This research focuses on experimental investigations of the drying and bending properties of wood flakes. Three species (southern yellow pine, sweetgum, and yellow-poplar) were tested. Experiments on flake drying and effect of flake properties (cutting direction and dimension) and an external factor (temperature) were used to evaluate the flake drying process. Drying experiments were conducted using a convection oven. Bending properties of dried flakes were also measured. Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and strength at proportional limit (SPL) of flakes were measured based on Methods of Testing Small Clear Specimens of Timber (ASTM D143-94) using a miniature material tester. The drying curve was characterized by a second-order/quadratic equation. This equation was then differentiated to get the drying rate curve. Observation on drying and drying rate curves revealed that the rate of moisture loss consists of two falling rate periods; no constant rate drying period was observed. First falling rate drying period is controlled by convective heat transfer. Bound water diffusion controls the second falling rate drying period. Species, cutting direction, dimension, and temperature were found to have significant effect on drying rate of wood flakes. Southern yellow pine has the fastest drying rate followed by sweetgum then yellow-poplar. Differences in drying rate between species were attributed to differences in specific gravity and other factors. Radially-cut specimens have a slower drying rate than tangentially-cut specimens. There were also significant differences in drying rate between the four different flake dimensions. Thickness was found to be the more sensitive parameter in terms of dimensions. As expected, drying temperature also had highly significant effect on drying rate. An increasing trend in drying rate was observed as drying temperature increased. Simulation of flake drying using a numerical model yielded a different result. Simulated flake drying has two drying periods: a constant rate and falling rate. Moisture of the flake decreases constantly and surface temperature increases rapidly to boiling point and remains there in the constant rate drying period. During the falling rate period, rate of moisture transport is limited by the ability of water to diffuse through wood and flake temperature starts to rise. Bending properties were found to vary between and within the three species. Southern yellow pine had the lowest bending stiffness and strength followed by sweetgum while yellow-poplar had the highest bending properties. Radially-cut specimens were found to have lower MOE, MOR, and SPL than tangentially-cut specimens. Drying temperature was also found to have a significant effect on bending stiffness and strength. A decreasing trend in bending properties was observed when drying temperature was increased. / Ph. D.

In this thesis investigations are carried out on two research topics in context to spray drying. The first research topic is the production of dried particles having uniform characteristics. The second research topic is the development of new applications of the reaction engineering approach which, in recent times, has emerged as an effective tool to formulate drying kinetics models. The reaction engineering approach is also implemented to simulate the drying of monodisperse droplets corresponding to the experimental work in the first research topic. Manufacturing micron- and nano-sized particles having uniform characteristics has recently become a popular research area due to the unique functionalities of these kinds of particles in biomedical, drug delivery, functional foods, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and other valuable applications. Spray drying has been a common and economical route to produce dried particles. A typical characteristic of spray dried products is the existence of a significant variation in particle properties such as size and morphology. One possible idea to restrict this product non-uniformity is to achieve a good control over the droplet’s behaviour and characteristics inside the drying chamber. The current thesis has investigated an innovative spray drying technique, i.e. a single stream drying approach in order to restrict product non-uniformity. In this drying approach, identical sized droplets having vertical trajectories are dried under controlled gas flow conditions. The piezoelectricity-driven monodisperse droplet generator is used as the atomizer to disperse liquid droplets. A prototype single stream dryer was assembled based on the single stream drying approach using various components designed in the laboratory and several parts purchased from the market. Experiments were carried out using aqueous lactose solutions as a model system in order to check the practicability of manufacturing uniform-sized spherical particles. Preliminary results were found to be positive and reported in this thesis. Mathematical models on the drying of monodisperse droplets were developed in order to predict important droplet and gas parameter profiles during single stream drying. These models serve as a platform for design, optimization and scale-up purposes. Several important advantages and drawbacks of single stream drying are also reported. Problems encountered during the experimental work and future recommendations are presented in detail so that a more robust and effective drying research tool can be developed in future. Recently the reaction engineering approach (REA) has emerged as a simple and reliable technique to characterize the drying of various food and dairy materials. In this thesis two new applications of the REA are described for the first time in context to convective drying of aqueous droplets. The REA is used in this study to formulate the drying kinetics model for the drying of aqueous sucrose and maltodextrin (DE6) droplets. The effect of initial moisture content was explicitly demonstrated. The development of a new ‘composite’ REA which aimed to model the drying of aqueous droplets containing multiple solutes has been described. The composite REA was found to be suitable to characterize the drying behaviour of aqueous sucrose-maltodextrin mixtures of different proportions. The second new application of the REA is the development of a procedure to estimate surface properties of aqueous droplets during drying. In literature various droplet characteristics such as surface moisture contents were normally estimated using the diffusion-based drying kinetics model or the receding interface model. Surface moisture content and surface glass transition temperature profiles were evaluated here using a lumped-parameter model (REA) during the drying of aqueous sucrose, maltodextrin (DE6) and their mixtures. The same experimental data used for the development of the composite REA were used to yield predictions. The procedure was found to be useful in estimating surface moisture contents and understanding the stickiness behaviour of sugar droplets during drying. During the formulation of the REA-based drying kinetics model in this thesis, the assumption of uniform temperature within droplets was used. In most studies published in literature the uniform temperature assumption was justified by calculating the heat-transfer Biot numbers at the beginning and end of drying. However, the conventional Biot number concept does not take into account the evaporation effect and therefore would not be suitable to drying scenarios. In this thesis, a new approximation procedure is developed to estimate surface-centre temperature differences within materials following the entire drying process. This new procedure was helpful to check the extent of temperature non-uniformity within skim milk droplets under isothermal laboratory conditions as well as industrial spray drying conditions. Both conventional and drying-based Biot numbers are calculated and compared. Predictions showed that temperature gradients within the droplets were negligible during the drying of suspended droplets under laboratory drying conditions (slow drying), whilst the gradients were small and existed only for a short drying period for small droplets under industrial spray drying conditions (fast drying). Furthermore, it was observed that the maximum temperature gradient within the droplets did not exist at the starting or end points of the drying process, and therefore the estimation of Biot numbers at the starting and end point does not reflect temperature non-uniformity under drying conditions. This is a significant theoretical development in the area.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:21:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 prato_ts_me_sjrp.pdf: 515823 bytes, checksum: dff0ef89ae69dd0566fd4ef56349801d (MD5) / O gengibre, rizoma da Zingiber Officinale Roscoe, é muito utilizado na alimentação por sua pungência e sabor característico, na fabricação de diversos produtos e bebidas e como ingrediente em preparados alimentícios in natura ou processado. Alguns dos principais compostos que contribuem para o aroma e a pungência do gengibre, gingeróis e shogaóis, são também responsáveis por algumas propriedades medicinais e terapêuticas. Este trabalho propôs-se investigar o processo de desidratação do gengibre fatiado quanto à influência da temperatura e vácuo sobre os compostos pungentes, principalmente o 6-gingerol e 6-shogaol e quanto à cinética de secagem em secador de bandejas sob convecção forçada. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios em secador convencional de bandejas à pressão atmosférica e em secador sob vácuo com ar de secagem nas temperaturas de 50, 60 e 70ºC. Os dados obtidos permitiram a construção e a modelagem das curvas de secagem e o cálculo da taxa de secagem ao longo do processo. Amostras coletadas durante o processo foram analizadas por espectrofotometria direta e por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para obter os perfis de concentração dos gingeróis totais, 6-gingerol e 6-shogaol. Os resultados mostraram a influência da temperatura do ar de secagem, com as mais altas atingindo umidades mais baixas do gengibre em períodos de tempo mais curtos e apresentando taxas de secagem iniciais constantes mais elevadas. Boa parte da secagem ocorreu sob taxa decrescente e com grandes contrações e encolhimentos. Os dados experimentais de umidade versus tempo foram melhor ajustados pelo modelo de Midilli et al. O teor de gingeróis totais no gengibre in natura variou de 4,88 a 6,83 mg (g-gengibre fresco) -1 , com perfis crescentes ao longo da secagem, enquanto o teor de 6-gingerol (pico de absorção à 278 nm e retenção 9,2 minutos) variou... / Ginger, rhizome from Zingiber Officinale Roscoe, is greatly appreciated by its pungency and characteristic flavor, as ingredient in food and beverage processing and in home cooking fresh or processed. Some of the main compounds which contributed to the aroma and pungency to ginger, gingerols and shogaols, are also responsible for some health and therapeutic properties. This research proposed to investigate the dehydration process of sliced ginger, the influence of temperature and vacuum on pungent compounds, mainly 6- gingerol and 6-shogaol, and to determine the drying kinetics in cabinet drier under forced air convection. Experiments were conduct in a conventional cabinet drier at atmospheric pressure and in a vacuum drier using air at temperatures of 50, 60 and 70ºC. Data obtained allowed the drying curves to be drawn and modeled, as well as to calculate the drying rate over the entire process. Samples collected during the process were analyzed by direct spectrophotometry and by high efficiency liquid chromatography, in order to get the concentration profile, respectively, of total gingerols, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol. The results showed strong temperature effects on the drying process, with highest temperatures giving lowest moisture contents in shortest process times and presenting initial higher and constant drying rates. Most part of the drying time has occurred under falling drying rates and with noticeable contractions and shrinkage of the ginger slices. The experimental data of moisture as a function of drying time were best fitted to the four parameter model of Midilli et al. The total gingerols content in the fresh ginger varied from 4.88 to 6.83 mg (g-fresh ginger) -1 , with increasing profiles during drying, while the content of 6-gingerol (absorption peak at 278 nm and retention time 9.2 min) varied from 0.99 to 1.17 mg (g-ginger) -1 on drying under vacuum, with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-11T14:48:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2328672 bytes, checksum: 0fa03717bfb6950bb481e7927c3f2694 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-11T14:48:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2328672 bytes, checksum: 0fa03717bfb6950bb481e7927c3f2694 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The avocado is a fruit known for its high fat contained in the pulp and like most agricultural products also features a high moisture content in your composition. Drying of the avocado is important since the use of the fruit is performed to obtain a product of greater value, for example, oil serving as a raw material for biodiesel production. This research was developed with the aim to contribute to the theoretical and experimental study of convection drying process of hot air to the avocado in nature, through experimental analysis, mathematical models in the literature and reported an increase of new equations. For the drying process a convective dryer was used, operating in the temperature range of temperature (40, 50, 60 and 70)°C. The geometry of the samples and the flow rate of the drying air were considered constant. For the isotherm Desorption was used a temperature range between was (40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90)°C. The validation of the models used in this research was performed by the method of least squares, in possession of the experimental data the kinetic and the desorption isotherms for the avocado in nature. The experimental results of drying kinetics were expressed by models that predict moisture loss through convective mass coefficient and the effective mass diffusivity. The loss of mass on the surface of avocado was expressed by Newton law of cooling, while the inside was expressed by the empirical models represented by Page and Modified. For desorption isotherms the experimental results were demonstrated using models that predict the equilibrium moisture content obtained experimentally in relation to the activity of pre-established water. The desorption isotherm avocado in nature was expressed by the empirical models and Copace amd Sigma-copace. We also developed new mathematical models to represent the kinetic and isotherm avocado in nature. / O abacate é um fruto conhecido pelo seu alto teor lipídico contido em sua polpa e como a maioria dos produtos agrícolas apresenta também um alto teor de umidade em sua composição. A secagem do abacate é importante, uma vez que é realizado o aproveitamento do fruto, para a obtenção de um produto de maior valor agregado como, por exemplo, o óleo que serve de matéria prima para a produção do biodiesel. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de contribuir com o estudo teórico e experimental do processo de secagem por convecção a ar quente, para o abacate in natura, através de análises experimentais, modelos matemáticos reportados na literatura e incremento de novas equações. Para o processo de secagem foi utilizado um secador convectivo, operando na faixa de temperatura (40,50, 60 e 70)ºC. A geometria das amostras e a vazão do ar de secagem foram consideradas constantes. Para as isoterma de desorção foi utilizado uma faixa de temperatura entre (40, 50, 60, 70, 80 e 90)ºC. A validação dos modelos utilizados nesta pesquisa foi realizada através do Método dos Mínimos Quadrados, de posse dos dados experimentais das cinéticas e das isotermas de desorção do abacate in natura. Os resultados experimentais da cinética de secagem foram expressos por modelos que predizem a perda de umidade através do coeficiente convectivo de massa e a difusividade efetiva de massa. A perda de massa na superfície do abacate foi expressa pela Lei de resfriamento de Newton, enquanto que a interna foi expressa pelos modelos empíricos representados por Page e Page Modificado. Para as isotermas de dessorção os resultados experimentais foram demonstrados através de modelos que predizem a umidade de equilíbrio obtida experimentalmente em relação à atividade de água pré-estabelecida. A isoterma de desorção do abacate in natura foi expressa pelos modelos empíricos de Copace e Sigma-copace. Foram ainda desenvolvidos novos modelos matemáticos para representar à cinética e a isoterma do abacate in natura.

Resumo: O gengibre, rizoma da Zingiber Officinale Roscoe, é muito utilizado na alimentação por sua pungência e sabor característico, na fabricação de diversos produtos e bebidas e como ingrediente em preparados alimentícios in natura ou processado. Alguns dos principais compostos que contribuem para o aroma e a pungência do gengibre, gingeróis e shogaóis, são também responsáveis por algumas propriedades medicinais e terapêuticas. Este trabalho propôs-se investigar o processo de desidratação do gengibre fatiado quanto à influência da temperatura e vácuo sobre os compostos pungentes, principalmente o 6-gingerol e 6-shogaol e quanto à cinética de secagem em secador de bandejas sob convecção forçada. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios em secador convencional de bandejas à pressão atmosférica e em secador sob vácuo com ar de secagem nas temperaturas de 50, 60 e 70ºC. Os dados obtidos permitiram a construção e a modelagem das curvas de secagem e o cálculo da taxa de secagem ao longo do processo. Amostras coletadas durante o processo foram analizadas por espectrofotometria direta e por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para obter os perfis de concentração dos gingeróis totais, 6-gingerol e 6-shogaol. Os resultados mostraram a influência da temperatura do ar de secagem, com as mais altas atingindo umidades mais baixas do gengibre em períodos de tempo mais curtos e apresentando taxas de secagem iniciais constantes mais elevadas. Boa parte da secagem ocorreu sob taxa decrescente e com grandes contrações e encolhimentos. Os dados experimentais de umidade versus tempo foram melhor ajustados pelo modelo de Midilli et al. O teor de gingeróis totais no gengibre in natura variou de 4,88 a 6,83 mg (g-gengibre fresco) -1 , com perfis crescentes ao longo da secagem, enquanto o teor de 6-gingerol (pico de absorção à 278 nm e retenção 9,2 minutos) variou... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Ginger, rhizome from Zingiber Officinale Roscoe, is greatly appreciated by its pungency and characteristic flavor, as ingredient in food and beverage processing and in home cooking fresh or processed. Some of the main compounds which contributed to the aroma and pungency to ginger, gingerols and shogaols, are also responsible for some health and therapeutic properties. This research proposed to investigate the dehydration process of sliced ginger, the influence of temperature and vacuum on pungent compounds, mainly 6- gingerol and 6-shogaol, and to determine the drying kinetics in cabinet drier under forced air convection. Experiments were conduct in a conventional cabinet drier at atmospheric pressure and in a vacuum drier using air at temperatures of 50, 60 and 70ºC. Data obtained allowed the drying curves to be drawn and modeled, as well as to calculate the drying rate over the entire process. Samples collected during the process were analyzed by direct spectrophotometry and by high efficiency liquid chromatography, in order to get the concentration profile, respectively, of total gingerols, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol. The results showed strong temperature effects on the drying process, with highest temperatures giving lowest moisture contents in shortest process times and presenting initial higher and constant drying rates. Most part of the drying time has occurred under falling drying rates and with noticeable contractions and shrinkage of the ginger slices. The experimental data of moisture as a function of drying time were best fitted to the four parameter model of Midilli et al. The total gingerols content in the fresh ginger varied from 4.88 to 6.83 mg (g-fresh ginger) -1 , with increasing profiles during drying, while the content of 6-gingerol (absorption peak at 278 nm and retention time 9.2 min) varied from 0.99 to 1.17 mg (g-ginger) -1 on drying under vacuum, with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Roger Darros Barbosa / Coorientador: Mieko Kimura / Banca: Joel Fernando Nicoleti / Banca: José Antônio Gomes Vieira / Mestre

Submitted by Leticia Schettini (leticia@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-11T14:28:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005 - Jonatas de Aguiar Ferreira.pdf: 582914 bytes, checksum: cf08766dd08ac2ba431524c048eecb30 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T14:28:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005 - Jonatas de Aguiar Ferreira.pdf: 582914 bytes, checksum: cf08766dd08ac2ba431524c048eecb30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior-CAPES / In this research, the drying kinetics and equilibrium conditions during osmotic dehydration of chayote (Sechium edule, Sw.) were studied using 20, 30 and 40 % (w/v) sucrose solutions. A thermostatic bath was built to allow the experimental evaluation of osmotic dehydration kinetics and equilibrium moisture content determination. The experiments were carried out at three different temperatures (30 ?C, 40 ?C and 50 ?C) in order to evaluate the influence of temperature and sucrose concentration. Chayote fruits were washed and submerged in sodium hypochloride solution for ten minutes, for sanitization. Afterwards, the fruits were dried and cut into slices of about 0.5 cm thickness. Then, the slices were put into hypertonic sucrose solutions during preestablished time intervals. After osmotic dehydration, the solution was discarded and the slices were softly dried with absorbent paper to remove surface moisture. The moisture content was determined gravimetrically. Long time experiments up to 96 h were performed to provide information about the equilibrium moisture content. An specific equilibrium isotherm was selected by statistical methods. The correlation that better described equilibrium moisture content behavior was the Smith sorption isotherm, adapted to osmotic environment. The Overhults model was used to describe osmotic dehydration kinetics and estimate the drying constants k and n. Based on the results obtained in this research, it could be demonstrated that the equilibrium moisture content is strongly influenced by sucrose concentration and that k is a parameter dependent on the temperature and sucrose concentration, whereas n may be considered constant for the given experimental setup. / Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo da desidrata??o osm?tica de fatias de chuchu em um sistema que possibilitou a determina??o da umidade de equil?brio e dos coeficientes do modelo de Overhults para descrever a cin?tica de desidrata??o osm?tica das fatias. O procedimento experimental consistiu em lavar e escovar os frutos, para a remo??o de impurezas da casca, fatiar o chuchu, em fatias de 5 mm de espessura, num fatiador dom?stico de alimentos, submeter o material ? desidrata??o osm?tica em solu??o hipert?nica de sacarose a 20,30 e 40%, por at? 96 horas, tomando amostras em per?odos determinados para levantar a curva de desidrata??o do material e tamb?m determinar a umidade de equil?brio das fatias de chuchu como uma fun??o da concentra??o inicial da solu??o hipert?nica e da temperatura. Com base nos resultados obtidos foi poss?vel determinar os par?metros do modelo de Overhults para as fatias de chuchu, bem como a uma correla??o para a umidade de equil?brio do material e constatar que h? forte influ?ncia da temperatura e da concentra??o sobre a cin?tica de desidrata??o osm?tica do chuchu, que cerca de 50 % da umidade das amostras ? removida nas primeiras duas horas de imers?o, que a umidade de equil?brio ? atingida em cerca de 48 horas de imers?o e que o modelo de Overhults descreve satisfatoriamente as curvas de desidrata??o osm?tica.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-11-21T16:44:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Beatriz Autullo Ramos.pdf: 1610426 bytes, checksum: c3defc33414fda5b010152756fc0f0ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-21T16:45:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Beatriz Autullo Ramos.pdf: 1610426 bytes, checksum: c3defc33414fda5b010152756fc0f0ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-29 / CAPES / FAPERJ / The aim of this study was to obtain the sorption isotherms, analyze the kinetics of drying jatropha seeds, perform mathematical modeling of sorption isotherms and kinetic experiments, and to study the thermodynamics of the process. Seeds with initial moisture content of 8-10%, dry basis, were used. The sorption isotherms were found using two experimental devices: a water activity meter and a thermal bath with temperatures adjusted at 30, 40 and 50 ?C for the first apparatus and 40, 50 and 60 ?C for the second one. To obtain the sorption isotherms with a thermal bath the method of saturated saline solutions of MgCl2, K2CO3, KI, NaCl, and NaBrO3 was applied and the time to reach equilibrium was, generally, 20 days. Nine kinetic experiments were performed setting temperatures at 30, 40 and 50 ?C, and the superficial gas velocity at 397, 794 and 1190 cm/min, with duration of three hundred and sixty minutes. Oswin's mathematical model was the best to describe the hygroscopic behavior of the isotherms found with the water activity meter, while Caurie's model was the best for the thermal bath data, because they showed the lowest deviations and the highest coefficients of determination. ANOVA indicated that only the water activity has significant influence over the equilibrium moisture on the sorption isotherm experiments, in both equipments. Nine mathematical models were tested to simulate the kinetics and the ?two exponential terms? model presented the lowest deviations and highest coefficients of determination. It was observed that the temperature and superficial gas velocity did not significantly influence the kinetic experiments. For calculation of the thermodynamic properties the models that best fitted the data of the two experiments to obtain the sorption isotherms were used. The positive values of the differential enthalpy and entropy for both studies showed that the sorption process of jatropha seeds is endothermic and irreversible. The negative values of the Gibbs free energy variation for both studies indicated that the sorption process occurs spontaneously for the temperature conditions evaluated. The enthalpy-entropy compensation theory was applied satisfactorily and Krug?s test showed that the isokinetic temperature was different from the harmonic mean temperature in both studies. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter as isotermas de sor??o, analisar a cin?tica de secagem da semente do pinh?o-manso, realizar a modelagem matem?tica dos experimentos da isoterma de equil?brio e de cin?tica, e o estudo termodin?mico do processo. Utilizaram-se sementes com teor de umidade inicial de 8 a 10 %, em base seca. Os experimentos de determina??o da isoterma de equil?brio foram realizados utilizando dois equipamentos: o medidor de atividade de ?gua e o banho t?rmico, com faixas de temperatura de 30, 40 e 50 ?C, para o primeiro, e de 40, 50 e 60 ?C, para o segundo. As isotermas obtidas pelo banho t?rmico foram obtidas atrav?s do m?todo das solu??es salinas saturadas de MgCl2, K2CO3, KI, NaCl e NaBrO3 e o tempo para atingir o equil?brio foi, em geral, de 20 dias. Foram realizados nove experimentos de cin?tica, nas temperaturas de 30, 40 e 50 ?C, com velocidade superficial do g?s de 397, 794 e 1190 cm/min, com dura??o de trezentos e sessenta minutos. O melhor modelo matem?tico selecionado para descrever o comportamento higrosc?pico das isotermas foi o Oswin, para o medidor de atividade de ?gua, e o de Caurie, para o banho t?rmico, pois apresentaram os menores desvios e os maiores coeficientes de determina??o. Atrav?s da ANOVA verificou-se que somente a atividade de ?gua apresentou influencia significativa sobre a umidade de equil?brio para os experimentos de isoterma, em ambos os equipamentos. Nove modelos matem?ticos foram testados para a simula??o da cin?tica sendo que o modelo de ?Dois termos exponenciais? apresentou os menores desvios e os maiores coeficientes de determina??o. Observou-se que a temperatura e a velocidade superficial do g?s n?o influenciaram significativamente os experimentos de cin?tica. Para os c?lculos das propriedades termodin?micas foram utilizados os modelos que melhor ajustaram os dados dos dois experimentos para obten??o das isotermas de sor??o. Os valores positivos de entalpia e entropia diferencial, para ambos os estudos, mostraram que o processo de sor??o de ?gua nos gr?os de pinh?o-manso ? endot?rmico e irrevers?vel. Os valores negativos da varia??o da energia livre de Gibbs, para os dois estudos, indicaram que o processo de sor??o ocorre de forma espont?nea para as condi??es de temperatura avaliadas. A teoria compensat?ria entalpia-entropia foi aplicada de forma satisfat?ria, e o teste de Krug mostrou que a temperatura isocin?tica foi diferente da temperatura m?dia harm?nica nos dois estudos realizados.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:06:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 borin_i_me_sjrp.pdf: 342800 bytes, checksum: 1147f680ab77277198c9eb4e1a22188d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A cinética de secagem osmo-convectiva de fatias de abóbora (Cucurbita moschata) tratadas em soluções concentradas de sacarose e sacarose/NaCl foi estudada. As condições de tratamento osmótico mais eficientes (50% sacarose; 47% sacarose - 3% NaCl, 40% sacarose e 37% sacarose - 3% NaCl; p/p) foram selecionadas com base na relação perda de água/ganho de solutos e no conteúdo de sal no produto final. Após a desidratação osmótica (DO), as fatias de abóboras foram submetidas à secagem a 60 e 70oC. A influência dos pré-tratamentos e da temperatura sobre a cinética de secagem foi estudada através dos coeficientes efetivos de difusão de umidade determinados segundo a Lei de Fick. Os maiores coeficientes foram obtidos a 70oC. O sal contribuiu para aumentar a perda de água durante a DO. No entanto, a difusividade da água, durante a secagem, não foi afetada significativamente por esse soluto, uma vez que, para a mesma temperatura, as diferenças entre os coeficientes determinados nas diversas amostras pré-tratadas foram pequenas. Coeficientes efetivos de difusão determinados nas amostras pré-tratadas e não tratadas também foram similares. Avaliando-se as características sensoriais das fatias submetidas à secagem a 70oC, pôde-se constatar que os prétratamentos melhoraram a cor e a aparência geral das mesmas, quando comparadas com as amostras sem tratamento. / Osmo-convective drying kinetics of sliced pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) treated in sucrose and sucrose-NaCl solutions was studied. Efficient conditions for osmotic dehydration (50% sucrose, 47% sucrose - 3% NaCl, 40% sucrose and 37% sucrose - 3% NaCl, w/w) were selected based on the ratio water loss/ solute gain and on final salt content. After pre treatment, slices were dried at 60 and 70oC. The influence of the pre-treatments and the temperatures on airdrying kinetics of the pumpkins was studied. The effective water diffusion coefficients were determined according to Fick's second law applied to infinite slab. As expected higher coefficients were obtained at 70oC. The salt contributed to increase the water loss during osmotic dehydration. However, the water diffusivity during air-drying was not significantly affected by this solute, since the effective coefficients determined for the different pre-treated samples dried at the same temperature were very close. The effective diffusion coefficients determined in pre-treated and non-treated samples were also similar. Sensory evaluation of the samples dried at 70oC was carried out. The color and the general appearance of the dried pumpkin slices were improved by the previous osmotic dehydration treatments in comparison with non-treated samples.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuzianyACF_DISSERT.pdf: 949661 bytes, checksum: 3ac9543ca6f7961fb8c420391d30326b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-08 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / In this work, a pneumatic dryer has been designed and assembled in laboratory scale in order to study and evaluate configurations more efficient for application in drying of important materials of Northeast region in Brazil. The equipment was tested with drying of corn and rice grains, in conditions of temperature and air velocity at 80 oC and 35 m/s, respectively. For this type of dryer, it is recommended to work at temperatures above 200 ?C and air velocity with higher dynamic pressure. However, even under operating conditions below what it is recommended, the results obtained with the pneumatic dryer were satisfactory. In addition, experiments of drying were performed by using a cabinet dryer (batch dryer) under the same conditions used in the pneumatic dryer. Flash one curves for the corn were fitted satisfactorily by applying of the Lewis model, while a better agreement was found for rice by using the Page model. The data obtained with both drying processes allowed to compare the performance between pneumatic and batch dryers. In respect to drying rate, the pneumatic dryer presented a similar performance to the batch dryer during processing with corn and a superior performance to the last one during processing with rice. Therefore, it was possible to verify that the pneumatic dryer assembled in this preliminar study can be applied for different materials and under different operating conditions / Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal ? concep??o, montagem e opera??o de um secador pneum?tico do tipo flash com o prop?sito de avaliar novas configura??es de secadores, apresentando uma import?ncia regional no contexto da produ??o agr?cola de gr?os. O equipamento operou com temperaturas na ordem de 80?C e velocidade do ar de secagem igual a 35 m/s. Para este tipo de secador recomenda-se temperaturas superiores a 200?C e velocidades com alta press?o din?mica. O equipamento operou com um bom desempenho na secagem do milho e arroz. Para efeito comparativo, tamb?m foi utilizado um secador de bandejas para secagem do milho e do arroz com casca em condi??es operacionais similares as praticadas com secador pneum?tico do tipo flash. Os resultados experimentais demonstraram que na secagem do milho ambos secadores responderam com desempenho an?logo no que ser refere ? taxa de secagem. J? na secagem do arroz com casca, o secador pneum?tico apresentou um desempenho superior ao secador de bandejas. Portanto, a partir dos dados experimentais as curvas para a secagem do milho foram melhor correlacionadas com o modelo de Lewis, enquanto que as curvas de secagem do arroz com casca foram melhor ajustadas com o modelo de Page. Assim, pode-se concluir que a configura??o montada apresenta aspectos promissores que podem ser estudados utilizando-se materiais com diferentes caracter?sticas e em diferentescondi??es operacionais

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Pilatti Pereira.pdf: 801190 bytes, checksum: 28cff1ac814d5c8385ed401c7b4cd36c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-23 / The cultivation and industrialization of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) have an important role in the economy of Paraná, since in most cases the plant is grown on family farming system, therefore producing thousands of jobs. Drying is one of the main processing stages of yerba mate and getting to know its variables will bring great benefits for both the processing companies and for the development of their equipment. Thus, the main motivation for developing this work, besides the direct interest on the part of the industry, was the absence of specific studies related to the drying of the species of mate grown in Brazil. This paper aims to obtain data modeling and experimental isotherms and drying kinetics of yerba mate.The equilibrium isotherms were obtained by the static method using saturated solution of sulfuric acid obtained at temperatures of 30°C, 45°C and 60°C and relative humidities in the range between 4.5 and 83%. Convective drying was performed using a fixed bed dryer for laboratory scale under different conditions of temperature: 55°C, 65°C and 75°C with air flow of 1.0 m/s, 1.5 m/s and 2.0 m/s. All experimental results were evaluated by using Maple software applied to the empirical equation that allowed the definition of the best model, which presented the highest coefficient determination (R²) and the lowest average deviation. It was concluded that the sorption isotherms of water mate in nature for the three temperatures analyzed were best fitted by the mathematical modified Halsey model. The kinetic curve for the drying temperature was 55°C better adjusted by the modified Newton model with three parameters adjusted. For temperatures of 65°C and 75°C, the modified Newton model with two adjusted parameters showed the best result. The results of this study are useful in the development of projects of industrial dryers, seeking greater savings and improved quality. / O cultivo e a industrialização da erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) têm um importante papel na economia do Paraná, uma vez que na maioria dos casos a planta é cultivada em sistema de agricultura familiar, gerando milhares de empregos. A secagem é uma das principais etapas do beneficiamento da erva mate. Conhecer suas variáveis trará grandes benefícios, tanto para as empresas processadoras quanto para o desenvolvimento de equipamentos. A principal motivação para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, além do interesse direto da indústria, foi a inexistência na literatura de estudos específicos relacionados à secagem de erva-mate, das espécies cultivadas no Brasil. Este trabalho visa obter e modelar dados experimentais das isotermas e da cinética de secagem da erva-mate. As isotermas de equilíbrio foram obtidas pelo método estático, utilizando solução saturada de ácido sulfúrico, obtidas em temperaturas de 30°C, 45°C e 60°C e umidades relativas na faixa entre 4,5 e 83%. Para secagem convectiva, foi utilizado um secador de leito fixo em escala laboratorial, em diferentes condições operacionais de temperatura: 55°C, 65°C e 75 ºC, com vazões de ar de 1,00 m/s, 1,50 m/s e 2,00 m/s. Todos os resultados experimentais foram avaliados com a utilização do software Maple, aplicado às equações empíricas da literatura, o qual possibilitou a definição do melhor modelo, apresentando os melhores coeficientes de determinação (R²) e o menor desvio médio. Concluiu-se que as isotermas de sorção da água da erva-mate in natura para as três temperaturas analisadas foram melhor ajustadas pelo modelo matemático Halsey modificado. A curva de cinética de secagem para a temperatura de 55°C foi melhor ajustada pelo modelo de Newton modificado com três parâmetros ajustados. Para as temperaturas de 65°C e 75°C, o modelo de Newton modificado com dois parâmetros ajustados apresentou melhor resultado. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho são úteis no desenvolvimento de projetos de secadores industriais, visando maior economia e qualidade aprimorada.