Sexual violence towards women on a college campus have remained an issue the past few decades, with about one out of every four female students becoming a victim of it (Rosoff, 2018). Coupled with high rates of binge-drinking on college campuses (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2021), it can be argued that now, more than ever, that attention needs to be drawn to how females can try to be aware of strategies to help combat such predators. Previous research also shows a link between functionally inhibiting drugs referred to as "roofies" that can be slipped into the drink of an unsuspecting victim (Crawford & Birchmeier, 2008). Based on the researchers' understanding of previous studies, there is a gap in knowledge in how frequently these roofieing events occur in situations that do not lead to sexual assault and look different behaviors study participants may be implementing to protect themselves. Researchers were able to recruit 156 participants to compare the relationships between a group of 128 participants who had not experienced non-consensual drug intoxication before and 28 participants who had in their perceptions and behaviors of binge-drinking and alcohol use disorder, risk-taking and risk assessment, safeguarding against alcohol and drug intoxication, and perceptions of participants towards non-consensual drug intoxication. Independent sample t-tests of each variable demonstrated that there was a relationship between being non-consensually drugged and risk-taking and risk assessment behaviors, but no relationship was found between non-consensual drug intoxication experience and binge-drinking, safeguarding against drug and alcohol intoxication, and perceptions towards non-consensual drug intoxication.

A despeito de suas limitações, os dados do SIHSUS são os mais sistemáticos e abrangentes sobre as Reações Adversas e Intoxicações a medicamentos que provocam hospitalização. Eles demonstram a importância das ações de educação e investigação de casos do Programa Nacional de Farmacovigilância para possibilitar o diagnóstico mais acurado e superação do quadro atual de ocorrência desses agravos, além da possibilidade de o SIH/SUS ser utilizado sistematicamente como fonte de dados na detecção e análise dos problemas relacionados a medicamentos. No período de 1999 a 2007, foram emitidas 6.670.609 AIH (tipo 1), entre as quais 3.611 foram classificadas como internações devidas a RAM e 4.675 como Intoxicações, correspondendo, respectivamente, às taxas médias de 5,41 casos por 104 AIH e 7,2 casos por 104 AIH. Ocorreram 137 óbitos (3,79% das AIH) por RAM e 207 (4,43% das AIH) por Intoxicações na população internada. Tanto as RAM como as Intoxicações tiveram menor chance de levar ao óbito quando comparados às outras causas. Uma característica da distribuição dos RAM foi concentrar 62% das AIH nas faixas etárias de 20 a 59 anos de idade (grupo adulto). Nas Intoxicações merece destaque a elevada proporção de AIH na faixa etária de 0-4 anos (14,29%). As AIH registradas com causas básicas relacionados a RAM foram principalmente de pacientes do sexo masculino, já as Intoxicações foram principalmente de pacientes do sexo feminino. Em ambos tipos de agravos estes pacientes foram internados em hospitais que não faziam parte da Rede de Hospitais Sentinelas do Programa Nacional de Farmacovigilância. No entanto, a probabilidade destes hospitais registrarem as AIH com códigos CID-10 referentes às RAM é maior, o que ocorre provavelmente por estarem mais capacitados em diagnosticar este tipo de agravo. Porém este fato não foi observado para as Intoxicações. Os fármacos que causaram os agravos estudados são psicoativos. Este estudo apresentou algumas evidências sobre a distribuição da morbi-mortalidade provocada por medicamentos entre pacientes internados em hospitais conveniados ao SUS no período de 1999-2007, baseadas nas informações das AIH, que podem ser úteis ao Programa de Farmacovigilância no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. / Despite its limitations, the data SIHSUS are the most systematic and comprehensive on Adverse Reactions and Drug Poisonings causing hospitalization. They demonstrate the importance of these actions and investigation of cases of National Pharmacovigilance Programme to enable the most accurate and overcoming the current frame of event occurrences diagnosis, beyond the possibility of SIH / SUS be systematically used as a data source in the detection and analysis of drug-related problems. In the period 1999-2007, were issued 6,670,609 AIH (type 1), among which 3,611 were classified as hospitalizations due to poisoning as RAM and 4675, corresponding, respectively, at average rates of 5.41 cases per 104 AIH and 7.2 cases per 104 AIH. There were 137 deaths (3.79% of AIH) by RAM and 207 (4.43% of AIH) by poisoning in hospitalized population. Both the RAM as poisoning were less likely to cause death when compared to other causes. A characteristic distribution of RAM was concentrating 62% of AIH in the age groups 20-59 years of age (adult group). In Poisoning deserves the high proportion of AIH aged 0-4 years (14.29%). The AIH registered root causes related ADRs were mostly male patients, since the poisoning were mainly female patients. In both types of injuries these patients were admitted to hospitals that were not part of the Network of Sentinel Hospitals of the National Pharmacovigilance Programme. However, the likelihood of these hospitals register the AIH with ICD-10 codes related to RAM is higher, which is probably because they are better able to diagnose this type of offense. However this was not observed for the poisoning. The drugs that caused the diseases studied are psychoactive. This study presented some evidence on the distribution of morbidity and mortality caused by drugs among patients admitted to the SUS hospitals during the period 1999-2007, based on the information of AIH, which may be useful to Pharmacovigilance Programme in the State of Rio de Janeiro .

A despeito de suas limitações, os dados do SIHSUS são os mais sistemáticos e abrangentes sobre as Reações Adversas e Intoxicações a medicamentos que provocam hospitalização. Eles demonstram a importância das ações de educação e investigação de casos do Programa Nacional de Farmacovigilância para possibilitar o diagnóstico mais acurado e superação do quadro atual de ocorrência desses agravos, além da possibilidade de o SIH/SUS ser utilizado sistematicamente como fonte de dados na detecção e análise dos problemas relacionados a medicamentos. No período de 1999 a 2007, foram emitidas 6.670.609 AIH (tipo 1), entre as quais 3.611 foram classificadas como internações devidas a RAM e 4.675 como Intoxicações, correspondendo, respectivamente, às taxas médias de 5,41 casos por 104 AIH e 7,2 casos por 104 AIH. Ocorreram 137 óbitos (3,79% das AIH) por RAM e 207 (4,43% das AIH) por Intoxicações na população internada. Tanto as RAM como as Intoxicações tiveram menor chance de levar ao óbito quando comparados às outras causas. Uma característica da distribuição dos RAM foi concentrar 62% das AIH nas faixas etárias de 20 a 59 anos de idade (grupo adulto). Nas Intoxicações merece destaque a elevada proporção de AIH na faixa etária de 0-4 anos (14,29%). As AIH registradas com causas básicas relacionados a RAM foram principalmente de pacientes do sexo masculino, já as Intoxicações foram principalmente de pacientes do sexo feminino. Em ambos tipos de agravos estes pacientes foram internados em hospitais que não faziam parte da Rede de Hospitais Sentinelas do Programa Nacional de Farmacovigilância. No entanto, a probabilidade destes hospitais registrarem as AIH com códigos CID-10 referentes às RAM é maior, o que ocorre provavelmente por estarem mais capacitados em diagnosticar este tipo de agravo. Porém este fato não foi observado para as Intoxicações. Os fármacos que causaram os agravos estudados são psicoativos. Este estudo apresentou algumas evidências sobre a distribuição da morbi-mortalidade provocada por medicamentos entre pacientes internados em hospitais conveniados ao SUS no período de 1999-2007, baseadas nas informações das AIH, que podem ser úteis ao Programa de Farmacovigilância no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. / Despite its limitations, the data SIHSUS are the most systematic and comprehensive on Adverse Reactions and Drug Poisonings causing hospitalization. They demonstrate the importance of these actions and investigation of cases of National Pharmacovigilance Programme to enable the most accurate and overcoming the current frame of event occurrences diagnosis, beyond the possibility of SIH / SUS be systematically used as a data source in the detection and analysis of drug-related problems. In the period 1999-2007, were issued 6,670,609 AIH (type 1), among which 3,611 were classified as hospitalizations due to poisoning as RAM and 4675, corresponding, respectively, at average rates of 5.41 cases per 104 AIH and 7.2 cases per 104 AIH. There were 137 deaths (3.79% of AIH) by RAM and 207 (4.43% of AIH) by poisoning in hospitalized population. Both the RAM as poisoning were less likely to cause death when compared to other causes. A characteristic distribution of RAM was concentrating 62% of AIH in the age groups 20-59 years of age (adult group). In Poisoning deserves the high proportion of AIH aged 0-4 years (14.29%). The AIH registered root causes related ADRs were mostly male patients, since the poisoning were mainly female patients. In both types of injuries these patients were admitted to hospitals that were not part of the Network of Sentinel Hospitals of the National Pharmacovigilance Programme. However, the likelihood of these hospitals register the AIH with ICD-10 codes related to RAM is higher, which is probably because they are better able to diagnose this type of offense. However this was not observed for the poisoning. The drugs that caused the diseases studied are psychoactive. This study presented some evidence on the distribution of morbidity and mortality caused by drugs among patients admitted to the SUS hospitals during the period 1999-2007, based on the information of AIH, which may be useful to Pharmacovigilance Programme in the State of Rio de Janeiro .

Bakgrund: Målet med hälso- och sjukvården är en vård på lika villkor för alla. Ambulanssjuksköterskor möter ibland patienter påverkade av alkohol eller droger vilket kan försvåra bedömning och behandling av patienten.  Motiv: Det finns idag sparsamt med forskning inom området att vårda patienter påverkade av alkohol eller droger, denna studie har fokus på vårdandet av påverkade i en prehospital kontext.  Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva ambulanssjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att i en prehospital kontext vårda patienter påverkade av alkohol och/eller droger.  Metod: Studien genomfördes med hjälp av individuella semi-strukturerade intervjuer med specialistsjuksköterskor (n=9) anställda på ambulansstationer i norra Sverige. Intervjuerna analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Det resulterade i tre kategorier innehållande underkategorier. Resultat: Resultatet visar att ambulanssjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda patienter påverkade av alkohol eller droger handlade om: Att bemästra det svåra vårdandet som innebar att ambulanssjuksköterskor upplevde att alkohol och droger komplicerade vårdandet och att det krävdes en handlingsberedskap för att bemästra. Att värna om en trygg och säker arbetsmiljö innebar att möta och hantera aggressiva situationer med fokus på den egna säkerheten. Att sträva efter god och lika vård var viktigt för ambulanssjuksköterskorna genom att följsamt bemöta patienter påverkade av alkohol eller droger. Konklusion: Studien tydliggör att ambulanssjuksköterskor behöver ha ett öppet förhållningssätt och bemöta och bedöma alla lika. Den prehospitala vården handlar många gånger om problemlösning, i synnerhet i vården av påverkade då de kan behöva hantera aggressiva situationer genom ett följsamt bemötande, skapa ett gott omhändertagande. / Background: The purpose of Swedish healthcare is equal care for everyone in the society. Ambulance nurses sometimes meet patients affected by alcohol or drugs, which may complicate the assessment and treatment of the patient Motive: There is currently a small amount of research in the field of caring for patients affected by alcohol or drugs, thus, this study has focus on the care of those patients in a prehospital context. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the ambulance nurses’ experiences of caring for patients affected by alcohol and/or drugs in a prehospital context. Methods: The study was conducted using individual semi-structured interviews with specialist nurses (n=9) employed in ambulance stations in northern Sweden. The interviews were analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. This resulted in three categories containing subcategories.  Result: The results show that ambulance nurses’ experiences of caring for patients affected by alcohol or drugs were about: To master the difficult care which meant that ambulance nurses experienced that alcohol and drugs complicated the care and that readiness for action was required to master. To protect a safe and secure work environment meant meeting and managing aggressive situations with a focus on one’s own safety. To strive for good and equal care was important for the ambulance nurses by responsibly responding to patients under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Conclusion: The study clarifies that ambulance nurses need to have an open approach and treat and assess everyone equally. Prehospital care is often about problem solving, especially in the care of patients influenced by alcohol or drugs they may need to deal with aggressive situations through a compliant approach, creating good care.