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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Sistemas líquido cristalinos de geleificação in situ de administração intratumoral para liberação localizada de siRNA na terapia do câncer de pele / In situ gelling liquid crystalline system for intratumoral and localized delivery of siRNA for skin cancer therapy

Cardoso, Livia Neves Borgheti 07 July 2016 (has links)
O mecanismo de interferência por RNA (RNAi) é um evento de silenciamento gênico através da degradação do RNA mensageiro. Desta forma, a administração de siRNA (molécula efetora do RNAi) é uma terapia promissora para o tratamento de diversas doenças como o câncer. Porém, para a sua efetiva aplicação terapêutica é necessário o desenvolvimento de sistemas de liberação capazes de liberar o siRNA nas células alvo, promover a sua internalização celular e evitar a sua degradação. Dentre os sistemas de liberação, os de liberação localizada, como os sistemas de geleificação in situ, apresentam vantagens sobre administração sistêmica. Formulações fluidas precursoras (FFP) que formam sistemas líquido cristalinos viscosos in situ podem ser obtidas a partir de lipídeos anfifílicos que absorvem água do meio e se rearranjam. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o gel formado in situ a partir da FFP (G-FFP), composta por monoglicerídeos (MO), polietilenoimina (PEI), propilenoglicol (PG) e tampão tris, como sistema de liberação localizada de siRNA na terapia do câncer de pele. Os resultados mostraram que o G-FFP é uma mistura de fase cúbica e fase hexagonal. O G-FFP liberou o siRNA de maneira sustentada e complexado ao PEI. A FFP pode ser esterilizada por filtração em membrana e foi capaz de complexar altas concentrações de siRNA (15 mM) e de proteger o siRNA da degradação. A citotoxicidade foi dependente da concentração de FFP e esta quando complexada com siRNA teve a toxicidade diminuída. O siRNA liberado do G-FFP foi internalizado pelas células A431, FaDu, HeLa, A549, WM35/DLC2-GFP e MCF-7/DLC2-GFP. Além disto, siRNAs específicos liberados pelo G-FFP foram capazes de reduzir a expressão da proteína Firefly luciferase em células HeLa e FaDu, pórem não foram capazes de reduzir a expressão do receptor do fator de crescimento epidérmico (EGFR) nas células A431, HeLa, A549 e FaDu. A redução da expressão de EGFR em células A549 foi observado quando a terapia com siRNA foi combinada com internalização fotoquímica. Destes resultados, pode-se inferir que a transfecção celular do siRNA e o silenciamento gênico promovido por ele foi dependente tanto do tipo de linhagem celular como do alvo desejado. Os estudos in vivo mostraram que ocorre a formação de gel intratumoral e após 3 dias da administração intratumoral da FFP contendo siRNA específico para EGFR houve redução de 30% no tamanho dos tumores comparados aos tumores tratados com FFP sem siRNA. Diante destes resultados, pode-se concluir que o sistema desenvolvido tem potencial como sistema de liberação localizada de siRNA quando aplicado subcutaneamente ou intratumoral, uma vez que complexa o siRNA, promove a sua internalização celular e o siRNA liberado no citoplasma das células pode reduzir a expressão de proteínas de interesse. / RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism in which small interfering RNA molecules (siRNA) inhibit gene expression, by causing the messenger RNA degradation. Thus, siRNA is a promising therapy for the treatment of several diseases such as cancer. However, the development of delivery systems able to protect the siRNA from degradation and promote its cell uptake is essential for therapeutic use of siRNA. Among the delivery systems, the localized delivery system such as in situ gelling delivery system, have advantages over systemic administration. Precursor fluid formulations (FFP), which forms in situ viscous liquid crystalline systems, can be obtained from amphiphilic lipids that absorb water from the environment and self-assembling. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the in situ gel formed from the FFP (G-FFP), composed of monoglycerides (MO), polyethyleneimine (PEI), propylene glycol (PG) and Tris buffer, as localized delivery system for siRNA in skin cancer therapy. The results showed that the G-FFP is a mixture of cubic and hexagonal phase. The G-FFP sustained release of siRNA and the siRNA is released complexed with PEI. The FFP can be sterilized by membrane filtration at 0.22 ?m. FFP was able to complex high siRNA concentration (15 mM) and protect the siRNA from degradation. The cytotoxicity was dependent on the FFP concentration, when FFP was complexed with siRNA it was observed a decreased in toxicity. The siRNA released from G-FFP was uptake by A431, FaDu, HeLa, A549, WM35/DLC2-GFP and MCF-7/DLC2-GFP cells. In addition, specific siRNAs released from G-FFP were able to reduce the expression of Firefly luciferase in HeLa and FaDu cells, but they were unable to reduce the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in A431, HeLa, A549 and FaDu cells. The reduction of expression of EGFR in A549 cells was observed when siRNA therapy was combined with photochemical internalization. From these results, can be inferred that the efficiency of siRNA transfection and knockdown was dependent on both the type of cell line and the desired target protein. In vivo studies showed that the gel was formed in situ after intratumoral injection. 3 days after intratumoral administration of FFP containing EGFR specific siRNA, 30% of reduction in the tumors size compared to tumors treated with FFP without siRNA was observed. Based on these results, could be concluded that the developed system is a potential siRNA delivery system when administered subcutaneously and intratumoral, because it was able to complex siRNA, promoted its cell uptake and the siRNA released into the cytoplasm of the cell may reduce the expression of target proteins
102

Mise en évidence d’intéractions létales par criblage phénotypique dans le contexte de la résistance aux thérapies du cancer colorectal / Demonstration of lethal interactions by phenotypic screening in the context of resistance to colorectal cancer therapies

Combès, Eve 27 November 2017 (has links)
Aujourd’hui, les traitements du cancer colorectal métastatique ont évolué grâce à la combinaison de chimiothérapies conventionnelles à base de 5-FU, oxaliplatine et/ou Irinotécan et de thérapies ciblées dirigées contre le récepteur de l’EGF ou le VEGF. Malgré un taux de survie amélioré par la combinaison de ces drogues, la résistance innée et acquise aux traitements est une cause fréquente d'échec thérapeutique.Dans le but de découvrir de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques nous avons effectué plusieurs criblages phénotypiques en utilisant des modèles cellulaires de résistance acquises aux chimiothérapies (oxaliplatine et irinotécan) générés au laboratoire ainsi que la lignée HCT116 qui présente une résistance innée aux thérapies anti-EGFR (cétuximab, panitumumab, Erlotinib). Le but final de ce projet étant de révéler des gènes, dont l’inhibition permet de rétablir la sensibilité à l’un de ces traitements, affichant ainsi une interaction létale avec le médicament.Une fois les kinases potentiellement impliquées dans la résistance aux thérapies du CCR identifiées, une inhibition spécifique par shRNA et/ou un inhibiteur spécifique a été effectuée afin de confirmer les potentielles cibles thérapeutiques et/ou biomarqueurs de réponse aux traitements. La cible la plus prometteuse, identifiée comme un déterminant de la résistance à l’oxaliplatine est la protéine ATR (Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and rad3 related). Une protéine jouant un rôle clé dans la réparation de l'ADN et qui est activée en réponse à la présence d'ADN simple brin persistant (ssDNA) ou de stress réplicatif, pouvant être généré par certaines thérapies anticancéreuses.L’inhibition ATR via son inhibiteur pharmacologique VE-822 (VX-970) combinée à l’oxaliplatine a alors été étudiée par l’utilisation de tests cytotoxiques complétés par une étude d’additivité. Ainsi, nous avons démontré que l’inhibition d’ATR combinée avec l’oxaliplatine entraine une forte synergie dans la lignée HCT116-R1 à la fois en 2D et en 3D. Cet effet est également retrouvé dans d’autres lignées clonales résistantes à l’oxaliplatine (HCT116-R2, SW48-R1) ainsi que dans les lignées cellulaires à l’origine de ces dernières (HCT116, SW48). Nous avons également montré que l'effet synergique de l’oxaliplatine et du VE-822 dans la lignée HCT116-R1 s'accompagne d'une augmentation de la présence d’ADN simple brins suivie de nombreuses cassures double brins de l’ADN, d'un arrêt de la prolifération et d'une induction de l'apoptose. L'apparition de ces dommages à l'ADN est également corrélée avec l'activation de la voie ATM, de p53 et l'inhibition de l'activité CDK2. De plus, in vitro le double traitement provoque une induction des signaux moléculaires à l’origine de la mort immunogène équivalente ou bien supérieure aux traitements par l’oxaliplatine seul. Enfin, l'association d'oxaliplatine + VE-822 est également efficace in vivo, sur des souris immunodéprimées xénogreffées avec les cellules HCT116-R1 ainsi que sur des souris immunologiquement compétentes, avec un effet synergique plus élevé indiquant que la mort immunitaire (ICD) fait partie du mécanisme de cette combinaison de médicaments. En conclusion, toutes ces données confirment l’intérêt du criblage phénotypique dans la découverte de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques en démontrant pour la première fois le rôle fonctionnel de l'ATR dans la sensibilité à l’oxaliplatine. / Today, treatments for metastatic colorectal cancer have evolved through the combination of conventional chemotherapy 5-FU, oxaliplatin and / or Irinotecan and targeted therapies directed against the EGF receptor or VEGF. Despite an improved survival rate through the combination of these drugs, innate and acquired resistance to treatment is a common cause of therapeutic failure.In order to discover new therapeutic targets we carried out several phenotypic screenings using cellular resistance models acquired to chemotherapies (oxaliplatin and irinotecan) generated in the laboratory as well as the HCT116 line which exhibits an innate resistance to anti-EGFR therapies (cetuximab , panitumumab, Erlotinib). The ultimate goal of this project is to reveal genes, whose inhibition restores sensitivity to one of these treatments, thus displaying a lethal interaction with the drug.Once the kinases potentially involved in resistance to CCR therapies identified, specific inhibition by shRNA and / or a specific inhibitor was performed to confirm the potential therapeutic targets and / or biomarkers for response to treatments. The most promising target, identified as a determinant of resistance to oxaliplatin is the ATR protein (Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and rad3 related). A protein that plays a key role in DNA repair and is activated in response to the presence of persistent single stranded DNA (ssDNA) or replicative stress, which can be generated by certain anti-cancer therapies.The inhibition of ATR via its pharmacological inhibitor VE-822 (VX-970) combined with oxaliplatin was then studied by the use of cytotoxic tests supplemented by an additivity study. Thus, we demonstrated that the inhibition of ATR combined with oxaliplatin leads to a strong synergy in the HCT116-R1 cell line in both 2D and 3D. This effect is also found in other oxaliplatin resistant clonal lines (HCT116-R2, SW48-R) as well as in the cell lines originating from them (HCT116, SW48).We have also shown that the synergistic effect of oxaliplatin and VE-822 in the HCT116-R1 line is accompanied by an increase in the presence of single-stranded DNA followed by numerous double-stranded DNA breaks, stopping proliferation and inducing apoptosis. The occurrence of this damage to DNA is also correlated with activation of the ATM pathway, p53 and inhibition of CDK2 activity. Moreover, in vitro the double treatment causes an induction of the molecular signals triggering the immunogenic cell death equivalent or superior to the treatments by oxaliplatin alone.Finally, the combination of oxaliplatin + VE-822 is also effective in vivo in immunodeficient mice xenografted with HCT116-R1 cells as well as in immunologically competent mice with a higher synergistic effect indicating that immune death (ICD ) is part of the mechanism of this combination of drugs.In conclusion, all these data confirm the interest of phenotypic screening in the discovery of new therapeutic targets by demonstrating for the first time the functional role of ATR in sensitivity to oxaliplatin.
103

Estudo da função de AP1y2 e Alix no direcionamento de proteínas para degradação em lisossomos ou liberação em vesículas extracelulares / Study of AP1y2 and Alix function in the targeting of proteins for degradation in lysosomes or release in extracellular vesicles

Januário, Mara Elisama da Silva 21 June 2017 (has links)
A degradação lisossomal de proteínas de membrana endocitadas ocorre por meio do direcionamento destas proteínas para vesículas intralumenais (ILVs), formadas no lúmen dos corpos multivesiculares (MVBs), e subsequente fusão dos MVBs com lisossomos. Apesar de sua importância na degradação de proteínas transmembrana, os MVBs possuem outra importante função, a de produzir e liberar vesículas extracelulares (EVs). Neste processo os MVBs não se fundem com lisossomos, mas sim com a membrana plasmática o que resulta na liberação das vesículas residentes no interior dos MVBs para o meio extracelular. Diversas proteínas participam do direcionamento de cargas para os MVBs. Os estudos que delinearam a via de tráfego mediada por AP1 concentraram-se nos complexos contendo a subunidade ?1 que medeia o transporte de proteínas entre a rede trans-Golgi (TGN) e endossomos. Contudo, o genoma humano codifica uma segunda isoforma desta subunidade, denominada ?2, e evidências presentes na literatura e também observadas por nosso grupo indicam que AP1?2 pode regular uma via de tráfego distinta da via classicamente atribuída a AP1. Utilizando ensaios de uptake de EGF em condições onde foi realizado o KD de ?1 ou ?2, foi observado que o silenciamento de ?2 prejudica a degradação de EGF internalizado por seu receptor. Efeito também observado para o próprio receptor de EGF (EGFR) em ensaios de biotinilação da superfície celular. Demonstrando que a degradação lisossomal do complexo EGF-EGFR pela via canônica dos MVBs requer o complexo AP1?2, mas não AP1?1. Em conjunto com este estudo também foi analisado o mecanismo molecular de direcionamento da proteína Nef do HIV-1 para os MVBs associados a liberação de EVs. A proteína Nef do HIV é determinante na modulação do ambiente intracelular favorecendo a replicação do vírus e progressão à AIDS. Nef é ativamente secretado em EVs e sua liberação pode levar a apoptose de células vizinhas aceptoras dessas vesículas. Nef também medeia a redução dos níveis de CD4 e moléculas de MHC-I em EVs. Ainda não é conhecido o mecanismo molecular utilizado por Nef para ser exportado em EVs, mas sabe-se que Nef interage fisicamente com a proteína II acessória da maquinaria ESCRT, Alix, importante no processo de formação das ILVs e seleção das cargas que serão internalizadas nos MVBs. EVs coletadas de células HeLa e linfócitos T CD4+ silenciados para Alix demostraram reduções significativas na liberação de Nef. Estes resultados indicam que Nef requer Alix para sua eficiente liberação em EVs. / Lysosomal degradation of endocytosed membrane proteins occurs through the targeting of these proteins to intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), formed in the multivesicular bodies (MVBs) lumen, and the subsequent fusion of MVBs with lysosomes. Despite its importance in the degradation of transmembrane proteins, MVBs have another important function, the production and release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this process, the MVBs do not fuse with lysosomes, but fuse with the plasma membrane resulting in the release of these vesicles that reside within MVBs to the extracellular environment. Several proteins regulate the targeting of cargo to MVBs. Studies that delineated the functions of AP1 in protein trafficking, focused on complexes containing the ?1 subunit, which mediates transport between trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes. However, the human genome encodes a second isoform of this subunit, named ?2. Evidences from the literature, as well as results from our research group, indicate that AP1?2 regulates transport pathways that are distinct from the pathways classically attributed to AP1. By performing EGF-uptake assays under ?1 or ?2 knockdown (KD) conditions, it was observed that ?2 is required for degradation of internalized EGF, effect also observed for the EGF receptor (EGFR) using cell surface biotinylation assays. These results demonstrate that the lysosomal degradation of the EGFEGFR complexes via the canonical MVBs pathway requires the AP1?2 complex, but not AP1?1. In parallel with this study, we also analyzed the molecular mechanism of HIV-1 Nef targeting to MVBs associated with the EVs release. Nef is an important determinant in the modulation of the intracellular environment for efficient HIV replication and progression to AIDS. Nef is actively secreted via EVs and its release may lead to apoptosis of bystander acceptor cells. Moreover, Nef reduces the levels of CD4 and MHC-I molecules in EVs. Despite the importance of Nef release in EVs, the molecular mechanism used by Nef to be exported via EVs is unknown. Nef physically interacts with the ESCRT machinery accessory protein Alix, an important player in the process of ILVs formation and cargo selection. EVs released from HeLa cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes under Alix KD conditions demonstrated a significant IV reduction in Nef release via EVs. These results indicate that Nef requires Alix for its efficient release in EVs.
104

LKB1, gardien de la prolifération hépatocytaire et de l’intégrité génomique / LKB1, gatekeeper of hepatocyte proliferation and genomic integrity

Maillet, Vanessa 28 November 2017 (has links)
La Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) est une protéine pléiotrope, impliquée dans divers processus biologiques. Dans le foie, LKB1 est notamment connue pour être un régulateur clé du métabolisme et de la polarité cellulaire. Au cours de notre étude, nous avons investigué l’implication de LKB1 dans le contrôle de la prolifération des hépatocytes au cours du processus de régénération hépatique physiologique (hépatectomie partielle des 2/3). Nous avons démontré que la perte de Lkb1, spécifiquement dans les hépatocytes, favorise la récupération de la masse hépatique après hépatectomie partielle, en induisant une augmentation drastique de la réponse proliférative hépatocytaire, indépendamment de la balance métabolique/énergétique. Ainsi, LKB1 agit comme un senseur négatif de la prolifération et régule la transition G0/G1, en particulier en contrôlant la signalisation de l’EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor). Par ailleurs, plus tard pendant la régénération, LKB1 garantit également l’intégrité mitotique. En effet, la suppression de Lkb1 entraîne des altérations majeures de la formation du fuseau mitotique. Nos résultats établissent également que LKB1 contrôle la polarité de la division cellulaire, indépendamment de l'activité de l’AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), une cible clé de LKB1. Par conséquent, la perte de LKB1 conduit à une altération majeure du profil de ploïdie, au stade tardif du processus de régénération. L’ensemble de notre étude souligne le double rôle de LKB1, au cours de la régénération hépatique, en tant que gardien de la prolifération hépatocytaire et de l'intégrité génomique. / Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) is involved in pleiotropic biological processes and known to be a key regulator of hepatic metabolism and polarity. Here, we investigated the contribution of LKB1 in hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration process. We demonstrated that loss of hepatic Lkb1 promotes liver mass recovery, through an increase of hepatocytes proliferation, independently on metabolic/energetic balance. LKB1 regulates G0/G1 progression, specifically by controlling Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling. In addition, later during regeneration, LKB1 controls mitotic fidelity. Deletion of Lkb1 results in major alterations of mitotic spindle formation, along the polarity axis, independently of AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, a key target of LKB1. Consequently, LKB1 deficiency leads to an alteration of ploidy profile, at late stage of regenerative process. Overall our study highlights the dual role of LKB1, during liver regeneration, as a guardian of hepatocyte proliferation and genomic integrity.
105

Zytokinabhängige Expression von EGF und VEGF und ihrer Rezeptoren EGFR und VEGFR-1 im Tumormikromilieu des kolorektalen Karzinoms / Cytokine-dependent gene expression of EGF, VEGF and their receptors EGFR and VEGFR-1 in the microenvironment of colorectal carcinoma

Sattler, Florentine 08 July 2014 (has links)
No description available.
106

Signalisation nucléaire de l'IGF-1R et résistance aux thérapies anti-EGFR dans les cancers du poumon / Nuclear IGF-1R signaling and resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies in lung cancer

Guérard, Marie 21 September 2016 (has links)
Responsable de 1,6 million de décès par an dans le monde, le cancer du poumon constitue aujourd’hui la première cause de mortalité par cancer. Les cancers bronchiques non-à-petites cellules représentent 85% des cancers du poumon et ont un pronostic vital très mauvais. Les EGFR-TKI (inhibiteurs de l’activité tyrosine kinase de l’EGFR, gefitinib) constituent un réel progrès thérapeutique pour le traitement des cancers du poumon. Cependant, ces traitements ne sont efficaces que dans un petit sous-groupe de patients. Un des enjeux actuels est donc d’identifier les mécanismes de résistance primaire mis en jeu par les tumeurs.Les récepteurs à activité tyrosine kinase (RTK) activent des voies de signalisation intracellulaires depuis la membrane plasmique. Ces dernières années, une translocation nucléaire des RTK a également été mise en évidence. Ces travaux récents suggèrent que la signalisation nucléaire des RTK pourrait contribuer à la résistance des tumeurs en réponse aux thérapies anti-cancéreuses.Dans l’équipe, il a été montré que l’activation de l’IGF-1R est associée à la progression tumorale des adénocarcinomes pulmonaires et que le gefitinib induit une accumulation nucléaire de l’IGF-1R dans un modèle d’adénocarcinome mucineux. Sur la base de ces résultats, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que l’IGF-1R nucléaire pourrait jouer un rôle dans la résistance aux EGFR-TKI des adénocarcinomes pulmonaires mucineux.Nos résultats indiquent que plus de 70% des adénocarcinomes pulmonaires présentent un marquage nucléaire de l’IGF-1R. A l’aide de différents modèles cellulaires résistants aux EGFR-TKI, nous montrons que le gefitinib induit l’accumulation nucléaire de l’IGF-1R dans les adénocarcinomes pulmonaires mucineux. Cette translocation nucléaire implique l’endocytose clathrines-dépendante de l’IGF-1R et la formation d’un complexe entre l’IGF-1R, l’importine β1 et la pro-amphiréguline. La neutralisation de l’amphiréguline prévient le transport nucléaire de l’IGF-1R et resensibilise les cellules à l’apoptose induite par le gefitinib in vitro et in vivo. L’ensemble de ces résultats identifient le trafic intracellulaire de l’IGF-1R comme un nouveau composant de la réponse aux EGFR-TKI et suggèrent que la signalisation nucléaire IGF-1R/Areg contribue à la progression des adénocarcinomes mucineux sous EGFR-TKI. / Responsible of 1.6 million deaths each year worldwide, lung cancer is today the leading cause of cancer mortality in the world. Non-small-cell lung cancers account for about 85% of lung cancer and have a very bad prognosis (5-year survival rate inferior to 10%). EGFR-TKI (EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, gefitinib) are a real medical advance for lung cancers treatment. However, these treatments are efficient in a small subgroup of patients. So, one of the current issues is to identify primary resistance mechanisms involved in tumors.Tyrosine kinase receptors (RTK) activate intracellular signaling pathways from the plasma membrane. These last years, a nuclear translocation of the RTK was shown. Recent works suggest that RTK nuclear signaling could contribute to tumors resistance in response to anti-cancerous therapies.In our team, it was shown that activation of IGF-1R signaling is associated with lung adenocarcinoma progression and that gefitinib induces IGF-1R nuclear accumulation in a mucinous adenocarcinoma cell line. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that nuclear IGF-1R could play a role in the resistance of mucinous lung adenocarcinoma to EGFR-TKI.Our results indicate that more than 70% lung adenocarcinoma tumors present a positive IGF-1R nuclear staining. Thanks to EGFR-TKI-resistant cell lines, we show that gefitinib induces the nuclear accumulation of IGF-1R in mucinous adenocarcinoma. This nuclear translocation involves clathrin-mediated endocytosis and a complex between IGF-1R, importin β1 and pro-amphiregulin. Amphiregulin silencing prevents IGF-1R nuclear translocation in response to gefitinib and restores gefitinib-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Our whole results identify that IGF-1R intracellular trafficking is a new component of response to EGFR-TKI and strongly suggest that a nuclear IGF-1R/amphiregulin signaling contributes to mucinous lung adenocarcinoma progression in response to EGFR-TKI.
107

Caracterização de um novo modelo de maturação de oócito in vitro e participação do mTOR na ovulação em bovinos / Characterization of a new model of in vitro oocyte maturation and participation of mTOR in ovulation in cattle

Rosa, Paulo Roberto Antunes da 26 February 2016 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the first study, we characterized an in vitro culture system able to delaying meiosis resumption of bovine oocytes. Firstly, we demonstrated that the use of an EGFR inhibitor (AG1478; 5μM) in a culture system with follicular hemisections (FHS) was effective to maintain 89.3% of the oocytes in germinal vesicle stage (GV) during 15 h. This blocking effect was dependent on the FHS, since in its absence only 40% of the oocytes remain in GV stage. The meiosis blockage was totally reversible, since the oocytes reached matured stages after an additional 18 and 20 h maturation period and were able to support the embryonic development after in vitro fertilization. Regarding the molecular profile of the cells involved in the blocking system, we did not observe treatment effect on mRNA expression of the genes evaluated in oocyte. However, in cumulus cells, whereas the expression of EGR-1, TNFAIP6 and HAS2 was inhibited by AG1478 treatment, the expression of CX43 and IMPDH1 was decreased by FHS influence. Moreover, in the granulosa cells we observed a downregulation in the expression levels of PGR and ADAMTS1 by AG1478 treatment. The Western blot data revealed that the treatment with AG1478 plus FHS induces a downregulation in p-ERK1/2 protein abundance. In the next experiment, we verified that the AngII or PGE2 and PGF2α did not reverse the inhibitory effect of AG1478 plus FHS on meiosis resumption. In conclusion, findings from this study revealed an effective and reversible system to prevent meiosis resumption of bovine oocytes. In the second study, we investigate the role of mTOR system and its relation with LH regulated genes during preovulatory period in cattle. Using an in vivo model, we demonstrated mTOR kinase activity in granulosa cells 3 and 6 h after induction of ovulation with GnRH. In the similar moments (3 h after GnRH), we observed an increase in p-ERK1/2, STAR and EGR1 protein abundance. The inhibition of mTOR kinase activity by intrafollicular injection of rapamycin did not alter the ovulation rate. However, the treatment of granulosa cells in vitro with rapamycin interrupted the LH-induced increase in EREG mRNA levels. Moreover, the effect of rapamycin in culture was proved by inhibiting the p-P70S6K protein levels. In the same Western blot analysis, we verified that rapamycin may be inducing AKT activity and did not alter Phospho-ERK1/2 status and EGR1 protein abundance. These results provided the first evidence in cattle that mTOR system is upregulated by LH at time points similar to p-ERK1/2, STAR and EGR1. In addition, the mTOR inhibition data contribute to suggest an AKT dependent pathway during ovulation process, in which occurs ERK1/2 activation in a pathway independent of EREG, AREG and PTGS2 mRNA levels. / O primeiro estudo caracterizou um modelo in vitro de bloqueio do reinício da meiose de oócitos bovinos. Em um primeiro momento, demonstramos que o uso de um inibidor dos EGFR (AG1478; 5μM) em um sistema de cultivo com metades foliculares (FHS) foi eficiente para manter 89,3% dos oócitos em vesícula germinativa durante 15 h. Esse efeito de bloqueio foi dependente das FHS uma vez que na sua ausência apenas 40% dos oócitos permanecem em vesícula germinativa. O sistema de bloqueio foi totalmente reversível, tendo em vista que os oócitos completaram a maturação após um período adicional de 18 e 20 h, e suportaram o desenvolvimento embrionário subsequente após fertilização in vitro. Quanto ao perfil molecular das células envolvidas no bloqueio, no oócito não foi verificado efeito do tratamento na expressão dos genes avaliados. Entretanto, nas células do cumulus, enquanto a expressão de EGR1, TNFAIP6 e HAS2 foi diminuída pelo tratamento com AG1478, a expressão de CX43 e IMPDH1 foi diminuída pela influência das FHS. Além disso, nas células da granulosa observamos uma diminuição nos níveis de expressão de PGR e ADAMTS1 pelo tratamento com AG1478. Os dados de Western blot nos mostraram que a abundância de p-ERK1/2 diminui em decorrência do tratamento com AG1478 associado as FHS. Posteriormente, verificamos que o efeito inibitório do AG1478 juntamente com as FHS não foi revertido pelo tratamento com AngII ou PGs. Em conclusão, este estudo propõem um modelo efetivo e reversível para o bloqueio do reinício da meiose de oócitos bovinos. Em um segundo estudo, investigamos o papel do sistema mTOR e sua relação com genes regulados pelo LH durante o período pré-ovulatório em bovinos. Utilizando um modelo in vivo, demonstramos que ocorre um aumento na atividade do mTOR em células da granulosa 3 e 6 h após indução da ovulação com GnRH. Em momentos similares (3 h após GnRH) ocorreu maior abundância proteica para p-ERK1/2, STAR e EGR1. Ao injetar rapamicina no ambiente intrafolicular in vivo, não foram observadas alterações nas taxas de ovulação. Entretanto, o uso da rapamicina em cultivo in vitro de células da granulosa inibiu a expressão de RNAm para EREG induzida pelo LH. Além disso, os dados de cultivo comprovaram o efeito da rapamicina em bloquear a atividade do mTOR, caracterizada pela abundância proteica de p-P70S6K, induzir um provável aumento na abundância de p-AKT e não alterar os níveis de p-ERK1/2 e EGR1. Esses resultados fornecem a primeira evidência em bovinos que o sistema mTOR é regulado positivamente pelo LH em momentos similares a p-ERK1/2, STAR e EGR1. Além disso, os dados de inibição do mTOR contribuem para sugerir uma outra rota para a ovulação controlada pela p-AKT, na qual ocorre ativação de ERK1/2 em uma via independente dos níveis de expressão de EREG, AREG e PTGS2.
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Efeitos da aldosterona sobre a expressão proteica do EGFR e ERK1/2 fosforilados e o desenvolvimento de lesões no rim de ratos. / Aldosterone effects on the protein expression of phosphorylated EGFR and ERK 1/2 and development of lesions in the rat kidney.

Kelly Priscila Pandolfi dos Santos 01 March 2016 (has links)
O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento com a aldosterona (Aldo), por 21 dias, sobre a função e a morfologia renal de ratos, procurando correlacionar as alterações com a expressão do EGFR e da ERK1/2 fosforilados. A Aldo não alterou os parâmetros fisiológicos, a PA e a função renal dos ratos, mas verificou-se uma tendência para o aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de K+. No córtex e na medula renal, a Aldo aumentou a expressão do EGFR e da ERK1/2 fosforilados, sendo que este efeito foi abolido pelo tratamento concomitante com a espironolactona ou o RU 486 (antagonistas dos receptores da Aldo). O tratamento hormonal também induziu um aumento na marcação imuno-histoquímica para essas proteínas no córtex e medula; contudo, este efeito foi reduzido, principalmente, com o tratamento conjunto com a espironolactona. Observou-se um aumento na área glomerular e na porcentagem da área intersticial, após o tratamento com a Aldo. As alterações na morfometria renal foram parcialmente reduzidas pelo tratamento com a espironolactona ou o RU 486. Esses resultados indicam que a Aldo pode induzir alterações morfológicas no rim, aparentemente, de maneira dependente dos receptores MR e GR e da via do EGFR-ERK1/2, mas sem o comprometimento da função renal. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 21 days of treatment with aldosterone (Aldo) in the renal function and morphology of rats, correlating changes with the expression of EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylated. The Aldo did not alter physiological parameters, blood pressure and renal function of rats, but there was a tendency to increased K+ plasma concentrations. In renal cortex and medulla, Aldo increased the expression of EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylated and this effect was abolished by treatment Aldo plus spironolactone or RU 486 (Aldo receptor antagonists). Hormonal treatment also induced an increase in immunohistochemical staining for these proteins in the cortex and medulla; however, this effect was limited mainly to treatment Aldo plus spironolactone. There was an increase in glomerular area and the percentage of interstitial area after treatment with Aldo. Changes in renal morphology were partially reduced by treatment Aldo plus spironolactone or RU 486. These results indicate that Aldo may induce morphological changes in the kidney of dependent manner of MR and GR receptors and EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling, but without the impairment of renal function.
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Sistemas líquido cristalinos de geleificação in situ de administração intratumoral para liberação localizada de siRNA na terapia do câncer de pele / In situ gelling liquid crystalline system for intratumoral and localized delivery of siRNA for skin cancer therapy

Livia Neves Borgheti Cardoso 07 July 2016 (has links)
O mecanismo de interferência por RNA (RNAi) é um evento de silenciamento gênico através da degradação do RNA mensageiro. Desta forma, a administração de siRNA (molécula efetora do RNAi) é uma terapia promissora para o tratamento de diversas doenças como o câncer. Porém, para a sua efetiva aplicação terapêutica é necessário o desenvolvimento de sistemas de liberação capazes de liberar o siRNA nas células alvo, promover a sua internalização celular e evitar a sua degradação. Dentre os sistemas de liberação, os de liberação localizada, como os sistemas de geleificação in situ, apresentam vantagens sobre administração sistêmica. Formulações fluidas precursoras (FFP) que formam sistemas líquido cristalinos viscosos in situ podem ser obtidas a partir de lipídeos anfifílicos que absorvem água do meio e se rearranjam. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o gel formado in situ a partir da FFP (G-FFP), composta por monoglicerídeos (MO), polietilenoimina (PEI), propilenoglicol (PG) e tampão tris, como sistema de liberação localizada de siRNA na terapia do câncer de pele. Os resultados mostraram que o G-FFP é uma mistura de fase cúbica e fase hexagonal. O G-FFP liberou o siRNA de maneira sustentada e complexado ao PEI. A FFP pode ser esterilizada por filtração em membrana e foi capaz de complexar altas concentrações de siRNA (15 mM) e de proteger o siRNA da degradação. A citotoxicidade foi dependente da concentração de FFP e esta quando complexada com siRNA teve a toxicidade diminuída. O siRNA liberado do G-FFP foi internalizado pelas células A431, FaDu, HeLa, A549, WM35/DLC2-GFP e MCF-7/DLC2-GFP. Além disto, siRNAs específicos liberados pelo G-FFP foram capazes de reduzir a expressão da proteína Firefly luciferase em células HeLa e FaDu, pórem não foram capazes de reduzir a expressão do receptor do fator de crescimento epidérmico (EGFR) nas células A431, HeLa, A549 e FaDu. A redução da expressão de EGFR em células A549 foi observado quando a terapia com siRNA foi combinada com internalização fotoquímica. Destes resultados, pode-se inferir que a transfecção celular do siRNA e o silenciamento gênico promovido por ele foi dependente tanto do tipo de linhagem celular como do alvo desejado. Os estudos in vivo mostraram que ocorre a formação de gel intratumoral e após 3 dias da administração intratumoral da FFP contendo siRNA específico para EGFR houve redução de 30% no tamanho dos tumores comparados aos tumores tratados com FFP sem siRNA. Diante destes resultados, pode-se concluir que o sistema desenvolvido tem potencial como sistema de liberação localizada de siRNA quando aplicado subcutaneamente ou intratumoral, uma vez que complexa o siRNA, promove a sua internalização celular e o siRNA liberado no citoplasma das células pode reduzir a expressão de proteínas de interesse. / RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism in which small interfering RNA molecules (siRNA) inhibit gene expression, by causing the messenger RNA degradation. Thus, siRNA is a promising therapy for the treatment of several diseases such as cancer. However, the development of delivery systems able to protect the siRNA from degradation and promote its cell uptake is essential for therapeutic use of siRNA. Among the delivery systems, the localized delivery system such as in situ gelling delivery system, have advantages over systemic administration. Precursor fluid formulations (FFP), which forms in situ viscous liquid crystalline systems, can be obtained from amphiphilic lipids that absorb water from the environment and self-assembling. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the in situ gel formed from the FFP (G-FFP), composed of monoglycerides (MO), polyethyleneimine (PEI), propylene glycol (PG) and Tris buffer, as localized delivery system for siRNA in skin cancer therapy. The results showed that the G-FFP is a mixture of cubic and hexagonal phase. The G-FFP sustained release of siRNA and the siRNA is released complexed with PEI. The FFP can be sterilized by membrane filtration at 0.22 ?m. FFP was able to complex high siRNA concentration (15 mM) and protect the siRNA from degradation. The cytotoxicity was dependent on the FFP concentration, when FFP was complexed with siRNA it was observed a decreased in toxicity. The siRNA released from G-FFP was uptake by A431, FaDu, HeLa, A549, WM35/DLC2-GFP and MCF-7/DLC2-GFP cells. In addition, specific siRNAs released from G-FFP were able to reduce the expression of Firefly luciferase in HeLa and FaDu cells, but they were unable to reduce the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in A431, HeLa, A549 and FaDu cells. The reduction of expression of EGFR in A549 cells was observed when siRNA therapy was combined with photochemical internalization. From these results, can be inferred that the efficiency of siRNA transfection and knockdown was dependent on both the type of cell line and the desired target protein. In vivo studies showed that the gel was formed in situ after intratumoral injection. 3 days after intratumoral administration of FFP containing EGFR specific siRNA, 30% of reduction in the tumors size compared to tumors treated with FFP without siRNA was observed. Based on these results, could be concluded that the developed system is a potential siRNA delivery system when administered subcutaneously and intratumoral, because it was able to complex siRNA, promoted its cell uptake and the siRNA released into the cytoplasm of the cell may reduce the expression of target proteins
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Estudo da função de AP1y2 e Alix no direcionamento de proteínas para degradação em lisossomos ou liberação em vesículas extracelulares / Study of AP1y2 and Alix function in the targeting of proteins for degradation in lysosomes or release in extracellular vesicles

Mara Elisama da Silva Januário 21 June 2017 (has links)
A degradação lisossomal de proteínas de membrana endocitadas ocorre por meio do direcionamento destas proteínas para vesículas intralumenais (ILVs), formadas no lúmen dos corpos multivesiculares (MVBs), e subsequente fusão dos MVBs com lisossomos. Apesar de sua importância na degradação de proteínas transmembrana, os MVBs possuem outra importante função, a de produzir e liberar vesículas extracelulares (EVs). Neste processo os MVBs não se fundem com lisossomos, mas sim com a membrana plasmática o que resulta na liberação das vesículas residentes no interior dos MVBs para o meio extracelular. Diversas proteínas participam do direcionamento de cargas para os MVBs. Os estudos que delinearam a via de tráfego mediada por AP1 concentraram-se nos complexos contendo a subunidade ?1 que medeia o transporte de proteínas entre a rede trans-Golgi (TGN) e endossomos. Contudo, o genoma humano codifica uma segunda isoforma desta subunidade, denominada ?2, e evidências presentes na literatura e também observadas por nosso grupo indicam que AP1?2 pode regular uma via de tráfego distinta da via classicamente atribuída a AP1. Utilizando ensaios de uptake de EGF em condições onde foi realizado o KD de ?1 ou ?2, foi observado que o silenciamento de ?2 prejudica a degradação de EGF internalizado por seu receptor. Efeito também observado para o próprio receptor de EGF (EGFR) em ensaios de biotinilação da superfície celular. Demonstrando que a degradação lisossomal do complexo EGF-EGFR pela via canônica dos MVBs requer o complexo AP1?2, mas não AP1?1. Em conjunto com este estudo também foi analisado o mecanismo molecular de direcionamento da proteína Nef do HIV-1 para os MVBs associados a liberação de EVs. A proteína Nef do HIV é determinante na modulação do ambiente intracelular favorecendo a replicação do vírus e progressão à AIDS. Nef é ativamente secretado em EVs e sua liberação pode levar a apoptose de células vizinhas aceptoras dessas vesículas. Nef também medeia a redução dos níveis de CD4 e moléculas de MHC-I em EVs. Ainda não é conhecido o mecanismo molecular utilizado por Nef para ser exportado em EVs, mas sabe-se que Nef interage fisicamente com a proteína II acessória da maquinaria ESCRT, Alix, importante no processo de formação das ILVs e seleção das cargas que serão internalizadas nos MVBs. EVs coletadas de células HeLa e linfócitos T CD4+ silenciados para Alix demostraram reduções significativas na liberação de Nef. Estes resultados indicam que Nef requer Alix para sua eficiente liberação em EVs. / Lysosomal degradation of endocytosed membrane proteins occurs through the targeting of these proteins to intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), formed in the multivesicular bodies (MVBs) lumen, and the subsequent fusion of MVBs with lysosomes. Despite its importance in the degradation of transmembrane proteins, MVBs have another important function, the production and release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this process, the MVBs do not fuse with lysosomes, but fuse with the plasma membrane resulting in the release of these vesicles that reside within MVBs to the extracellular environment. Several proteins regulate the targeting of cargo to MVBs. Studies that delineated the functions of AP1 in protein trafficking, focused on complexes containing the ?1 subunit, which mediates transport between trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes. However, the human genome encodes a second isoform of this subunit, named ?2. Evidences from the literature, as well as results from our research group, indicate that AP1?2 regulates transport pathways that are distinct from the pathways classically attributed to AP1. By performing EGF-uptake assays under ?1 or ?2 knockdown (KD) conditions, it was observed that ?2 is required for degradation of internalized EGF, effect also observed for the EGF receptor (EGFR) using cell surface biotinylation assays. These results demonstrate that the lysosomal degradation of the EGFEGFR complexes via the canonical MVBs pathway requires the AP1?2 complex, but not AP1?1. In parallel with this study, we also analyzed the molecular mechanism of HIV-1 Nef targeting to MVBs associated with the EVs release. Nef is an important determinant in the modulation of the intracellular environment for efficient HIV replication and progression to AIDS. Nef is actively secreted via EVs and its release may lead to apoptosis of bystander acceptor cells. Moreover, Nef reduces the levels of CD4 and MHC-I molecules in EVs. Despite the importance of Nef release in EVs, the molecular mechanism used by Nef to be exported via EVs is unknown. Nef physically interacts with the ESCRT machinery accessory protein Alix, an important player in the process of ILVs formation and cargo selection. EVs released from HeLa cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes under Alix KD conditions demonstrated a significant IV reduction in Nef release via EVs. These results indicate that Nef requires Alix for its efficient release in EVs.

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