De la rentrée 2006 jusqu’à la fin de l’année scolaire 2014-2015 marquée par la réforme du collège impulsée par Najat Vallaud Belkacem Ministre de l’Education Nationale, tous les élèves de 3ème générale pouvaient en principe choisir de suivre l’option de Découverte Professionnelle (DP3), celle-ci n’étant ni réservée à une catégorie d’élèves en particulier ni aux élèves jugés en « difficulté scolaire ». Ce droit qui a été accordé à tous les élèves de 3ème générale de suivre l’option DP3 a été défini par les textes officiels comme étant un enseignement.Comment différents acteurs ont-ils envisagé la DP3 et quel sens lui ont-ils attribué ? Quels ont été leur(s) rôle(s) dans l’introduction de cette innovation au sein du système scolaire français ? Comment l’autonomie conférée par une décision institutionnelle a-t-elle été vécue par les acteurs dans des collèges différents ? Comment des professeurs de DP3 ont fait pour enseigner à leurs élèves cette nouvelle option dont les contours n’ont pas été définis clairement par l’institution scolaire ? Comment étaient-ils recrutés et comment ont-ils fait pour organiser leur activité d’enseignement en duo ? Quels moyens, quels outils et ressources pédagogiques ont-ils choisi de mobiliser pour faire fonctionner l’option dans leurs établissements ? Cette thèse se donne pour objectif une analyse anthropologique de l’activité de travail générée par la création et l’introduction d’un nouvel enseignement dans le système scolaire français. En combinant théories de l’activité et théories des organisations, nous proposons à la fois une analyse des rôles joués par différentes catégories d’acteurs ainsi que l’analyse de l’activité collective et collaborative produite par eux-mêmes grâce à une analyse d’entretiens « centrés sur l’activité », une analyse de documents professionnels ainsi que des descriptions ethnographiques d’observations menées en classe et à l’extérieur lors des visites organisées pour des élèves en entreprises. / From 2006 back to the end of the 2014-2015 school year marked by the reform of college Najat Vallaud Belkacem promoted by Minister of Education, all students “de troisième générale” were overall in principle choose to follow the option Discovery Professional (DP3), it is neither restricted to a particular category of students or students judged "learning difficulties". This right was granted to all third general students to follow the DP3 option was defined by official texts as a teaching.How different actors have considered the DP3 and what sense have they assigned? What was their (s) role (s) in the introduction of this innovation within the French school system? How the autonomy conferred by an institutional decision she was lived by the actors in different colleges? How DP3 teachers have to teach their students this new option whose contours were not clearly defined by the educational institution? How were they recruited and how have they done to organize their duet teaching activity? Which means, what tools and educational resources did they choose to mobilize to run the option in their establishments?This thesis has the objective anthropological analysis of the work activity generated by the creation and introduction of a new education in the French school system. Combining theories of business and organizational theories, we offer both an analysis of the roles played by different categories of stakeholders and the analysis of collective and collaborative activity produced by themselves through an analysis of interviews "centered on activity", a professional document analysis and ethnographic descriptions of observations conducted in the classroom and outside in organized tours for students in companies.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Obesity is a globally increasing disease particularly in developing countries and among children. It is mainly caused by intake of diets high in fat and the lack of physical activity. Obesity is a risk factor for diseases such as type II diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and certain cancers. Prediabetes is a condition where blood glucose levels are above normal but have not reached those of diabetes. It is difficult to diagnose, as there are no signs or symptoms. Some type II diabetes patients bear no symptoms at all and the disease is discovered late. Proteomics is a field that can provide opportunities for early diagnosis of diseases through biomarker discovery. The early diagnosis of diabetes can assist in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Therefore there is a need for the early diagnosis of diabetes. Twenty Wistar rats were used. The rats were initially fed a CHOW diet, which is the standard balanced diet for rats, for 4 weeks. The rats were then divided into 2 groups of 10 where 1 group was fed CHOW and another was fed a high fat (HF) diet in order to induce obesity. The two groups were fed their respective diets for 18 weeks. Rats were weighed. Rats were placed in metabolic chambers and 24 hour urine samples were collected. Ketone levels were measured by Ketostix. Urine proteins were precipitated by acetone, quantified and separated on both the 1D SDS-PAGE and the 2D SDS-PAGE. Protein expression changes between CHOW and HF fed rats were determined and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Protein spots intensities increased and decreased between the CHOW and HF fed rats. Transducin (beta)-like 3 was identified as the only differentially expressed protein, which might serve as a potential biomarker for prediabetes. / South Africa

The thesis analyses high frequency trading, specifically its main characteristics, which make it different from algorithmic trading. Furthermore, the thesis looks closer into major risks, which are new to market, and their impact on market quality and other investors. The next chapter is dedicated to trading strategies, which are typical for high frequency trading. In conclusion, there is discussed the impact on the market quality caused by high frequency trading, namely in terms of liquidity, volatility and price discovery.

Un des principaux défis de la bioinformatique moderne est de saisir le sens des données biologiques en constante croissance. Il est prépondérant de trouver de bons modèles pour toutes ces données, modèles qui servent à la fois à expliquer les données et à produire des réponses aux questions biologiques sous-jacentes. Une des nombreuses difficultés d’une telle approche est la grande variété dans les types des données manipulées. La biologie computationnelle moderne propose des approches qui combinent ces types de données dans des techniques dites intégratives. Cette thèse contribue au problème de l’identification de module biologique en intégrant les informations de conservation dans les modèles modernes d’identification d’ensemble de protéines. Nous introduisons un modèle pour la détection de modules connexes actifs et conservés, c’est-à-dire des modules connexes dont une majorité d’éléments sont similaires entre deux espèces. Nous présentons une formulation de notre modèle sous forme de programmation linéaire en nombres entiers, et proposons un algorithme branch-and-cut qui résout le modèle à l’optimalité en temps raisonnable. Nous appliquons notre modèle sur des données de différentiation cellulaire, à savoir les cellules Th0 en Th17 pour l’humain et la sourie. Nous analysons également notre modèle du point du vue de la complexité algorithmique, et fournissons des résultats pour le cas général ainsi que des cas spéciaux. / One of the major challenge for modern bioinformatics is making sense of the ever increasing size of biological data. Finding good models for all this data, models that can both explain the data and provide insight into biological questions, is paramount. One of the many difficulties of such path is the variety in the types of data. Modern computational biology approaches combine these many data into integrative approaches, that combine the knowledge inside the data in the hope to extract higher level information. This thesis contribute to the biological module identification problem by integrating conservation information with modern models of modular detection of protein sets. We introduce a model for the detection of conserved active connected modules, that is connected modules that are conversed across two species. These active connected modules are similar in sequence composition between the two species. We present a mixed-integer linear programming formulation of our model, and propose a branch-and-cut algorithm to solve to provable optimality in reasonable run time. We apply our model to cell line differentiation data, namely Th0 into Th17 for both human and mouse. We also analyse the model from a complexity standpoint, and provide general as well as special cases complexity results.

In 1946 a rich gold reef was discovered on the farm Geduld in the vicinity of Odendaalsrus and approximately 3 miles (4, 8 km) from the town. At that stage it was recognised as the richest gold reef in the world. The discovery led to further and progressive explorations in the Goldfields and finally resulted in the coming of many people to settle in the area. As the mining sector developed, the need for certain infrastructure on socio-economic and the social precinct had deepened. The proceeding development of the mining sector had led to the establishment of Welkom, because Odendaalsrus could not comply with the expectations of mining magnates like Ernest Oppenheimer. Consequently, the establishment and layout of Welkom made provision for such requirements like infrastructure, etc. Likewise, with the surrounding mining industry of Anglo-American, Welkom had become the metropolis in the Goldfields. Thereby equal to the mining industry, secondary industry developed on an increasing scale in the Goldfields. Odendaalsrus played on the other hand an important role in the emergence and developing processes of the Dutch Reformed Churches, since the Volksraad of the O.F.S. gave distinct consent on the 26 April 1899 for the layout of the town on the farm of Kalkkuil. Inclusively, the founding and development of the Reformed Churches in South Africa (Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika), also started with their church activities during the early years of the gold discovery near Odendaalsrus. None the less, the Reformed Church of South Africa (Ned. Hervormde Kerk van Suid-Afrika) also had been founded and church activities escalated during the same time in the Goldfields, and more specifically in St. Helena, a well-known established suburb of Welkom. In the same way, it is necessary to emphasise the Evangelical Reformed Church of South Africa (Evangelies-Gereformeerde Kerk van Suid-Afrika) which founded on May 1960 in Welkom, although the members of the church were active with church activities in Welkom long before their congregation was finally established. The culminating factor of the economic power regarding the mining industry may not be overlooked in its influence on the emergence of the various church congregations in the Goldfields. The constant influx of mineworkers to the Goldfields made the existence of the church inevitable for its member’s spiritual well-being. Naturally, the church had to overcome major obstacles, namely: the expansion to new residential areas, the availability of finances, planning schemes for church amenities, the purchase of church estates, the need of ministers, knowledgeable church councillors and general encompassing assistance, etc. Furthermore, the church encountered during the pioneering years all sorts of social disorders, while the minister at times had the working load of approximately two congregations to handle at the same time. Accordingly, it was virtually impossible for the minister to cope with such a strenuous working load effectively, and consequently some issues were at times inevitably neglected in the congregation. The demands of the time and difficult circumstances without proper roads, communication networks like direct telephone systems, the lack of church buildings, manses, the long distances between the central point of worship and some visiting areas within the confinements of the congregation had necessarily complicated the task of the minister. Nevertheless, the church continued and gave concrete stature to its calling by virtue of the founding congregations for meaningful and efficacious spiritual care to its members. Herein, the church was successful because the focus of faith remained on God. All the praise and glory is due to Him. / Thesis (DPhil (Church History and Church Polity))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Church History and Church Polity / unrestricted

S rostoucím množstvím shromažďovaných a ukládaných dat roste také potřeba a zájem majitelů těchto dat o využití jejich potenciálu k dalšímu rozhodování. Proto se vyvíjí nové přístupy a způsoby vycházející z informatiky, statistiky a oblasti strojového učení, které se této potřebě snaží vyhovět. Cílem této diplomové práce je uvést proces dobývání znalostí dat z databází na medicínských datech Tinnitus a představit systémy LISp-Miner a Weka, které daný proces podporují. Obsahem teoretické části diplomové práce je shrnutí základních charakteristik a přístupů procesu dobývání znalostí. Praktická část diplomové práce je věnována realizaci celého procesu v jednotlivých krocích. V samotném kroku modelování jsou využity již zmíněné systémy akademické LISp-Miner a Weka. Poslední část praktické části práce patří prezentaci dosažených výsledků a vlastnímu zhodnocení systémů.

This thesis examines archaeological eggshell finds from cremation graves in the Swedish province of Uppland as well as inhumation graves from the island of Gotland. All graves are dated to the Viking Age, however, the chronology varies by the region, with the period´s ending placed around year 1050 AD in Uppland and around year 1150 AD at the island of Gotland. An attempt is made to create a list of all known cases of egg depositions in graves during the period of interest, and to subsequently analyse them all in order to get a better understanding of this practice. The comparative analysis of the artefact assemblages within the graves and grave constructions is undertaken in order to identify possible regularities in how and when the egg was used within the ritual sequence. Although notable regional variations and differences in Viking Age burial customs are known to exist between the two investigated regions, and artefacts deposited within the graves are adapted to regional conditions, it is possible, amongst other things, to observe similarities in the timing of egg deposition. By understanding the funeral as a rite of passage that signified the transition between the states of life and death, and with the final goal of achieving the distinction between the world of the living and the realm of deceased ancestors, it is possible to better comprehend the funeral rituals and their archaeological remains – in this case avian eggshells. By applying van Gennep's rites of passage tripartite structure, involving separation, liminality, and incorporation, it is concluded that eggs, as we see them in the archaeological material presented in this study, are used in the last stage of this model. This is the part of the process where the main goal is reintegration of those who participated in ritual into a new social order. It is thus proposed here that eggs might be seen as hierophanies:  profane, everyday objects that have manifested into something sacred and who are clearly understood as such to those involved in burial but not necessary to outsiders: as symbols for fertility, regeneration, rebirth and transformation.

Faute de travaux scientifiques, Constantine, capitale de l’Est algérien, a quelque peu disparu de la bibliographie archéologique ces dernières décennies. Il est vrai que l’étude archéologique en milieu urbain n’est pas aisée. Pour palier cette absence, cet exposé propose un état des lieux des travaux antérieurs sur le sujet, afin de mettre en place l’ébauche d’une recherche sur la topographie urbaine de la ville, dans l’Antiquité. Le point de départ de ce travail correspond à une prise de conscience de l’éparpillement des sources et de la difficulté à les consulter. Ainsi, regrouper les sources anciennes et récentes était nécessaire pour créer un répertoire de notices de découvertes, agrémentées ou non de planches. Ces notices forment chacune un site à reporter, dans la mesure du possible, sur une carte, elle-même divisée en plusieurs parties, correspondant à diverses sections, mises en place pour faciliter l’organisation de cette étude. Ce catalogue, première évaluation du potentiel archéologique de Constantine, permet finalement former quelques hypothèses qui pourront servir d’appuis aux travaux archéologiques à venir. / For lack of scientific works, Constantine, capital of eastern Algeria, has somewhat disappeared from the archeological bibliography these last decades. It is right to say that the archeological study in urban areas isn’t that easy. To overcome this lack of research, this presentation offers an inventory of fixtures of the previous works on the subject, in order to produce the outline of a research on the urban topography of the city, in Antiquity. The starting point of this work represents an awareness of the dispersal of the sources and the difficulty to consult them. Thus, gathering the old and the recent sources was necessary to create a notebook of discovery notes, accompanied or not by «boards». These notes each form a site to copy out, when possible on a map, that is divided in several parts, corresponding to different sections, made up to facilitate the organisation of this study. This catalog, first estimation of the archological potential of Constantine eventually allows us to establish a few hypothesis that will be used as a support for further archelogical research.

In this work we propose a solution that would help automate the part of knowledge discovery in databases. Domain knowledge has an important role in the automation process which is necessary to include into the proposed program for data preparation. In the introduction to this work, we focus on the theoretical basis of knowledge discovery of databases with an emphasis on domain knowledge. Next, we focus on the basic principles of data pre-processing and scripting language LMCL that could be part of the design of the newly established applications for automated data preparation. Subsequently, we will deal with application design for data pre-processing, which will be verified on the data the House of Commons.

This dissertation investigates the ways visitors to Haida Gwaii (sometimes called the Queen Charlotte Islands) have written about the islands. I argue that accounts by visitors to Haida Gwaii fashion the object that they seek to represent. In short, visitors' stories do not unproblematically reflect the islands but determine how Haida Gwaii is perceived. These perceptions in turn affect the actions of visitors, residents and governments. I contribute to that representational process, striving to show the material consequences of language and the ways discourses shape Haida Gwaii. The dissertation consists of three sections. "Early visitors" focuses on the last quarter of the eighteenth century, studying the earliest documented visits by Euro-American mariners and fur traders. "Modern visitors" concentrates on the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, when some visitors were busy imposing colonial forms of government and social organization, while others were resisting these projects. "Recent visitors" concentrates on the final quarter of the twentieth century, examining the campaign to save a portion of the archipelago from clearcutting and efforts to develop alternatives to resource-extractive economic practices. By examining three case studies for each period, I argue that the ways visitors imagine the islands have been transformed in each of these periods. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate