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The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and bound on the northeast by Eritrea and Djibouti, on the east and southeast by Somalia, on the south-west by Kenya and on the west and north-west by Sudan. In a 2003 report, the Ethiopia Central Statistical Authority (2003:24) estimated the population of Ethiopia to be 71,066,000. The Ethiopian economy is mainly based on agriculture, which contributes 47% to GNP and more than 80% of exports and employs 85% of the population. Ethiopia nowadays governs under a federal system and due to the governance system there are nine regional states in the country, which are composed of specific ethnic groups. The regional states, which have a significant degree of autonomy, are Tigray, Afar, Amhara, Oromia, Somalia, Benshangul-Gumaz, Gambela, Harar and the Southern Nations, nationalities and peoples, which comprise about 41 ethnic groups. Hence, the structure of the police service in the country follows the characteristics of the federal system. Accordingly, the regional states have their own police service, which is responsible to the regional states and at the federal government level, the Federal Police Service (FPS) is responsible to federal government. / Police Practice / M.Tech. (Policing)

Substance abuse is a pervasive problem across the world. The most commonly abused substanc-es include tobacco, alcohol and dagga. In teenagers, research has found out that substance abuse is often linked to multiple factors such as scholastic problems, mental and health problems, risky sexual behaviour, accidents, crime and violence. The present study aimed to explore the level of knowledge and attitudes of teenagers towards substance abuse in an informal settlement. The target population were teenage girls and boys between the ages of 13 and 19. A mixed method approach was employed in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was designed and used to collect data. This questionnaire contained both closed and open ended questions. The Statis-tical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data. Findings show that teen-agers have adequate knowledge and appropriate attitudes towards substance abuse. However, the results also indicate that the provision of information on substance abuse remains important in shaping attitudes of young people. Interventions such as awareness campaigns, focus group discussions, education and developmental programmes that contribute to knowledge on the impact of and ways to control substance abuse are recommended / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Clinical results have indicated that abuse of multiple drugs/substances has devastating health and social consequences. The combined abuse of alcohol and the highly addictive methamphetamine has worsened the drug epidemic in South Africa, especially in the Western Cape Province. Using non-linear ordinary differential equations, we formulate a deterministic mathematical model for alcohol-methamphetamine coabuse epidemic. We prove that the growth of the co-abuse epidemic is dependent on the threshold parameters of the individual substances of abuse. The substance with the maximum reproduction number dominates the epidemic. We also prove that the equilibria points of the co-abuse sub-models are locally and globally asymptotically stable when the sub-model threshold parameters are less than unity. Using parameters values derived from the sub-model fittings to data, a population estimate of co-users of alcohol and methamphetamine under treatment is estimated with a prevalence of about 1%. Although the results show of a small proportion of co-users of alcohol and methamphetamine in the province, the prevalence curve is indicative of a persistent problem. Numerical simulation results reveal that co-abuse epidemic would persists when both reproduction numbers are greater than one. Results from sensitivity analysis shows that the individual substance transmission rates between users of methamphetamine and/or alcohol and the general susceptible population are the most vital parameters in the co-abuse epidemic. This suggests the need to emphasise on preventive measures through educational campaigns and social programs that ensure minimal recruitment into alcohol or methamphetamine abuse. Model analysis using the time-dependent controls (policies) emphasizes the need to allocate even more resources on educational campaigns against substance abuse and on effective treatment services that minimizes or eliminates rampant cases of relapse into substance abuse. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kliniese resultate toon dat die misbruik van meer as een dwelmmiddel verwoestende gesondheids-en sosiale gevolge het. Die gekombineerde misbruik van alkohol en die hoogsverslawende methamphetamine het die dwelm-epidemie in Suid-Afrika vererger, veral in die Wes-Kaapse provinsie. Deur van nie-lineere gewone diffensiaalvergelykings gebruik te maak, formuleer ons ’n deterministiese wiskundige model vir epidemie van die gesamentlike misbruik van alkohol en methamphetamine. Ons toon aan dat die groei van die sogenaamde mede-misbruik epidemie afhanklik is van die drumpelparameters van die individuele middels wat misbruik word. Die middels met die grootste voortbringende syfer domineer die epidemie. Ons bewys ook dat die ekwilibriumpunte van die mede-misbruik submodelle plaaslik en globaal asimptoties stabiel is wanneer die sub-model drumpelparameters kleiner as een is. Deur die submodelle op werklike data te pas word waardes vir die drumpelparameters afgelei en word daar beraam dat daar ongeveer 1% van die populasie mede-misbruikers van alkohol en methamphetamine onder behandeling is. Alhoewel die data ’n klein persentasie van mede-misbruikers van alkohol en methamphetamine in die provinsie toon, dui die voorkomskurwe op ’n groeiende endemie en voortdurende probleem. Resultate uit numeriese simulasie toon dat die mede-misbruik epidemie sal voortduur indien beide reproduserende syfers groter as een sal wees. Resultate van sensitiwiteitsanalise toon dat die individuele middeloordragkoerse tussen gebruikers van methamphetamine en/of alkohol en die gewone vatbare populasie die mees noodsaaklike parameters in die mede-misbruik epidemie is. Dit stel voor dat daar meer klem gelê moet word op voorkomingsmaatreëls deur opvoedkundige veldtogte en sosiale programme om te verseker dat minder alkohol en/of methamphetamine misbruik sal word. Model-analise wat gebruik maak van tyd-afhanklike kontroles (beleide) lê verder klem op die feit dat selfs meer hulpbronne aan opvoedkundige veldtogte teen dwelmmisbruik toegewy moet word, asook die effektiewe behandeling wat gevalle van terugval in dwelmmisbruik sal minimeer of elimineer.

<p>Substance abuse among adolescents is a global problem and South Africa is no exception. In the Western Cape there is an alarming popularity and increased use of an illicit highly addictive substance, locally known as 'tik-tik'/methamphetamine. Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of this substance and there is an urgent need to address the 'tik-tik' problem in the Westen Cape. Tik/methamphetamine has thus become a great concern to educators, social workers and health practitioners in the province. The goal of this study was to explore the life-world of the adolescent methamphetamine/'tik-abusers' in order to describe their experiences of personal, social and environmental issues in the process of tik-addiction.</p>

Substance abuse is a pervasive problem across the world. The most commonly abused substanc-es include tobacco, alcohol and dagga. In teenagers, research has found out that substance abuse is often linked to multiple factors such as scholastic problems, mental and health problems, risky sexual behaviour, accidents, crime and violence. The present study aimed to explore the level of knowledge and attitudes of teenagers towards substance abuse in an informal settlement. The target population were teenage girls and boys between the ages of 13 and 19. A mixed method approach was employed in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was designed and used to collect data. This questionnaire contained both closed and open ended questions. The Statis-tical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data. Findings show that teen-agers have adequate knowledge and appropriate attitudes towards substance abuse. However, the results also indicate that the provision of information on substance abuse remains important in shaping attitudes of young people. Interventions such as awareness campaigns, focus group discussions, education and developmental programmes that contribute to knowledge on the impact of and ways to control substance abuse are recommended / Psychology / M. A. (Psychology)

by Chan, Hak-man, Christian. / Includes questionaire in Chinese. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-76). / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- METHOD --- p.16 / Chapter III. --- RESULTS --- p.26 / Chapter IV. --- DISCUSSION --- p.50 / REFERENCES --- p.64 / APPENDIX --- p.77

by Tse Kam Fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 216-228). / Abstract / Acknowledgements / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Contexts and Objectives of the Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Related Studies in Hong Kong --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- "Identity, Role, and Social Behavior" --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Data and Methodology --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5 --- Outline of Chapters --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- Medical-Disease Model: Exposition and Critique --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Social Deviance Model --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- On Etiology and Process of Drug Use / Chapter 2.2.2 --- On Cessation of Drug Use / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "Social Learning, Resocialization and Therapeutic Community" / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Resocialization as Social Learning: The Oversocialization Critique / Chapter 2.3 --- Identity Model --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Resocialization as Identity Transformation / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Types of Identity Transformation / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Resocialization as Conversion / Chapter Chapter 3: --- A Comparison Between SARD A and Operation Dawn / Chapter 3.1 --- "History, Services, and Social Position" --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2 --- Treatment Philosophy and Practice --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3 --- Treatment and Rehabilitation Programme --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Pre-admission Procedure / Chapter 3.3.2 --- In-patient Service / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Halfway House and Aftercare / Chapter 3.4 --- A Statistical Profile of Admission Cases: SKC vs Dawn Island Centre --- p.60 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Pre-admission Stage / Chapter 4.1 --- "Addict Role-taking, Role-engulfment and Deviant Identity Formation" --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- First Use and the Honeymoon; Taking the addict role / Chapter 4.1.2 --- "Addiction and Life as ""Junkie"": Developing the deviant self-identity" / Chapter 4.2 --- Addict Role-strain and Identity Crisis --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- """Hitting the Bottom"" and Motivation to Change" / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Preliminary Attempts: Using Self-administered Methods / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Treatment and Rehabilitation Stage / Chapter 5.1 --- Role-conflict and Identity Negotiation --- p.92 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- "Accepting the ""patient"" or ""sinner"" role" / Chapter 5.1.2 --- The Intensity and Nature of Role Conflict / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Altercasting of Normal Identity / Chapter 5.1.4 --- "Strategies of Identity Negotiation: ""how actors react""" / Chapter 5.2 --- "Identity Transformation: ""how actors are transformed""" --- p.115 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- "Strategies, Materials, and Agents" / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Cognitive Base of Transformation / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Affective Base of Transformation / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Normative Base of Transformation / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Continued Rehabilitation and Social-Reintegration Stage / Chapter 6.1 --- Types of Identity Transformation --- p.140 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Dawn Island Centre: Religious Conversion / Chapter 6.1.2 --- SKC: Alternation / Chapter 6.2 --- Identity Validation and Types of Role-Support --- p.144 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Identity Validation and Legitimation / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Types of Role-Support / Chapter Chapter 7: --- Conclusion and Discussion / Chapter 7.1 --- "Identity Transformation, Role-Support and Abstinence" --- p.156 / Chapter 7.2 --- Drug Addicts' Recovery: An Interactive and Joint Accomplishment --- p.159 / Chapter 7.3 --- The Contingent Nature of Recovery Career --- p.161 / Chapter 7.4 --- SARD A and Operation Dawn: Two Different Pathways of Recovery --- p.163 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Religious Conversion: Pathway to Christianity / Chapter 7.4.2 --- Alternation: Pathway to Normality / Chapter 7.5 --- Significance and Limitations of Study --- p.166 / Appendix I: A Socio-Demographic Profile of Informants --- p.169 / Appendix II: Tables --- p.173 / Appendix III: A Glossary of Hongkong Addicts' Argots --- p.190 / Appendix IV: Document and Questionnaire Samples --- p.192 / Appendix V: Photos of the Dawn Island Gospel Treatment Centre --- p.203 / Appendix VI: Interview Schedules --- p.209 / Bibliography --- p.216