The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and bound on the northeast by Eritrea and Djibouti, on the east and southeast by Somalia, on the south-west by Kenya and on the west and north-west by Sudan. In a 2003 report, the Ethiopia Central Statistical Authority (2003:24) estimated the population of Ethiopia to be 71,066,000. The Ethiopian economy is mainly based on agriculture, which contributes 47% to GNP and more than 80% of exports and employs 85% of the population. Ethiopia nowadays governs under a federal system and due to the governance system there are nine regional states in the country, which are composed of specific ethnic groups. The regional states, which have a significant degree of autonomy, are Tigray, Afar, Amhara, Oromia, Somalia, Benshangul-Gumaz, Gambela, Harar and the Southern Nations, nationalities and peoples, which comprise about 41 ethnic groups. Hence, the structure of the police service in the country follows the characteristics of the federal system. Accordingly, the regional states have their own police service, which is responsible to the regional states and at the federal government level, the Federal Police Service (FPS) is responsible to federal government. / Police Practice / M.Tech. (Policing)

Even if the main criminals of an organization are incarcerated, they will be replaced by others who would continue illegal activities, unless their financial assets are removed. Thus, civil forfeiture intends to dismantle the economic infrastructure of drug trafficking networks. Civil forfeiture considers the property as guilty, rather than the owner, and it may exist even if there is not a criminal action. Therefore, it is claimed that police agencies have chosen easy targets, such as wealthy drug users rather than major drug traffickers. Consequently, it has been particularly challenged on the basis of the Excessive Fines, Double Jeopardy, and Due Process Clauses. The use of criminal forfeiture instead of civil forfeiture and the elimination of the equitable sharing provision are considered to be the primary solutions.

Thesis titled Commercial communications in czech pharmaceutical industry is about how to use marketing communication tools (advertising, public relations, sales promotion, personal selling, etc.) in the pharmaceutical industry. A specific feature of pharmaceutical marketing is separate communication to public (patients) and to professionals (doctors) which requires using different communication messages and also different channels to each target group. Pharmaceutical marketing is regulated by advertising law, by the Council for Radio and TV Broadcasting and by the provisions of the State Institute for Drug Control which control the ways how two target groups are addressed. Possible marketing tools are described from both theoretical (legal) and also practical (marketing communication of specific pharmaceutical company) terms.

This thesis examines how drug policy and enforcement affect drug manufacturers. The approach taken is a comparative institutional analysis of cannabis and methamphetamine production. I focus on the effects of prohibition, privacy, and clandestine markets on producer behavior for these two drugs and the unintended consequences that result. I demonstrate that cannabis and methamphetamine producers both face substantial transaction costs and that producers alter their behavior to manage these transaction costs. I conclude that cannabis producers can adopt indoor, small-scale operations to hide their activity, which are capable of yielding continuous, high-potency crops. Methamphetamine producers also adopt small-scale, decentralized strategies, but commodity control increases their exposure and leads to greater overall transaction costs during the manufacturing process.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research study analyzes the Mexican drug war’s impact on the state’s federal political system of shared sovereignty. Transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) such as drug cartels have grown in strength due to shifting dynamics of the global drug trade. This growth in power, both in relation to the use of physical force and the influence over Mexican society, has challenged the state’s authority and monopoly of violence. After the inauguration of President Felipe Calderón in 2006, the government launched an all-in offensive, dedicating the entire state system to ridding the country of the drug cartels. Results of the offensive have been mixed and vary from area to area. However, trends indicate that the offensive has caused power vacuums and increased rivalry among the drug cartels. National homicide statistics show the government offensive has distorted the balance of power among the drug cartels, causing increased competition in an already hypercompetitive market. The majority of Mexico’s modern history consists of the era of single-party dominance, where the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) dominated the political system on both vertical and horizontal levels. The recent growth of federal executive power during Calderón’s administration has caused concern about whether the democratic progress made during the last decade could be reversed – returning the country back to former autocratic practices of governance. This reversal also involves the concentration of power in the center. For the last few decades, the country has been decentralizing its political system in accordance to federal principles laid down by its Constitution. The involvement of the military, a federal instrument of security that has in some cases taken over jurisdiction from state and local authorities, has been causing debate on whether the executive power is violating its constitutional limits of power. With this, the primary research question of this study uses theoretical concepts and is formulated thusly: How do violent non-state actors (VNSAs) impact federalism in Mexico? Mexico was chosen as a case study because of its growing struggle against the drug cartels, a sub-branch of non-state actors (NSAs). The Westphalian state order has changed dramatically with globalization, changing realities with regard to the use of physical violence. This is especially the case in reference to VNSAs, where the use of violence maintains an informal system of order. With the rise of the powerful drug cartels, a direct result of the global drug trade that hides in the shadows of globalization, Mexico’s case is not unique. Colombia struggled with a similar scenario during the 1980s and 1990s. However, the security situation in Mexico has proven to be constantly evolving and very intense during a time of political transition. This study shows that the federal executive branch of the Mexican government has not violated its constitutional limits of the use of power, although the Mexican Constitution of 1917 has proven to be vague in reference to the use of the military in peacetime. This vagueness could undermine regional sovereignty and federal principles laid down by the Constitution. The study also indicates that the increasing levels of violence are affecting the functionality of regional governance, as well as freedom of the press. Homicide statistics show that since the government launched its offensive in 2006, there has been a significant increase in assassinations targeting both mayors and journalists. Overall, there is no indication that the drug war has influenced federalism in Mexico. Rather, the drug war has exposed institutional weaknesses, causing increased demand for and investment in professionalizing state institutions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsingstudie analiseer die impak van die Meksikaanse dwelmoorlog op Meksiko se federale politieke stelsel van gedeelde soewereiniteit. Transnasionale kriminele organisasies (TKO’s), byvoorbeeld dwelmkartelle, se mag het toegeneem as gevolg van die verskuiwende dinamika in globale dwelmhandel. Die staat se gesag en magsmonopolie word uitgedaag as gevolg van hierdie toename in mag, beide met betrekking tot die owerhede se gebruik van fisieke mag en hul gesag oor die Meksikaanse gemeenskap. Na die inhuldiging van president Felipe Calderón in 2006, het die regering ’n alles insluitende offensief van stapel gestuur om van die land se dwelmkartelle ontslae te probeer raak. Hierdie offensief toon wisselende vordering en die impak daarvan verskil van area tot area. Ten spyte van hierdie mate van vordering, het die offensief egter aanleiding gegee tot magsvakuums en ’n toename in wedywering tussen dwelmkartelle. Nasionale moordsyfers dui daarop dat hierdie regeringsoffensief die magsbalans tussen dwelmkartelle versteur het, wat gelei het tot ’n toename in kompetisie in ’n reeds uiters kompeterende mark. Meksiko se moderne geskiedenis bestaan hoofsaaklik uit ’n era van eenpartydominansie, waar die Institusionele Rewolusionêre Party (Institutional Revolutionary Party, IRP) die politieke stelsel op beide vertikale en horisontale vlak gedomineer het. Die onlangse opkoms van die federale uitvoerende mag tydens die Calderón-administrasie wek kommer dat die vordering wat in die laaste dekade gemaak is ten opsigte van demokratisering van die politieke stelsel, omvergewerp sal word en dat Meksiko die gevaar sal loop om terug te keer na sy voormalige outokratiese en gesentraliseerde regeerpraktyke. Oor die afgelope paar dekades het die land juis pogings aangewend om sy politieke stelsel te desentraliseer na aanleiding van federale beginsels soos neergelê in die grondwet. Die weermag – ’n federale instrument vir sekuriteit – het alreeds op sekere plekke jurisdiksie by staats- en plaaslike owerhede oorgeneem. Dit het gelei tot debatte oor of die uitvoerende mag sy grondwetlike magsbeperkinge oorskry. Na aanleiding van Meksiko se huidige politieke situasie, asook teoretiese konsepte soos die staat, federalisme, nie-staatsakteurs en globale dwelmhandel, word die primêre navorsingsvraag vir hierdie studie soos volg geformuleer: Hoe beïnvloed gewelddadige nie-staatsakteurs federalisme in Meksiko? Om hierdie vraag te beantwoord, word daar gebruik gemaak van sekondêre bronne, (beperkte) insig oor die dwelmkartelle se handelspraktyke en ’n ondersoek na die linguistiese beperkinge op die gebruik van amptelike Meksikaanse regeringspublikasies. Meksiko is as gevallestudie vir hierdie navorsingsprojek gekies vanweë die land se toenemende stryd teen dwelmkartelle, ’n subvertakking van nie-staatsakteurs. Die Westfaalse staatsorde wat eeue lank die wettige gebruik van fisieke geweld beheer het, het dramaties verander met die opkoms van globalisering. Dit is veral die geval by gewelddadige nie-staatsakteurs, waar die gebruik van geweld tans ’n informele stelsel van orde handhaaf. Die opkoms van Meksiko se magtige dwelmkartelle, ’n direkte gevolg van globale dwelmhandel (wat in die skadu van globalisering skuil), is egter nie enig in sy soort nie. Alhoewel Colombië byvoorbeeld in die 1980’s en 1990’s ’n soortgelyke probleem ondervind het, het die sekuriteitstoestand in Meksiko getoon dat dit steeds ontwikkelend van aard en hewig ten tye van politieke oorgang is, wat dit toepaslik vir hierdie studie maak. Die gevolgtrekking waartoe daar in hierdie studie gekom word, is dat die federale uitvoerende tak van die Meksikaanse regering tot dusver nie sy grondwetlike beperkinge ten opsigte van die uitoefening van mag oorskry het nie. Die Meksikaanse grondwet van 1917 is egter vaag oor die weermag se bevoegdheid om gesag af te dwing tydens vredestye. Hierdie vaagheid kan moontlik die streeksoewereiniteit en federale beginsels wat deur die grondwet verskans word, ondermyn. Daar is ook bepaal dat die toenemende geweld sowel die funksionaliteit van die streeksregering as die vryheid van die pers, beïnvloed. Moordsyfers in Meksiko dui daarop dat daar sedert 2006 ’n beduidende toename in sluipmoordaanvalle op burgemeesters en joernaliste was. Alles in ag genome, is daar egter geen aanduiding daarvan dat die dwelmoorlog wel federalisme in Meksiko geraak het nie. Die impak wat dit wel gemaak het, is om institusionele swakheid in die regering te openbaar, wat tot ’n toename in die aanvraag na en investering in die professionalisering van staatsinstellings gelei het.

Abstract, Jan Metelka The main aim of this diploma thesis was to firstly explain the field of human pharmaceuticals and regulation of advertisement regarding them, from the general point of view and then in details. In order to achieve this it was required to define advertisement and pharmaceuticals because these terms and crucial for the whole thesis. Both definitions may be off the scope of this text however it plays an important role in understanding all necessary issues. Advertisements in pharmaceutical industry have some specifics as described in chapter 2. There are two kinds of recipients - experts (doctors and pharmacists) and ordinary people (mostly patients). Every kind is special and regulated in a different way. Third chapter described all steps in administrative proceedings related to Act on Advertisement, forming a public branch of law against unfair competition. It summarises and divides all misdemeanours, statistically describes how often they occur and deeply analyses possible breaches of Act on Advertisement. The main part of this thesis is Chapter seven, dealing with unfair competition in private law, as mentioned in early chapters, however here it is specifically described how to apply the general clause and the more important kinds of unfair competition such as deceptive adverts and...

Goals: Prepare a case study on the transition to the new OTC medicines groups with restrictions. To evaluate the positives and negatives, which brought the introduction of the group - with OTC restrictions. Pick up generally applicable principles and specify non-functional parts of the system. Method: For data processing method was applied theoretical research. Literature was searched in the database of the Czech National Library - Klementinum, WHO database, TRIBUNE and interfaces of News portals. The instrumental case study was processed for a detailed insight into the issues. The case study is also based on the analysis of the legal framework of the Czech Republic. The documents provided by SÚKL are used for financial analysis. As another method the stakeholder analysis was used - analysis of opinions of people involved in the drug policy. Results: The case study shows that switching medicines containing PSE to the limited group of OTC to prevent producers of drugs buing drugs in Czech pharmacies, but it did not reduce the amount of drugs produced in the country. Producers started to import precursors from abroad. The whole new system established in 2009 was correct in principle, but failed in practice. State Institute for Drug Control or other stakeholders in drug policy have not been able to resolve the ensuing complications.

Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti narkomanijos kaip socialinės problemos valdymo galimybes. Uždaviniai: 1. Ištirti priklausomybės nuo narkotikų atsiradimo prielaidas ir aplinkybes, siekiant nustatyti pagrindines socialinės rizikos zonas. 2. Identifikuoti psichoaktyvių medžiagų vartojimo sukeliamas problemas. 3. Nustatyti esmines prielaidas efektyviam narkomanijos kaip socialinio reiškinio valdymui. Tyrimo metodika: anketinė anoniminė Priklausomybės ligų centrų, žalos mažinimo programose dalyvaujančių pacientų apklausa (n = 114). Rezultatų statistinė analizė atlikta naudojant SPSS 17.0. Rezultatai: 78 proc. respondentų turi vidurinį išsilavinimą ir 74 proc. niekur nedirba. 53 proc. respondentų per mėnesį jie uždirba iki 1000 Lt. 42 proc. respondentų mėnesio pajamos yra nuo 1000 iki 2000 Lt. 12 proc. respondentų buvo atleisti iš darbo dėl narkotikų vartojimo. 34 proc. respondentų yra nevedę ir 28 proc. išsiskyrę. 76 proc. respondentų šeimų pajamos yra mažesnės nei 2000 Lt per mėn. Dauguma respondentų šeimų (86 proc.) žino apie narkotikų problemą ir 73 proc. šeimų padeda su ja kovoti. 80 proc. respondentų jaučia neigiamą narkotikų vartojimo poveikį šeimai. 47 proc. respondentų narkotikų pirmą kartą pabandė būdami iki 19 metų amžiaus, 44 proc. būdami 20-29 metų amžiaus. 30 proc. respondentų reguliariai vartoti pradėjo būdami iki 19 metų amžiaus, 54 proc. būdami nuo 20 iki 29 metų amžiaus. Vartojimo priežastys pasiskirstė sekančiai: 33 proc. pabandė dėl smalsumo, 17 proc. prikalbino... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of the study: Analysis of the management possibilities of drug addiction as social problem Objectives: 1. Research of drug addiction coming consumption and factors and to identify the main social risk areas. 2. To identify problems determined by use of psychoactive substances. 3. To ascertain the fundamental consumptions of management of drug addiction as social phenomenon. Methods: The anonym questionnaire research at the Dependency disease center among Harm reduction program participants (n=114). The statistical analysis of the results was carried out exploitive SPSS 17.0. Results: 78% of respondents have secondary education and 74% are unemployed. 53% of respondents salary is till 1000 Lt per month, 42% respondents salary is from 1000 till 2000 Lt. per month. 12% of respondents was dismissed from job because of use of drugs. 34% of respondents are single and 28% divorced. 76% of respondent’s family income is lower than 2000 Lt per month. Most families (86%) know about addiction problem and are helping (73%) to fight against addiction, therefore 80% of respondents fell negative addiction influence to families members. 47% of respondents first time used drugs when they was till 19 years old, 44% when was from 20 till 29 years old. 30% of respondents started regularly use drugs when they was till 19 years old, 54% when was from 20 till 29 years old. The reason of drug use distributed as follows: 33% tried because of curiosity, 17% friend persuade, 15% wanted forget... [to full text]

This thesis deals with the regulation of advertising of medicinal products aimed at healthcare professionals. The thesis is focused on a deeper analysis of selected provisions, their critical assessment in light of courts' as well as the State Institute for Drug Control's decisions and proposals of possible improvements of the current status. The aim of this thesis is to explore the scope of the current legislation and to evaluate the regulation of the advertising of medicinal products aimed at healthcare professionals from its sufficiency and appropriateness point of view. The aim is also to suggest possible solutions for improving problematic parts. The introduction briefly describes the two fundamental terms, human medicinal products and advertising, along with basic introduction of the price and reimbursement of medicinal products. The introductory section also identifies reasons for the exclusive regulation of this type of advertising. Basic aspects of the regulation are introduces as well. The following section critically evaluates the term healthcare professional in relation to the status of nurses and patients. This is followed by a summary of the basic European Union's regulation that is reflected by those Czech laws regulating advertising of medicinal products aimed at healthcare...

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