Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a promising tool for condition assessment of bridge structures. SHM of bridges can be performed for different purposes in long or short-term. A few aspects of short- and long-term monitoring of highway bridges are addressed in this research. Without quantifying environmental effects, applying vibration-based damage detection techniques may result in false damage identification. As part of a long-term monitoring project, the effect of temperature on vibrational characteristics of two continuously monitored bridges are studied. Natural frequencies of the structures are identified from ambient vibration data using the Natural Excitation Technique (NExT) along with the Eigen System Realization (ERA) algorithm. Variability of identified natural frequencies is investigated based on statistical properties of identified frequencies. Different statistical models are tested and the most accurate model is selected to remove the effect of temperature from the identified frequencies. After removing temperature effects, different damage cases are simulated on calibrated finite-element models. Comparing the effect of simulated damages on natural frequencies showed what levels of damage could be detected with this method. Evaluating traffic loads can be helpful to different areas including bridge design and assessment, pavement design and maintenance, fatigue analysis, economic studies and enforcement of legal weight limits. In this study, feasibility of using a single-span bridge as a weigh-in-motion tool to quantify the gross vehicle weights (GVW) of trucks is studied. As part of a short-term monitoring project, this bridge was subjected to four sets of high speed, live-load tests. Measured strain data are used to implement bridge weigh-in-motion (B-WIM) algorithms and calculate the corresponding velocities and GVWs. A comparison is made between calculated and static weights, and furthermore, between supposed speeds and estimated speeds of the trucks. Vibration-based techniques that use finite-element (FE) model updating for SHM of bridges are common for infrastructure applications. This study presents the application of both static and dynamic-based FE model updating of a full scale bridge. Both dynamic and live-load testing were conducted on this bridge and vibration, strain, and deflections were measured at different locations. A FE model is calibrated using different error functions. This model could capture both global and local response of the structure and the performance of the updated model is validated with part of the collected measurements that were not included in the calibration process.

Les polysaccharides sont l'une des principales options à retenir pour progresser dans l'utilisation ou la conception de polymères renouvelables. Depuis les années cinquante, le développement industriel de ce type de polymères s'était considérablement réduit du fait de l'avènement des polymères synthétiques. Cependant, cet intérêt a cru considérablement ces dernières années en raison de la sensibilisation du public sur la limite des ressources fossiles. Ces biopolymères sont donc devenus un sujet d'importance, tant sur le plan industriel que sur celui de la recherche fondamentale. Toutefois, les systèmes à base de polysaccharides sont le plus souvent transformés via l'utilisation d'importantes quantités de solvants (y compris l'eau), ce qui globalement pénalise le procédé associé en l'affligeant d'une charge environnementale supplémentaire. Par la voie ‘fondue', le développement de polymères thermoplastiques à base de dérivés de la cellulose est un véritable défi, qui concerne autant le mode de transformation de ces systèmes que le niveau des propriétés du matériau final. Pour exemple, la température de dégradation de l'acétate de cellulose (CA) (dont le degré de substitution 2,5 est développé par le Groupe Solvay) est si proche de sa température de fusion que son procédé de mise en oeuvre ne peut être envisagé qu'avec l'ajout d'une quantité importante de plastifiants externes (entre 20 et 30 en poids selon le type d'additif). Le comportement d'un mélange CA-plastifiant est principalement régi par un «réseau» de très fortes interactions polaires, dont la force et la densité dépendent de 3 paramètres spécifiques: le degré de substitution de CA, la typologie de plastifiant et la quantité de plastifiant. Pour expliquer les différents mécanismes de plastification, il est donc important pour nous d'étudier et de comprendre les propriétés dynamiques (en ce qui concerne les phénomènes de relaxation) de ce type de systèmes et comment les trois leviers que nous avons identifiés peuvent influencer ou moduler les différentes interactions échangées dans les mélanges / Polysaccharides are one of the main options to the on-going move towards the use of renewable polymers. The industrial interest in this type of polymers drastically shrunk by the advent of synthetic polymers in the fifties, but is currently reviving due to the public awareness on the limit of fossil resources. These biopolymers are nowadays offering a challenging and industrially profitable playground for researchers. However, current polysaccharides based materials are mostly processed with extensive use of solvents (including water) making the total process an environmental burden despite the advantage of the starting material. Development of thermoplastic cellulose-based materials is very challenging regarding both final material properties and polymer processing. The degradation temperature of Cellulose Acetate (CA) (degree of substitution 2.5) is so close to its melting temperature that it can only be processed with a significant amount of external plasticizers (between 20 et 30 wt.% depending on the type of the additive). Behavior of a CA-plasticizer blend is mainly governed by a ‘network’ of high polar interactions, the strength and the density of which clearly depend of 3 specific parameters: the CA’s degree of substitution, the typology of the plasticizer, the amount of plasticizer. In an attempt to explain the different plasticization mechanisms, it is thus of utmost importance for us to study and understand the dynamic properties (regarding the relaxation phenomena) of this kind of systems and how the three levers that we identified can influence or modulate the different interactions exchanged within the blends

Immersion of the body into the fluid creates additional effects which must be considered when designing the machines. Additional effects from the fluid influence the dynamic properties of the body. In this work the decrease of the natural frequency and the increase of the damping ratio during the gradual immersion of the body into the fluid are investigated. Diploma thesis is based on an experiment, which is performed on a series of flat strip steel components of various widths. The first three bending and first three torsion shapes of the free-hanging body are examined. Emphasis is placed on the influence of part width. In the next phase of the experiment, the influence of the proximity of the solid wall to the dynamic properties of the cantilever beam is examined. Further, the determination of the added density from the fluid is performed by modal analysis using the ANSYS software.

The Bridge House is a steel building structure located in Poly Canyon, a rural area inside the campus of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. The Bridge House is a one story steel structure supported on 4 concrete piers with a lateral force resisting system (LFRS) composed of ordinary moment frames in the N-S direction and braced frames in the E-W direction and vertically supported by a pair of trusses. The dynamic response of the Bridge House was investigated by means of system identification through ambient and forced vibration testing. Interesting findings such as diaphragm flexibility, foundation flexibility and frequency shifts due to thermal effects were all found throughout the mode shape mapping process. Nine apparent mode shapes were experimentally identified, N-S and E-W translational, rotational and 6 vertical modes. A computational model was also created and refined through correlation with the modal parameters obtained through FVTs. When compared to the experimental results, the computational model estimated the experimentally determined building period within 8% and 10% for both N-S and E-W translational modes and within 10% for 4 of the vertical modes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 2326464 bytes, checksum: edf040b92b5fdf343007a3626c02e26b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present work aimed at investigating the biodiesel issuing from the transesterification of used frying oil with ethanol, via alkaline catalysis. Such investigation covers its thermo-oxidative stability during heating (thermal analysis and rheological properties) as well the kinetic profiles of the samples in the best oxidative induction time by the technique of Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC). The behavior of such biodiesel, as part of binary blends with fossil diesel at the proportions of 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100%, was also studied. The biodiesel synthesis used the ethanol route and was carried out under the following conditions: oil/alcohol molar ratio of 1:6 (m/m), 1 % de KOH, temperature of 32 °C, washing with 0.1M HCl and hot water. The reaction yield, determined by means of a mass balance aided by the technique of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, was of 90.56% and the ester content was of 99.56%. According to the physicochemical analyses, all the specifications for the biodiesel and blends met the requirements from Technical Regulation # 7 from the Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels, with the exceptions of the odixative induction time (1.72 h) and kinematic viscosity (6.10 mm2s-1), which displayed values outside the limits established by the standard. In the thermal study, the thermogravimetric curves showed that the biodiesel blends in diesel are more volatile than the biodiesel derived from used frying oil (B100), whereas at lower concentrations (3, 5, 10 and 25%) are similar to fossil diesel. At higher concentrations (50 and 75%) the blends presented lower volatility and higher thermal stability in relation to fossil diesel and thus, biodiesel and its more concentrated blends showed higher safety in relation to transport, storage, handling and utilization. The study of the fluid dynamic properties of biodiesel and its blends showed that all the samples behave as Newtonian fluids at the studied (10, 25 and 40 ºC) temperatures. Also the results of cloud point, pour point and cold filter plugging point showed that the behavior of the blends with 3, 5 and 10% are similar to fossil diesel, therefore at these concentrations biodiesel acts as a lubricity additive to fossil diesel. The study by Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC) in the dynamic mode and the Rancimat technique revealed that the best antioxidant for the storage of biodiesel is BHT at the concentration of 2500 ppm. The determination of the kinetic parameters by the isothermal PDSC technique allowed determining the theoretical value of the shelf life of used frying oil biodiesel with 2500 ppm of the antioxidant BHT. Therefore, used frying oil biodiesel and its blends B3, B5, B10, B25, B50 and B75 may be used as an alternative source of biofuels. / O presente trabalho buscou investigar o biodiesel proveniente da transesterificação do óleo de fritura usado com álcool etílico, via catálise básica, e elucidar a sua estabilidade termo-oxidativa durante o aquecimento (análise térmica e propriedade reologicas) e estudar o perfil cinético da amostra com o melhor tempo de indução oxidativa pela técnica de calorimetria exploratória diferencial pressurizada (PDSC). Também, foi observado o comportamento do referido biodiesel, inserido em misturas binárias com o diesel fóssil nas proporções de 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 e 100% também foi estudada. A síntese do biodiesel na rota etanólica processou-se sob condições de: razão molar óleo-álcool de 1:6 (m/m), 1 % de KOH, temperatura de 32 °C, lavagem com HCl 0,1 M e água quente. O rendimento reacional determinado por balanço de massa com auxilio da técnica de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa, foi de 90,56 %, com teor de esteres de 99,56 %. Nas análises físicoquímicas, todos as especificações para ambos biodiesel e blendas satisfizeram as exigências dos limites permitidos pelo Regulamento Técnico nº 7 da Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis. Com exceção do tempo de indução oxidativa (1,72 h) e a viscosidade cinemática (6,10 mm2s-1) que apresentaram valores fora dos limites estabelecidos pela norma. No estudo térmico, as curvas termogravimétricas evidenciaram que as blendas de biodiesel em diesel são mais voláteis em relação ao biodiesel derivado de óleo de fritura usado (B100) e em baixas concentrações (3, 5, 10 e 25%) se assemelham ao diesel fóssil. Em concentrações mais elevadas (50 e 75%) as blendas apresentam menor volatilidade e maior estabilidade térmica em relação ao diesel fóssil, e, portanto, o biodiesel e suas blendas mais concentradas apresentam maior segurança em relação ao transporte, armazenagem, manuseio e utilização. O estudo das propriedades fluído-dinâmicas do biodiesel e suas blendas, demostraram que todas as amostras comportam como fluídos newtonianos a temperatura (10, 25 e 40 ºC) e que tanto os resultados de ponto de nevoa, fluidez e ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio, apresentaram comportamento para as blendas 3, 5 e 10% semelhantes ao observado para o diesel fossil, e, portanto nestas concentrações o biodiesel atua como um aditivo de lubricidade do óleo diesel fossil. O estudo por calorimetria exploratória diferencial pressurizada no modo dinâmico e a técnica de rancimat revelou que o melhor antioxidante para o armazenamento do biodiesel é o BHT com concentração de 2500 ppm. A determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos pela técnica de PDSC isotérmica foi possível determinar teoricamente o tempo de vida de prateleira do biodiesel derivado de óleo de fritura usado com 2500 ppm do antioxidante BHT. Então, o biodiesel de fritura usado e blendas B3, B5, B10, B25, B50 e B75 podem ser utilizados como uma fonte alternativa de biocombustíveis.

One of the objectives of the master´s thesis is to summarize types of most used check valves and their constructions. These check valves have specific static and dynamic properties. One of dynamic properties is vibration of closing member of lift check valve. Due to these vibrations, the added effects of fluid may result. This thesis deals with explanation and computation of these added effects.

Объектом исследования явился перфекционизм. Предметом исследования стала связь перфекционизма с экзистенциальной исполненностью, толерантностью-интолерантностью к неопределенности и формально-динамическими свойствами индивидуальности. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения и списка литературы (66 источников). Объем магистерской диссертации 83 страницы, на которых размещены 13 таблиц и 8 рисунков. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме «перфекционизм». Также включены разделы, описывающие экзистенциалььную исполненность, формально-динамические свойства индивидуальности и толерантность-интолерантность к неопределенности. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава описывает эмпирическую часть исследования. Представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования, а также полученных результатов. В исследовании были использованы методики: «Многомерная шкала перфекционизма» П. Хьюитта и Г. Флетта в адаптации И. И. Грачевой; «Дифференциальный тест перфекционизма», оригинальная методика А. А. Золотаревой; опросник формально динамических свойств индивидуальности (ОФДСИ-26), сокращенный В. М. Русалова; «Диагностика экзистенциальной исполненности» (авторы В. Б. Шумский, Е. М. Уколова, Е. Н. Осин, Я. Д. Лупандина); «Новый опросник толерантности-интолерантности к определенности» Т. В. Корниловой, контент-анализ. По итогам эмпирического исследования представлены результаты сравнительного, корреляционного и регрессионного анализа. Определено, что адаптивный перфекционизм положительно связан с активностью и отрицательно-с эмоциональностью. Также адаптивный перфекционизм положительно связан со всеми параметрами экзистенциальной исполненности, тогда как связь с толерантностью к неопределенности отсутствует. Напротив, дезадаптивный перфекционизм положительно связан с эмоциональностью во всех сферах и отрицательно – с активностью и экзистенциальной исполненностью. Дезадаптивный перфекционизм связан со всеми параметрами дифференциальной модели перфекционизма П. Хьюитта и Г. Флетта, а именно, с перфекционизмом, ориентированным на себя, на других и с социально предписанным перфекционизмом. При этом перфекционизм, ориентированный на себя, отрицательно связан с параметрами экзистенциальной исполненности «Бытие-в-мире» и «Самоценность». Перфекционизм, ориентированный на других, отрицательно связан с параметрами экзистенциальной исполненности «Бытие в-мире», «Ценность жизни» и «Самоценность». Социально предписанный перфекционизм отрицательно коррелирует со всеми параметрами экзистенциальной исполненности. В результате регрессионного анализа было определено, что предиктором адаптивного перфекционизма со стороны формально динамических свойств индивидуальности является высокая активность, а со стороны экзистенциальной исполненности – параметры «Ценность жизни» (отрицательный вклад), «Самоценность» и «Смысл» (положительный вклад). Предиктором дезадаптивного перфекционизма со стороны формально динамических свойств индивидуальности является высокая эмоциональность, а со стороны экзистенциальной исполненности – параметр «Бытие-в-мире» (отрицательный вклад). В заключении обобщены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны перспективы дальнейшей работы в данной проблематике. / The object of the study was perfectionism. The subject of the study was the relationship of the perfectionism with existential fulfillment, tolerance-tolerance to uncertainty and formal-dynamic properties of individuality. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references (66 sources). The volume of the master's thesis is 82 pages, which contain 13 tables and 8 figures. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the elaboration of the problem, sets the purpose and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates the main and additional hypotheses, specifies the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of research, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of "perfectionism". Also included are sections describing existential fulfillment, formal-dynamic properties of individuality and tolerance-intolerance to uncertainty. The conclusions of the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter describes the empirical part of the study. The description of the organization and methods of the conducted research, as well as the results obtained, is presented. The following methods were used in the study: "Multidimensional scale of perfectionism" by P. Hewitt and G. Flett in the adaptation of I. I. Gracheva; "Differential test of perfectionism", the original method of A. A. Zolotareva; questionnaire of formally dynamic properties of individuality (OFDSI-26), abbreviated by V. M. Rusalov; "Diagnostics of existential fulfillment" (authors V. B. Shumsky, E. M. Ukolova, E. N. Osin, Ya. D. Lupandina); "A new questionnaire of tolerance-intolerance to certainty" by T. V. Kornilova, content analysis. Based on the results of the empirical study, the results of comparative, correlation and regression analysis are presented. It is determined that adaptive perfectionism is positively associated with activity and negatively with emotionality. Adaptive perfectionism is also positively associated with all parameters of existential fulfillment, while there is no connection with tolerance to uncertainty. On the contrary, maladaptive perfectionism is positively associated with emotionality in all spheres and negatively with activity and existential fulfillment. Maladaptive perfectionism is associated with all the parameters of the differential model of perfectionism by P. Hewitt and G. Flett, namely, with perfectionism focused on oneself, on others and with socially prescribed perfectionism. At the same time, self-oriented perfectionism is negatively associated with the parameters of existential fulfillment of "Being-in-the-world" and "Self-worth". Perfectionism, focused on others, is negatively associated with the parameters of existential fulfillment "Being in the world", "Value of life" and "Self-worth". Socially prescribed perfectionism negatively correlates with all parameters of existential fulfillment. As a result of regression analysis, it was determined that the predictor of adaptive perfectionism from the formally dynamic properties of individuality is high activity, and from the existential fulfillment – the parameters "Value of life" (negative contribution), "Self-worth" and "Meaning" (positive contribution). The predictor of maladaptive perfectionism on the part of the formally dynamic properties of individuality is high emotionality, and on the part of existential fulfillment is the "Being–in-the-world" parameter (negative contribution). In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are summarized, conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, the practical significance of the study is substantiated and the prospects for further work in this area are described.