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This thesis tested the hypothesis that nitrogen use efficiency of subirrigated potted chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) can be improved by managing the NO3- status of the plant. Replacement of NO3- with water one week prior to flower development was the most effective method of reducing tissue NO3- content and improving the nitrogen usage index, as compared to various combinations of NO3- and Cl-. Shoot or flower dry mass and N content were unaffected and the medium electrical conductivity was reduced. Supplying N in the NH4+ form in combination with NO3- did not affect nitrogen use indices. Reducing N supply improved various indices of nitrogen use efficiency, with a slight loss of quality. Elimination of NO3- prior to flower development and reduction in N supplied are effective strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency in subirrigated potted chrysanthemums without sacrificing quality. / Cecil Delworth Foundation

The Structural Funds, (namely the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund, the Guidance Section of the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund and lastly the Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance) being the most important instruments of European Community Regional Policy have gone through a process of reform since their establishment as a consequence of European Union integration. This thesis aims to analyze the process of reform of the Structural Funds taking processes of widening and deepening of European Union as the main triggering factors. The thesis also traces the historical evolution of the Structural Funds and results of each main refom movement in a descriptive manner.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:21:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3871.pdf: 3349931 bytes, checksum: 699bd6092d3da7218a1550f52bb10cdb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-27 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Litopenaeus vannamei is known as Pacific white shrimp and is the main species marketed worldwide. Its geographical distribution includes the Pacific coast, ranging from Mexico to Peru. Due to its outstanding economic importance, this species has been farmed and showing great adapting levels to captivity, having been introduced in several countries, including Brazil. However, despite all the concern to properly manage the farming populations, many countries have not had a renewal of their breeding herds because of the risk of introduction of exogenous pathogens, which has increased the degree of inbreeding of these stocks and decreased levels of genetic diversity. To monitor this loss, microsatellite markers or SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats), from genome arbitrary and expressed regions have been used. In the specific case of SSRs present in expressed regions of the genome (ESTs, Expressed Sequence Tags) or SSRs-ESTs, they allow the access to the genetic variability of populations, and the ESTs markers devoid of SSRs may be related to genes of interest, subsidizing the development of breeding programs based on Marker Assisted Selection (MAS). Moreover, EST-SSRs loci may show an excellent rate of transferability in taxonomically related species, since they are in more conserved regions of the genome. Within this context, this study aimed (i) the validation population of EST-SSR loci isolated through dataming from L. vannamei ESTs database (www.shrimp.ufscar.br), (ii) the genomic annotation of ESTs and EST-SSRs markers (iii) the determination of EC numbers (Enzyme Codes), aiming respectively, (i) the characterization of polymorphic markers (ii) the description of genes and their protein products and (iii) the establishment of information to describe the possible pathways for the penaeid group. Therefore, we tested 32 EST-SSRs loci in PCR reactions. After establishing the best pattern of reaction and subsequent loci genotyping, nine SSRs-ESTs were polymorphic, with allele number ranging from two to 20, levels of observed heterozygosity from 0.32 to 0.86 and average PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) of 0.78. No pair of loci presented in linkage disequilibrium. However, after Bonferroni correction, we found that one of these showed a significant deficit of heterozygotes. The nine polymorphic loci from L.vannamei showed satisfactory amplification in at least one of the seven native species tested: the marine ones Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis, Farfantepenaeus paulensis, Rimapenaeus constrictus and Litopenaeus schmitti and the freshwater ones Macrobrachium amazonicum and Macrobrachium jeskii, being useful also for genetic studies of these species. The genome annotation performed by access in ShEST website (Litopenaeus vannamei EST Genome Project) showed that only three of nine loci 4 have the gene and its protein product described. The other loci showed no matches with any other genomic database available for research. In this work, gene product could be elucidated for 99% of ESTs, being possible to establish 209 EC numbers, highlighting enzymes responsible for xenobiotics metabolism, immunity, energy production, reproduction, oxidative stress, among others. These codes were used for construction of some metabolic pathways present in the penaeid group, contributing for building a wide database of the genome of this important animal group. These data may be applied in genetic improvement programs as well as gene expression studies, such as realtime PCR and microarrays. / Litopenaeus vannamei é conhecido como camarão branco do Pacífico e é a principal espécie de peneídeo comercializada no mundo. Sua distribuição geográfica compreende a costa do Oceano Pacífico, indo desde o México até o Peru. Devido a sua relevante importância econômica, esta espécie passou a ser cultivada, adaptando-se bem às condições de cativeiro, tendo sido introduzida em diversos países, incluindo o Brasil. Entretanto, apesar de toda preocupação em manejar adequadamente as populações de cultivo, muitos países não têm tido renovação de seus estoques reprodutores ou plantéis, devido ao risco de introdução de patógenos exógenos, o que tem aumentado o grau de endogamia desses estoques e diminuição dos níveis de diversidade genética. Para monitorar esta perda de variabilidade genética, marcadores microssatélites ou SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats), oriundos de regiões arbitrárias e expressas do genoma desta espécie, vêm sendo utilizados. No caso específico de SSRs presentes em regiões expressas do genoma (ESTs, Expressed Sequence Tags) ou SSRs-ESTs, além destes permitirem acessar a variabilidade genética das populações, as ESTs desprovidas de SSRs podem estar relacionadas a genes de interesse, podendo auxiliar o desenvolvimento de programas de melhoramento genético baseados na Seleção Assistida por Marcadores (MAS). Além disso, locos SSRs-ESTs podem apresentar uma excelente taxa de transferabilidade em espécies taxonomicamente relacionadas, uma vez que se encontram em regiões mais conservadas do genoma. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivos (i) a validação populacional de locos SSRs-ESTs, isolados via dataming no banco de dados de ESTs de L. vannamei (www.shrimp.ufscar.br); (ii) a anotação genômica de marcas ESTs e locos SSRs-ESTs (iii) e a determinação dos EC numbers (códigos enzimáticos), visando, respectivamente, (i) a caracterização de marcadores polimórficos, (ii) a descrição de genes e seus respectivos produtos protéicos e (iii) o estabelecimento de informações para descrever as possíveis vias metabólicas para o grupo de peneídeos. Para tanto foram testados 32 locos SSRs-ESTs em reações de PCR. Após estabelecimento do melhor perfil de reação e posterior genotipagem dos locos, nove SSRs-ESTs mostraram-se polimórficos, com número de alelos variando de 4 a 20, níveis de heterozigozidade observada de 0,32 a 0,86 e valores médios de PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) de 0,78. Nenhum loco apresentou-se em desequilíbrio de ligação. Entretanto, após correção de Bonferroni, constatou-se que um deles apresentou déficit significativo de heterozigotos. Os nove locos polimórficos para L. vannamei apresentaram amplificação satisfatória em pelo menos uma das sete espécies nativas testadas: as marinhas Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, 2 Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis, Farfantepenaeus paulensis, Rimapenaeus constrictus e Litopenaeus schmitti e as de água doce Macrobrachium amazonicum e Macrobrachium jeskii podendo se constituir em marcas úteis para os estudos genéticos também dessas espécies. A anotação genômica realizada via acesso à página de anotação do Projeto ShEST (Projeto Genoma EST de Litopenaeus vannamei) demonstrou que apenas três dos nove locos polimórficos têm o seu gene e produto protéico já descritos. Os demais locos não apresentaram blasts positivos com nenhuma outra base de dados genômicos disponíveis para pesquisa. No caso das sequências anotadas, o produto gênico pôde ser elucidado para 99% destas, sendo possível estabelecer 209 EC numbers, destacando-se enzimas responsáveis pela degradação de xenobióticos, imunidade, produção de energia, reprodução, estresse oxidativo, dentre outras. Estes códigos enzimáticos foram utilizados para determinação de algumas vias metabólicas presentes no grupo dos peneídeos, contribuindo assim para a construção de uma ampla base de dados do genoma deste importante grupo animal, podendo ser utilizada em estudos de conservação, programas de melhoramento genético e em análises de expressão gênica, como PCR em tempo real e microarrays.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:39:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3999.pdf: 1632042 bytes, checksum: b8e3d99058c0785179cfeb15eabf0dc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-18 / The use of pesticides for the purpose of improving agricultural productivity during the last century, played a key role in environmental contamination especially in surface water and sediment. Pesticides used on a large scale are the organochlorines, which, once present in the soil can be transported in large quantities by the rain, mainly reaching surface water. This study aimed to evaluate the contamination of water in the River Basin Monjolinho mutirressíduos by organochlorine pesticides, through physical, chemical, and also using gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC / ECD) for detection of organochlorine compounds . Therefore, we sampled water and sediment at five points along the River Basin Monjolinho. The method presented achieved Imitating of detection (LOD) of 0.0039 to 0.86 mg L-1, limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.07 to 2.59 mg L-1 and determination coefficient of 0.99. Through the results of chromatographic analysis, physico-chemical water and sediment, we found the presence of organochlorine compounds in all sampling points, a fact which may be related to persistent use of these compounds near the basin. These results support the view that the organochlorine pesticides are still part of the products used in agriculture of our country and also that the proposed methodology for the determination of organochlorine compounds multiressíduos is profitable and satisfactory. / A utilização de pesticidas com a finalidade de melhorar a produtividade agrícola, durante o ultimo século, teve papel fundamental na contaminação ambiental sobretudo em água superficiais e sedimento. Dos pesticidas usados em grande escala, encontramse os organoclorados, os quais, uma vez presentes no solo podem ser transportados em grandes quantidades, pelas águas das chuvas, atingindo principalmente, águas superficiais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a contaminação de água na Bacia do Rio do Monjolinho por mutirressíduos de pesticidas organoclorados, através de análises físicas, químicas e também utilizando cromatografia gasosa com detector de captura de elétrons (GC/ECD) para detecção de compostos organoclorados. Para tanto foram realizadas coletas de água e sedimento em cinco pontos ao longo da Bacia do Rio do Monjolinho. O método apresentado obteve lmite de detecção (LD) de 0,0039 à 0,86 Pg L-1 , limite de quantificação (LQ) de 0,07 à 2,59 Pg L-1 e coeficiente de determinação de 0,99. Através dos resultados obtidos das análises cromatográficas, parâmetros físico químicos de água e sedimento, constatou-se a presença de compostos organoclorados em todos os pontos coletados, fato o qual pode estar relacionado ao uso persistente destes compostos próximos a bacia. Estes resultados permitem considerar que aos pesticidas organoclorados ainda fazem parte dos produtos utilizados na agricultura de nosso país e, também, que a metodologia proposta para a determinação de multiressíduos de compostos organoclorados é proveitosa e satisfatória.

This essay aims to study the new regulation of the Swedish legislation regarding fixed-term work with a comparison to the EU directive 99/70/EC[1]. The essay also aims to study if the new legislation makes any difference for the individuals that has a fixed-term employment. The EU directive 99/70/EC is the legislation which shows how the member states in the EU are supposed to prevent employers from abusing frequent temporary employment and aims to protect the employees. Previously, an employer in Sweden could use the fixed-term contracts for temporary employments and just keep on giving the employee a temporary position in a spiral. In this way, the employer could avoid to give an employee a permanent employment and this makes for an unsafe future for the affected individual. In may 2016 Sweden, after criticism from the EU-commission, changed the Swedish legislation and aimed to stop the abusing of fixed-term contracts. Sweden wanted to try to keep the balance between the employer’s flexibility and the employee’s safety and this essay aims to investigate to what extent the change fulfills the purpose. [1] Council Directive 1999/70/EC of 28 June 1999 concerning the framework agreement on fixed-term work concluded by ETUC, UNICE and CEEP. Later know as the EU directive 99/70/EC.

Theories on import and export operations, investment decision process and theories, Introduction and efficiency import analysis of the concrete investment unit, of the tarmacadam plant in the EC, from France to the Czech republic.

The thesis is composed of three main parts. The first part is theoretical and I deal here with economic relationships between macroeconomic magnitudes. Second part dedicated to the econometric theory of prognosis follows, in which I deal with different types of prognoses and prediction methods used at present. In the third, practical, part my intended aim is to create the best possible models of relations between fundamental macroeconomic magnitudes, using real Czech economy data, and to make simulation predictions of these magnitudes based on acquired models while utilising scenario analysis. First, I deal with choice of MSE and VAR models. Then follows the estimate of particular models and validation of prognostic capabilities of particular models for static and dynamic simulation. I conclude with elaboration of macroeconomic magnitudes prognosis while using scenario analysis.

The thesis deals with liquid aprotic electrolytes based on mixtures of ionic liquid and solvent. EmimBF4, namely 1-ethyl-3-ethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, was used as the starting ionic liquid. A mixture of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate was used as solvents. Electrolytes were enriched with two electrolyte salts LiBF4 and NaBF4 from the resulting mixtures selected the most suitable electrolytes for Li-ion and Na-ion accumulators. Electrolytes were selected taking into account the required properties: the width of the potential window, the measured electrical conductivity and, last but not least, the safety.

The subject of the diploma thesis are procedures in EPS network related to the operation of mobile terminals. In the introduction of my work I described the EPS system, including the quality of services and bearers. The following section focuses on control procedures in the EPS system such as attach network procedure, detach procedure, service request, handover or tracking area procedure. Further, three technologies for Internet of Things were described, namely EC-GSM-IoT, LTE-M and NB-IoT. All the procedures mentioned above were also captured in the experimental VUT EPS network and analyzed by TravelHawk using software M5 and Wireshark. Theoretical and practical findings were subsequently used out for setting of laboratory task for subject MKPM.