of the curriculum, b) the dynamic of the relationship between teacher and student, c) the infrastructure conditions of the IFCE regarding the good performance of the course, and d) the more relevant issues which motivate the student to abandon the course. The methodological process of investigation, composed of three phases, occurred sequentially from 2009 to 2011. Summarily, these phases were: bibliographic, documental, and field researches, helped by techniques of focus group; participative observations; and semi-structured surveys along the investigated segments. With the purpose of founding our possible findings, we made a review about the history of the EJA and of the professional education in Brazil. Additionally, we defined the IFCEâs aspects, its PROEJA system, and, particularly, its students. Considered as theorical, work of Makarenko (1987), Freire (2000) and (2001), Bourdieu (1992), McLaren (1992), the work of Haddad (2000), Kuenzer (1997), Frigotto (2005), Ciavatta (2008), Oliveira (2003), of Andriola (2003), Almeida (2008) and Marconatto (2009), among others. From content analysis, we obtained speech samples of participants, distinguishing 188 (32.41%) for questions related to pedagogical practice, 163 (28.10%) related to dropping out, 161 (27.76%) related to permanence and 68 (11.72%) related to infrastructure. Based on the speech samples, studentsâ profile, and overall observations, it was found that the "internal factors" from the institution had a high contribution to dropping out of that campus.

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SUMMARY According to many Lithuanian teachers, the problem of dropouts is a social, cultural, economic and managerial problem. Unwilling to study juvenile and dropouts usually add to the ranks of unskilled labor force, unemployed individuals and even criminal groups. Analysis of the available literature showed that there have been no consistent researches carried out in connection to the problem of dropouts at vocational schools. The objective of this paper is to identify the reasons of dropping out at vocational school and preventive measures applied in this regard. In order to achieve this objective, the scope of dropouts at Lithuanian vocational schools, experience of EU countries in tackling the problem of dropping out of young individuals aged 18 - 24 from the education system were reviewed in addition to the analysis of preventive potential. The second part of the paper contains research results which reveal the reasons why students susceptible to dropping out do lease schools, what teachers and managers think about the problem of dropping out. Analysis of the opinions of students and teachers demonstrated that the basic reason for dropping out from vocational schools, as pointed out by one third of students at risk and teachers, i.e., nonattendance, is related to: - insufficient subsistence funds, i.e., will to work in Lithuania or abroad; - learning failures accompanying students from comprehensive schools; - selected profession, i.e., having experienced practical... [to full text]

abstract: The Civil Rights Project estimates that Black girls are among the least likely to graduate from high school. More specifically, only about half, or 56%, of freshman Black girls graduate with their class four years later. Beyond the statistics little is known about Black girls who drop out, why they leave school and what happens to them once they are gone. This study is a grounded theory analysis of the stories eight adult Black women told about dropping out of high school with a particular focus on how dropping out affected their lives as workers, mothers and returners to education. There is one conclusion about dropping out and another about Black female identity. First, the women in my study were adolescents during the 1980s, experienced life at the intersection of Blackness, womaness, and poverty and lived in the harsh conditions of a Black American hyperghetto. Using a synthesis between intersectionality and hyperghettoization I found that the women were so determined to improve their economic and personal conditions that they took on occupations that seemed to promise freedom, wealth and safety. Because they were so focused on their new lives, their school attendance suffered as a consequence. In the second conclusion I argued that Black women draw their insights about Black female identity from two competing sources. The two sources are their lived experience and popular controlling images of Black female identity. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2011

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ROCHA, Wellington Moreira da. Educação de jovens e adultos e a evasão escolar: o caso do Instituto Federal do Ceará - campus de Fortaleza. 2011. 155 F. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2011. / Submitted by Raul Oliveira (raulcmo@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-05T16:51:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_Dis_WMRocha.pdf: 2411166 bytes, checksum: 3df192cb12412a7059627052bf47b44d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-06T13:57:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_Dis_WMRocha.pdf: 2411166 bytes, checksum: 3df192cb12412a7059627052bf47b44d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-06T13:57:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_Dis_WMRocha.pdf: 2411166 bytes, checksum: 3df192cb12412a7059627052bf47b44d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / In this work, we aimed at identifying the stronger factors that contributed to the dropping out of high school integrated to the professional education. The analyzed sample group belongs to the EJA modality at Federal Institute of Ceará (IFCE) – Fortaleza Campus. In order to improve the probabilities of finding more reliable and consistent answers, we worked with all involved segments in the pedagogical process: current ones and students that drop out, teachers, administrative staff and the pedagogue. This research was defined as an empirical case study with descriptive and explanatory features. Moreover, we intended to analyze: a) the composition of the curriculum, b) the dynamic of the relationship between teacher and student, c) the infrastructure conditions of the IFCE regarding the good performance of the course, and d) the more relevant issues which motivate the student to abandon the course. The methodological process of investigation, composed of three phases, occurred sequentially from 2009 to 2011. Summarily, these phases were: bibliographic, documental, and field researches, helped by techniques of focus group; participative observations; and semi-structured surveys along the investigated segments. With the purpose of founding our possible findings, we made a review about the history of the EJA and of the professional education in Brazil. Additionally, we defined the IFCE’s aspects, its PROEJA system, and, particularly, its students. Considered as theorical, work of Makarenko (1987), Freire (2000) and (2001), Bourdieu (1992), McLaren (1992), the work of Haddad (2000), Kuenzer (1997), Frigotto (2005), Ciavatta (2008), Oliveira (2003), of Andriola (2003), Almeida (2008) and Marconatto (2009), among others. From content analysis, we obtained speech samples of participants, distinguishing 188 (32.41%) for questions related to pedagogical practice, 163 (28.10%) related to dropping out, 161 (27.76%) related to permanence and 68 (11.72%) related to infrastructure. Based on the speech samples, students’ profile, and overall observations, it was found that the "internal factors" from the institution had a high contribution to dropping out of that campus. / Esta dissertação procurou identificar os fatores que influenciaram, mais fortemente, os alunos evadidos dos cursos de nível médio integrados à formação profissional na modalidade EJA, no Instituto Federal do Ceará (IFCE) - campus de Fortaleza. Na busca de aumentar as chances de encontrar respostas mais confiáveis e consistentes, procurou-se trabalhar com todos os segmentos envolvidos no processo pedagógico: evadidos, alunos, professores, administradores e pedagoga. A pesquisa se caracterizou como um estudo de caso, empírica, do tipo explicativa, descritiva, e pretendeu analisar: a) o desenvolvimento do currículo, b) a dinâmica do relacionamento professor/aluno, c) as condições de infraestrutura do IFCE para o bom desempenho dos cursos e d) as questões de maior relevância que motivam o abandono por parte do aluno. O procedimento metodológico da investigação decorreu no recorte temporal entre 2009 e 2011 e se realizou em três tempos e formas: pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo, subsidiadas pelas técnicas de grupo focal, de observação participante e de entrevistas semiestruturadas, junto aos segmentos investigados. Buscando uma fundamentação para os possíveis achados, foi feita uma revisão sobre as trajetórias da EJA e do ensino profissional no Brasil, caracterizou-se o IFCE, e realizou-se uma rápida incursão sobre o IFCE - campus de Fortaleza, o seu PROEJA e em particular sobre o perfil de seus alunos. Considerou-se como fundamentos teóricos, trabalhos de Makarenko (1987), Freire (2000) e (2001), Bourdieu (1992), McLaren (1992), os trabalhos de Haddad (2000), Kuenzer (1997), Frigotto (2005), Ciavatta (2008), de Oliveira (2003), de Andriola (2003), Almeida (2008), Marconatto (2009) entre outros. Obteve-se pela técnica da análise de conteúdo, um total de 580 recortes das falas dos participantes, destacando-se 188 (32,41%) para as questões relacionadas à prática pedagógica, 163 (28,10%) relacionados à evasão, 161 (27,76%) relacionados à permanência e 68 (11,72%) relacionados à infraestrutura. Na análise do conjunto de recortes, do perfil dos alunos e das observações realizadas, constatou-se que os “fatores internos” relacionados à instituição tiveram uma prevalência bastante acentuada no aumento da evasão naquele campus.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CiceraRC.pdf: 295488 bytes, checksum: f585fd9cdb64dd6c5356348468ed6cde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-21 / For young people and adults that have not yet conquered reading and writing, being literate is the most important thing in life , a dream . Scholarly learning for them is like hegemonic knowledge in contemporary literate society. Thus, for them to get into school is to be able to have such knowledge and, through it, feel inserted into this society. However, along this process of learning, they start to drop out, little by little, statistically increasing the number of people who give up on young people and adult education Eja, as well as slowly reducing the contingent of illiteracy in the country. With this reality as a starting point, we question the concrete and symbolic reasons or motives that lead to a dropping out of the literacy classes at Eja. To do so, we have established, as the object of our study, the feelings of giving up among those involved in young people and adult literacy training. To understand such feelings is our purpose in this investigation. The theory of Social Representations (MOSCOVICI, 1978, 2004) was the theoretical-methodological option for subsidizing data search, analyses and interpretation, making us perceive the significance of the object of this study for these individuals. The gathering of such symbolic content involved the use of semi-structured interviews with eleven drop-outs and ten students who had repeated this modality of teaching in public schools in Natal, RN, during the 2006 school year. From the thematic and categorical analyses (BARDIN, 1977), we identified elements that gave support to some themes. Later, these themes led to three categories, suggesting that feelings associated with dropping out were based on the following: learning difficulties because they did not understand the contents; having their lack of knowledge exposed, thus bringing forth feelings of shame, humiliation, and embarrassment for not knowing how to read and write at a mature age; work, tiredness and sickness. The students who manage to remain in school are those who force themselves to live with the feelings of maladaptation and those who develop a sense of adaptation the other way round to the institution, that is, acceptance of institutional failures and omissions / A condi??o de alfabetizado, para jovens e adultos que ainda n?o conseguem dominar a leitura e a escrita, ? a coisa mais importante da vida , um sonho . A aprendizagem escolar ? entendida por eles como um saber hegem?nico na sociedade contempor?nea letrada. Por isso, entram na escola, buscam deter tal conhecimento e, atrav?s dele, sentir-se inseridos nesta sociedade. Entretanto, no decorrer desse processo de aprendizagem, v?o aos poucos desistindo, o que contribui tanto para elevar as estat?sticas da desist?ncia na Educa??o de Jovens e Adultos/Eja quanto para, lentamente, reduzir o contingente de analfabetos do pa?s. A partir dessa realidade, questionamo-nos sobre as raz?es ou motivos concretos e simb?licos que levam ? desist?ncia nas classes de alfabetiza??o da Eja. Para tanto, configuramos nosso objeto de estudo como os sentidos da desist?ncia entre alfabetizandos da Eja, cuja compreens?o ? nosso objetivo. A Teoria das Representa??es Sociais (MOSCOVICI, 1978, 2004) foi a op??o te?rico-metodol?gica para subsidiar a busca, as an?lises e as interpreta??es dos dados, fazendo-nos perceber o significado do objeto de estudo para esses indiv?duos. Para captar tal conte?do simb?lico, realizamos entrevistas semi-estruturadas com onze alunos desistentes e dez repetentes dessa modalidade de ensino em escolas p?blicas de Natal/RN durante o ano letivo de 2006. A partir das an?lises tem?tica e categorial (BARDIN, 1977), identificamos elementos que suscitaram temas. Estes, posteriormente, levaram a tr?s categorias, sugerindo como sentidos da desist?ncia: dificuldades na aprendizagem por n?o compreenderem os conte?dos; exposi??o do n?o saber, trazendo ? tona os sentimentos de vergonha, humilha??o, constrangimento por n?o saberem ler e escrever em idade madura; trabalho/cansa?o e doen?as. Aqueles que conseguem permanecer na escola s?o os que se obrigam a conviver com os sentimentos de desadapta??o , e os que desenvolvem com a Institui??o uma adapta??o ao avesso , isto ?, a aceita??o das falhas e das omiss?es institucionais

L’éducation a connu des progrès remarquables au Vietnam au cours des deux dernières décennies. Cependant, l'inégalité des chances en matière d'éducation aggrave les disparités chez les enfants et menace les progrès en termes de productivité du travail. Pourtant, les mécanismes de transmission des inégalités et le rôle des compétences dans ce processus restent encore largement méconnus. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur ces questions. Plus précisément, elle vise à étudier comment les compétences interagissent avec les facteurs environnementaux dans l’atteinte des résultats scolaires et l’insertion sur le marché du travail au Vietnam. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse examine dans quelle mesure les compétences prédisent l'abandon scolaire. Le chapitre 2 analyse l’effet du passage au temps complet d’enseignement au primaire sur les inégalités scolaires. Enfin, le chapitre 3 étudie l'importance relative des compétences dans l’insertion des jeunes sur le marché du travail. À cette fin, diverses approches quantitatives sont menées à partir des données de Young Lives. Les contributions de la thèse à la littérature existante sont de prendre en compte les compétences non cognitives dans l’analyse, de considérer l'interaction entre le milieu social et l'environnement scolaire et enfin de traiter les erreurs de mesures des compétences au Vietnam. La thèse montre que les efforts en vue de plus d’égalité d’opportunités scolaires doivent être poursuivis. Elle montre également l’importance d'améliorer les compétences non cognitives pour améliorer le bien-être individuel et la croissance économique. / Vietnam has attained outstanding performance in education during the past two decades. However, inequality in educational opportunities aggravates disparities among children and threaten the improvement of labour productivity. The underlying mechanism for transmitting inequality and role of skills in the process remaining unclear motivates this thesis. It aims to study how skills interact with environmental factors to determine outcomes on education and livelihoods in Vietnam. Firstly, Chapter 1 examines how skills predict dropping out Then Chapter 2 inspects whether full-day schooling reduces educational inequality. Finally, Chapter 3 investigates the relative importance of skills in determining labour market outcomes. To this end, the research applies diversified quantitative approaches using data from the Young Lives in Vietnam. The contributions of the thesis are threefold, namely taking into consideration the non-cognitive skill in the analysis, addressing the interaction between social background and school environment, and the measurement errors accompanied poor proxies for skills in Vietnam. The thesis hints at further levelling educational opportunities of children and enhancement of non-cognitive skills for greater outcomes in life and economic growth

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